Operant Conditioning and Classical Conditioning in Laurie and Della
Unlock all answers in this set
Unlock answersquestion
Laurie's thumbsucking has become habitual because she begins to feel less anxious whenever she sucks her thumb. This best illustrates the process of:
answer
operant conditioning.
question
Pavlov's research on classical conditioning was important because
answer
so many different species of animals, including humans, can be classically conditioned
question
Four year old Della asks her mother for a special treat every time they go to the grocery store. Although at one time her mother granted her every request, she now does so less consistently. research suggest that Della will:
answer
continue to ask for a treat every time she goes to the store
question
A real estate agent showed Gavin several pictures of lakeshore property while they were eating a delicious, mouthwatering meal. Later when Gavin was given a tour of the property, he drooled with delight. For Gavin, the lakeshore property was a
answer
CS
question
Makayla developed an intense fear of flying five years ago when she was in a plane crash. The fact that today she can again fly without distress indicates that her fear has undergone:
answer
extinction
question
Male Japanese quail became sexually aroused by a red light that was repeatedly associated with the presentation of a female quail. The sexual arousal elicited by the red light was a:
answer
CR
question
In a wellknown experiment, nursery school children pounded and kicked a large inflated Bobo doll that an adult had just beaten on. This experiment served to illustrate the importance of:
answer
observational learning.
question
According to the text, learning:
answer
enables us to adapt to our environment.
question
Watching the night sky for shooting stars is likely to be reinforced on a ________ schedule.
answer
variable interval
question
John B. Watson believed that psychology should be the science of:
answer
observable behavior
question
Smoking, excessive drinking, and drug abuse demonstrate our greater responsiveness to ________ reinforcement than to ________ reinforcement.
answer
immediate; delayed
question
Which of the following is the best example of a conditioned reinforcer?
answer
applause for an excellent piano recital
question
Watson and Rayner's study of Little Albert demonstrated how specific fears:
answer
may be produced through classical conditioning.
question
The introduction of a pleasant stimulus is to ________ as the withdrawal of a pleasant stimulus is to ________.
answer
reinforcement; punishment
question
A fixed-ratio schedule of reinforcement is one in which a response is reinforced only after a(n)
answer
specified number of responses have been made.
question
Mirror neurons provide a biological basis for
answer
Observational Learning
question
A Skinner box is a(n)
answer
chamber containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a reinforcer.
question
Which of the following is the best example of the overjustification effect?
answer
Phoebe loses her former interest in playing the violin after her mother promises to pay her 50 cents for each hour of practice.
question
Spontaneous recovery refers to the
answer
Reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished response
question
Months after she was raped, Mary's heart pounds with fear merely at the sight of the apartment in which she was attacked. This best illustrates:
answer
associative learning.
question
Every Saturday morning Arnold quickly washes the family's breakfast dishes so that his father will allow him to wash his car. In this instance, washing the car is a(n):
answer
positive reinforcer
question
Toddlers taught to fear speeding cars may also begin to fear speeding trucks and motorcycles. This best illustrates:
answer
generalization.
question
The predictability rather than the frequency of CS-UCS associations appears to be crucial for classical conditioning. This highlights the importance of ________ in conditioning.
answer
cognitive processes
question
After learning to fear a white rat, Little Albert responded with fear to the sight of a rabbit. This best illustrates the process of:
answer
generalization.
question
Experiments have shown that children who are promised a payoff for playing with an interesting toy subsequently lose interest in the toy. These experiments provide an example of
answer
the overjustification effect
question
Using rewards to bribe people to engage in an activity they already enjoy is most likely to inhibit
answer
intrinsic motivation
question
Rates of operant responding are ________ for fixed-ratio than for fixed-interval schedules; they are ________ for variable-ratio than for variable-interval schedules
answer
higher; higher
question
For purposes of effective child-rearing, most psychologists favor the use of ________ over ________.
