Operant Conditioning and Classical Conditioning in Laurie and Della

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Laurie's thumbsucking has become habitual because she begins to feel less anxious whenever she sucks her thumb. This best illustrates the process of:
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operant conditioning.
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Pavlov's research on classical conditioning was important because
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so many different species of animals, including humans, can be classically conditioned
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Four year old Della asks her mother for a special treat every time they go to the grocery store. Although at one time her mother granted her every request, she now does so less consistently. research suggest that Della will:
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continue to ask for a treat every time she goes to the store
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A real estate agent showed Gavin several pictures of lakeshore property while they were eating a delicious, mouthwatering meal. Later when Gavin was given a tour of the property, he drooled with delight. For Gavin, the lakeshore property was a
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CS
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Makayla developed an intense fear of flying five years ago when she was in a plane crash. The fact that today she can again fly without distress indicates that her fear has undergone:
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extinction
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Male Japanese quail became sexually aroused by a red light that was repeatedly associated with the presentation of a female quail. The sexual arousal elicited by the red light was a:
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CR
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In a wellknown experiment, nursery school children pounded and kicked a large inflated Bobo doll that an adult had just beaten on. This experiment served to illustrate the importance of:
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observational learning.
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According to the text, learning:
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enables us to adapt to our environment.
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Watching the night sky for shooting stars is likely to be reinforced on a ________ schedule.
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variable interval
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John B. Watson believed that psychology should be the science of:
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observable behavior
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Smoking, excessive drinking, and drug abuse demonstrate our greater responsiveness to ________ reinforcement than to ________ reinforcement.
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immediate; delayed
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Which of the following is the best example of a conditioned reinforcer?
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applause for an excellent piano recital
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Watson and Rayner's study of Little Albert demonstrated how specific fears:
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may be produced through classical conditioning.
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The introduction of a pleasant stimulus is to ________ as the withdrawal of a pleasant stimulus is to ________.
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reinforcement; punishment
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A fixed-ratio schedule of reinforcement is one in which a response is reinforced only after a(n)
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specified number of responses have been made.
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Mirror neurons provide a biological basis for
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Observational Learning
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A Skinner box is a(n)
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chamber containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a reinforcer.
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Which of the following is the best example of the overjustification effect?
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Phoebe loses her former interest in playing the violin after her mother promises to pay her 50 cents for each hour of practice.
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Spontaneous recovery refers to the
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Reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished response
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Months after she was raped, Mary's heart pounds with fear merely at the sight of the apartment in which she was attacked. This best illustrates:
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associative learning.
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Every Saturday morning Arnold quickly washes the family's breakfast dishes so that his father will allow him to wash his car. In this instance, washing the car is a(n):
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positive reinforcer
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Toddlers taught to fear speeding cars may also begin to fear speeding trucks and motorcycles. This best illustrates:
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generalization.
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The predictability rather than the frequency of CS-UCS associations appears to be crucial for classical conditioning. This highlights the importance of ________ in conditioning.
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cognitive processes
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After learning to fear a white rat, Little Albert responded with fear to the sight of a rabbit. This best illustrates the process of:
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generalization.
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Experiments have shown that children who are promised a payoff for playing with an interesting toy subsequently lose interest in the toy. These experiments provide an example of
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the overjustification effect
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Using rewards to bribe people to engage in an activity they already enjoy is most likely to inhibit
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intrinsic motivation
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Rates of operant responding are ________ for fixed-ratio than for fixed-interval schedules; they are ________ for variable-ratio than for variable-interval schedules
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higher; higher
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For purposes of effective child-rearing, most psychologists favor the use of ________ over ________.
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reinforcement; punishment
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Operant response rates remain highest when individuals anticipate that their behavior will actually lead to further reinforcement. This best illustrates the importance of ________ in operant conditioning.
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cognitive processes
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B. F. Skinner's work elaborated what E. L. Thorndike had called:
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the law of effect
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most crucial ingreient in all learning
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experience
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child associate pushing button with a candy bar
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operant conditioning
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first experimental susie of associative was conducted by
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pavlo
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Last year, Dr. Frautschi cleaned Nancy's skin with rubbing alcohol prior to administering each of a series of painful rabies vaccination shots. Which of the following processes accounts for the fact that Nancy currently becomes fearful every time she smells rubbing alcohol?
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classical condtioning
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which of the following is an unconditioned responce
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sweating
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Dog salavation in pavlov experiment was
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conditioned responce
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unconditional stimulus of pavlov's experiment
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presentating of food
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A child's fear at the sight of a hypodermic needle is a(n):
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conditioned response
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A real estate agent showed Gavin several pictures of lakeshore property while they were eating a delicious, mouth-watering meal. Later, when Gavin was given a tour of the property, he drooled with delight. For Gavin, the lakeshore property was a:
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CS
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Pet cats who learn that the sound of an electric can opener signals the arrival of their cat food illustrate
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conditioned response
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Little Albert fear of white rat
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conditioned response
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Neutral stimulus before unconditioned stimulus
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true
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reappearance after a time lapse
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spontaneos recovery
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why don't conditioned response go away?
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spontaneous recovery
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Lans after being bitten by a stray dog he experienced anxiety
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Spontaneous recovery
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after receiving a shot, 3 years old experience fear of anyone in a white coat
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generalization
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sight of plastic
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gerneralization
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solves of experiment is more attractive female in
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red
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Alex addicted to drugs
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conditioned stimulus
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respondant behavior
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blushing when embarrassed
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anxious when she sucks her thumb
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opperant conditiong
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Which of the following terms best describes respondent behavior
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reflexive
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Law of effect, repeat behaviors that are reworded
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true
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You would be most likely to use operant conditioning to teach a dog to:
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retrieve sticks and balls
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A psychologist would be most likely to use ________ in order to determine whether nonverbal organisms can perceive different colors.