answer
reinforcement; punishment
question
Operant response rates remain highest when individuals anticipate that their behavior will actually lead to further reinforcement. This best illustrates the importance of ________ in operant conditioning.
answer
cognitive processes
question
B. F. Skinner's work elaborated what E. L. Thorndike had called:
answer
the law of effect
question
most crucial ingreient in all learning
answer
experience
question
child associate pushing button with a candy bar
answer
operant conditioning
question
first experimental susie of associative was conducted by
answer
pavlo
question
Last year, Dr. Frautschi cleaned Nancy's skin with rubbing alcohol prior to administering each of a series of painful rabies vaccination shots. Which of the following processes accounts for the fact that Nancy currently becomes fearful every time she smells rubbing alcohol?
answer
classical condtioning
question
which of the following is an unconditioned responce
answer
sweating
question
Dog salavation in pavlov experiment was
answer
conditioned responce
question
unconditional stimulus of pavlov's experiment
answer
presentating of food
question
A child's fear at the sight of a hypodermic needle is a(n):
answer
conditioned response
question
A real estate agent showed Gavin several pictures of lakeshore property while they were eating a delicious, mouth-watering meal. Later, when Gavin was given a tour of the property, he drooled with delight. For Gavin, the lakeshore property was a:
answer
CS
question
Pet cats who learn that the sound of an electric can opener signals the arrival of their cat food illustrate
answer
conditioned response
question
Little Albert fear of white rat
answer
conditioned response
question
Neutral stimulus before unconditioned stimulus
answer
true
question
reappearance after a time lapse
answer
spontaneos recovery
question
why don't conditioned response go away?
answer
spontaneous recovery
question
Lans after being bitten by a stray dog he experienced anxiety
answer
Spontaneous recovery
question
after receiving a shot, 3 years old experience fear of anyone in a white coat
answer
generalization
question
sight of plastic
answer
gerneralization
question
solves of experiment is more attractive female in
answer
red
question
Alex addicted to drugs
answer
conditioned stimulus
question
respondant behavior
answer
blushing when embarrassed
question
anxious when she sucks her thumb
answer
opperant conditiong
question
Which of the following terms best describes respondent behavior
answer
reflexive
question
Law of effect, repeat behaviors that are reworded
answer
true
question
You would be most likely to use operant conditioning to teach a dog to:
answer
retrieve sticks and balls
question
A psychologist would be most likely to use ________ in order to determine whether nonverbal organisms can perceive different colors.
answer
shaping
question
Escape from an aversive stimulus is a ______ reinforcer
answer
Negative
question
Despite the painful hangovers that follow his use of alcohol, Boris continues to drink because just a couple of drinks begin to reduce his anxiety. His continued drinking most clearly illustrates the power of:
answer
immediate reinforcement
question
Coffee shops that we would shop are using what
answer
fixed ratio
question
25 add for ever 3 pages she edits
answer
Fixed ratio
question
asking for dates
answer
variable ratio
question
Two years ago, the de Castellane Manufacturing Company included its employees in a profitsharing plan in which workers receive semiannual pay bonuses based on the company's profits. Since this plan was initiated, worker productivity at de Castellane has nearly doubled. This productivity increase is best explained in terms of:
answer
operant conditioning
question
Jeremy wears his baseball cap backward because he noticed his older brother does so. This illustrates the importance of:
answer
modeling
question
Which of the following is least likely to be considered an important component of effective student instruction involving the use of interactive software?
answer
respondent behavior
question
Garcia and Koelling's studies of taste aversion in rats demonstrated that classical conditioning is constrained by:
answer
biological predispositions
question
Garcia and Koelling's studies of taste aversion in rats demonstrated that classical conditioning is constrained by:
answer
unconditioned stimulus.
question
Negative reinforcers ________ the rate of operant responding, and punishments ________ the rate of operant responding.
answer
increase; decrease
question
On the first day of class Professor Wallace tells her geography students that pop quizzes will be given at unpredictable times throughout the semester. Clearly, studying for Professor Wallace's surprise quizzes will be reinforced on a ________ schedule.