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shaping
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Escape from an aversive stimulus is a ______ reinforcer
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Negative
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Despite the painful hangovers that follow his use of alcohol, Boris continues to drink because just a couple of drinks begin to reduce his anxiety. His continued drinking most clearly illustrates the power of:
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immediate reinforcement
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Coffee shops that we would shop are using what
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fixed ratio
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25 add for ever 3 pages she edits
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Fixed ratio
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asking for dates
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variable ratio
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Two years ago, the de Castellane Manufacturing Company included its employees in a profitsharing plan in which workers receive semiannual pay bonuses based on the company's profits. Since this plan was initiated, worker productivity at de Castellane has nearly doubled. This productivity increase is best explained in terms of:
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operant conditioning
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Jeremy wears his baseball cap backward because he noticed his older brother does so. This illustrates the importance of:
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modeling
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Which of the following is least likely to be considered an important component of effective student instruction involving the use of interactive software?
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respondent behavior
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Garcia and Koelling's studies of taste aversion in rats demonstrated that classical conditioning is constrained by:
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biological predispositions
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Garcia and Koelling's studies of taste aversion in rats demonstrated that classical conditioning is constrained by:
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unconditioned stimulus.
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Negative reinforcers ________ the rate of operant responding, and punishments ________ the rate of operant responding.
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increase; decrease
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On the first day of class Professor Wallace tells her geography students that pop quizzes will be given at unpredictable times throughout the semester. Clearly, studying for Professor Wallace's surprise quizzes will be reinforced on a ________ schedule.
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variableinterval
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In explaining juvenile delinquency, B. F. Skinner would most likely have emphasized:
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faulty childrearing practices.
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B. F. Skinner's critics have claimed that he neglected the importance of the individual's:
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personal freedom
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The desire to perform a behavior due to promised rewards or threats of punishment involves
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extrinsic motivation
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Paul and Michael sell magazine subscriptions by telephone. Paul is paid $1.00 for every 5 calls he makes, while Michael is paid 1 dollar for every subscription he sells, regardless of the number of calls he makes. Paul's telephoning is reinforced on a ________ schedule, whereas Michael's is reinforced on a ________ schedule.
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fixedratio; variableratio
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As people near the completion of a lucrative task, they typically become increasingly less likely to give up and discontinue their work. This best illustrates that operant behavior is most effectively influenced by ________ reinforcers.
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immediate
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In order to assess whether Mrs. Webster had Alzheimer's disease, researchers conditioned her to blink in response to a sound that signaled the delivery of a puff of air directed toward her face. In this application of classical conditioning, the sound was a:
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CS.
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Reinforcer
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event that increases frequency of the behavior that it follows
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Megan fails to see any connection between how hard she works and the size of her annual pay raises. Consequently, she puts little effort into her job even though she strongly desires sizeable pay increases. This best illustrates the importance of ________ in the operant conditioning of work habits.
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cognitive processes
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John B. Watson would have expressed the greatest disapproval of attempts to scientifically study whether
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academic achievement is influenced by a positive selfconcept
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Children of abusive parents often learn to be aggressive by imitating their parents. This illustrates the importance of:
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observational learning
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The taste of food and the termination of painful electric shock are both ________ reinforcers.
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Primary
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The use of physical punishment may:
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lead to the suppression but not the forgetting of undesirable behavior. demonstrate that aggression is a way of coping with problems. lead people to fear and avoid the punishing agent.
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Humans most easily develop a conditioned aversion to alcohol if its taste is associated with a(n):
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nausea-producing food.
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Fiveyearold Tim is emotionally disturbed and has refused to communicate with anyone. To get him to speak, his teacher initially gives him candy for any utterance, then only for a clearly spoken word, and finally only for a complete sentence. The teacher has used the method of:
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shaping
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When people pressed their arms upward rather than downward while observing unfamiliar Chinese symbols, they subsequently rated these stimuli more positively. This best illustrates the impact of:
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associative learning
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The idea that any perceivable neutral stimulus can serve as a CS was challenged by:
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Garcia and Koelling's findings on taste aversion in rats.
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In order to quickly teach a dog to roll over on command, you would be best advised to use ________ rather than ________.
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immediate reinforcers; delayed reinforcers
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A fixedinterval schedule of reinforcement is one in which a response is reinforced only after a(n)
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specified time period has elapsed
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After a week at college, SuChuan has formed a mental representation of the layout of the campus and no longer gets lost. SuChuan has developed a:
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cognitive map
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The fact that learning can occur without reinforcement is most clearly demonstrated by studies of:
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Latent learning
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Positive reinforcers ________ the rate of operant responding and negative reinforcers ________ the rate of operant responding.
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increase; increase
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A stimulus that acquires reinforcing power by association with another reinforcer is called a ________ reinforcer.
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conditioned
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ohn B. Watson considered himself to be a(n):
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behaviorist
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Myron quit gambling after he lost over a thousand dollars betting on horse races. This best illustrates the effects of:
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Punishment
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Compared with apartment dwellers whose landlords pay their energy costs, those apartment dwellers who pay their own energy costs use less energy. This most clearly illustrates that consumer energy usage is influenced by:
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operant conditioning
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