answer
variableinterval
question
In explaining juvenile delinquency, B. F. Skinner would most likely have emphasized:
answer
faulty childrearing practices.
question
B. F. Skinner's critics have claimed that he neglected the importance of the individual's:
answer
personal freedom
question
The desire to perform a behavior due to promised rewards or threats of punishment involves
answer
extrinsic motivation
question
Paul and Michael sell magazine subscriptions by telephone. Paul is paid $1.00 for every 5 calls he makes, while Michael is paid 1 dollar for every subscription he sells, regardless of the number of calls he makes. Paul's telephoning is reinforced on a ________ schedule, whereas Michael's is reinforced on a ________ schedule.
answer
fixedratio; variableratio
question
As people near the completion of a lucrative task, they typically become increasingly less likely to give up and discontinue their work. This best illustrates that operant behavior is most effectively influenced by ________ reinforcers.
answer
immediate
question
In order to assess whether Mrs. Webster had Alzheimer's disease, researchers conditioned her to blink in response to a sound that signaled the delivery of a puff of air directed toward her face. In this application of classical conditioning, the sound was a:
answer
CS.
question
Reinforcer
answer
event that increases frequency of the behavior that it follows
question
Megan fails to see any connection between how hard she works and the size of her annual pay raises. Consequently, she puts little effort into her job even though she strongly desires sizeable pay increases. This best illustrates the importance of ________ in the operant conditioning of work habits.
answer
cognitive processes
question
John B. Watson would have expressed the greatest disapproval of attempts to scientifically study whether
answer
academic achievement is influenced by a positive selfconcept
question
Children of abusive parents often learn to be aggressive by imitating their parents. This illustrates the importance of:
answer
observational learning
question
The taste of food and the termination of painful electric shock are both ________ reinforcers.
answer
Primary
question
The use of physical punishment may:
answer
lead to the suppression but not the forgetting of undesirable behavior. demonstrate that aggression is a way of coping with problems. lead people to fear and avoid the punishing agent.
question
Humans most easily develop a conditioned aversion to alcohol if its taste is associated with a(n):
answer
nausea-producing food.
question
Fiveyearold Tim is emotionally disturbed and has refused to communicate with anyone. To get him to speak, his teacher initially gives him candy for any utterance, then only for a clearly spoken word, and finally only for a complete sentence. The teacher has used the method of:
answer
shaping
question
When people pressed their arms upward rather than downward while observing unfamiliar Chinese symbols, they subsequently rated these stimuli more positively. This best illustrates the impact of:
answer
associative learning
question
The idea that any perceivable neutral stimulus can serve as a CS was challenged by:
answer
Garcia and Koelling's findings on taste aversion in rats.
question
In order to quickly teach a dog to roll over on command, you would be best advised to use ________ rather than ________.
answer
immediate reinforcers; delayed reinforcers
question
A fixedinterval schedule of reinforcement is one in which a response is reinforced only after a(n)
answer
specified time period has elapsed
question
After a week at college, SuChuan has formed a mental representation of the layout of the campus and no longer gets lost. SuChuan has developed a:
answer
cognitive map
question
The fact that learning can occur without reinforcement is most clearly demonstrated by studies of:
answer
Latent learning
question
Positive reinforcers ________ the rate of operant responding and negative reinforcers ________ the rate of operant responding.
answer
increase; increase
question
A stimulus that acquires reinforcing power by association with another reinforcer is called a ________ reinforcer.
answer
conditioned
question
ohn B. Watson considered himself to be a(n):
answer
behaviorist
question
Myron quit gambling after he lost over a thousand dollars betting on horse races. This best illustrates the effects of:
answer
Punishment
question
Compared with apartment dwellers whose landlords pay their energy costs, those apartment dwellers who pay their own energy costs use less energy. This most clearly illustrates that consumer energy usage is influenced by:
answer
operant conditioning
