Psych Unit 6. Multiple Choice: Watson and Rayner’s Study, B.F. Skinner’s Work – Flashcards

According to the text, learning involves

The most crucial ingredient in all learning is

Learning that certain events occur together is called

By learning to associate a squirt of water with an electric shock, sea snails demonstrate the process of

Conditioning is the process of

Pets who learn that the sound of an electric can opener signals the arrival of their food illustrate

Children often learn to associate pushing a vending machine button with the delivery of a candy bar. This best illustrates the process underlying

The last time you come home after your curfew, your parents grounded you for the next two weekends. Ever since then, you have been careful to come on time. The change in your behavior is best explained by

The researcher most closely associated with the study of classical conditioning is

Who introduced the term behaviorism?

John B. Watson considered himself to be a

John B. Watson emphasized that

The “psychic secretions” that interfered with Pavlov’s experiments on digestion were

In Pavlov’s experiments, the dog’s salivation triggered by the taste of food was a(n)

In Aldous Huxley’s Brave New World, infants develop a fear or roses after roses are presented with electric shock. In this fictional example, the presentation of the roses is the

A child’s learned fear at the sight of a hypodermic needle is a(n)

If a ringing bell causes a dog to salivate because the bell has been regularly associated with food in the mouth, the unconditioned response is the

Which of the following is a unconditioned response?

In Pavlov’s experiments, the taste of food triggered salivation in a dog. The food in the dog’s mouth was the

A dog’s salivation at the sight of a food dish is a(n)

If the sound of an electric can opener causes a child to salivate because it has been associated with the presentation of food, the child’s salivation to the sound of a can opener is a

In Pavlov’s experiments on the salivary conditioning of dogs, the conditioned stimulus was

Associating a conditioned stimulus with a new neural stimulus can create a second (often weaker) conditioned stimulus. This best illustrates

In classical conditioning, the

Long after being bitten by a stray dog, Alonzo found that his fear of dogs seemed to have disappeared. To his surprise, however, when he was recently confronted by a stray dog, he experienced a sudden thing of anxiety. This sudden anxiety best illustrates

Because of his discomfort and embarrassment associated with his childhood bedwetting, Andrew becomes nervous whenever he has the urge to urinate. If genital arousal subsequently makes Andrew unusually anxious, this would best illustrate

Toddlers taught to fear moving cars may also begin to fear moving trucks and motorcycles. This best illustrates

An allergy attack triggered by the sight of plastic flowers best illustrates the process of

Some of Pavlov’s dogs learned to salivate to the sound of one particular tone and not to other tones. This illustrates the process of

Rats easily learn to associate nausea producing radiation treatments with

The idea that any perceivable neural stimulus can serve as a conditioned stimulus was challenged by

Children learn to fear spiders more easily than they learn to fear flowers. This best illustrates the impact of ________ on learning

An integrated understanding of associative learning in terms of genetic predispositions, culturally learned preferences, and the predictability of certain associations is most clearly provided by

Ivan Pavlov’s experiments

Watson to the study of learning?

To assess whether Mrs. Webster had Alzheimer’s disease, researchers conditioned her to blink in response to a sound that signaled the delivery of a puff or air directed toward her face. In this application of classical conditioning, the sound was a

An organism learns associations between events it does not control during the process of

Which of the following is an example of respondent behavior?

Voluntary behaviors that produce rewarding or punishing consequences are called

Which of the following terms best describes a respondent behavior?

Which of the following terms best describes an operant behavior?

B.F. Skinner’s work elaborated what E.L. Thorndike had called

The psychologist most closely associated with the study of operant conditioning was

The process of reinforcing successively closer approximations to a desired behavior is called

Five year old Trevor is emotionally disturbed and refuses to communicate with anyone. To get him to speak, his teacher initially gives him candy for any utterance, then only for a clearly spoken word, and finally only for a complete sentence. The teacher is using the method of

A rat in a Skinner box is reinforced with a food pellet only if the rat moves close to the lever. Next, reinforcement is withheld until the rat stands on its hind legs, then until the rat touches the lever, and finally, until the rat presses the lever. This example best illustrates

An event that increases the frequency of the behavior that it follows is a(n)

Which of the following is true of positive and negative reinforcers?

Every Saturday morning, Arnold quickly washes the family’s breakfast dishes so that his father will allow him to wash his car. In this instance, washing the car is a(n)

Mason, a stockbroker, runs two miles everyday after work because it reduces his level of stress. Mason’s running habit is maintained by a(n) ________ reinforcer.

Receiving delicious food is to escaping electric shock as ________ is to ________.

Closing your bedroom door so that you won’t hear the TV that is interfering with your studying is an example of

Money is to food as ________ is to ________.

Innately satisfying stimuli that fulfill biological needs are called ________ reinforcers.

To quickly teach a dog to roll over on command, you would be best advised to use

Humans, unlike many other animals, can be conditioned with reinforcers not delivered until a long time after a desired behavior. What are these reinforcers called?

Four year old Della asks her mother for a special treat everytime they go the grocery store. At first her mother granted every request, but now she does so less consistently. Research suggests that Della will

The way slot machines reward gamblers with money best illustrates

Coffee shops that reward customers with one free cup of coffee after every ten purchases are using a ________ reinforcement schedule.

Luana edits manuscripts for a publisher and is paid $25 for every three pages she edits. Luana is on a ________ schedule.

Blake is a carpet installer who wants to be paid for each square foot of carpet he lays rather than with an hourly wage. Blake prefers working on a ________ schedule of reinforcement.

A variable-ratio schedule of reinforcement is one in which a response is reinforced only after

Which of the following behaviors is typically reinforced on a variable-ratio schedule?

Purchasing state lottery tickets is reinforced with monetary winnings on a ________ schedule.

On the first day of class, Professor Wallace tells her geography students that pop quizzes will be given at unpredictable times throughout the semester. Clearly, studying for Professor Wallace’s surprise quizzes will be reinforced on a ________ schedule.

The introduction of an unpleasant stimulus is to ________ as the withdrawal of an unpleasant stimulus is to ________.

Revoking the driver’s license of a reckless driver is intended to serve as a

If rats are allowed to wander through a complicated maze, they will subsequently run the maze with few errors when a food reward is placed at the end. Their good performance demonstrates

Professor Kohler observed chimpanzees discover a novel way to reach a banana hung out of their reach. This scenario is most likely an example of which type of learning?

Using rewards to bribe people to engage in an activity they already enjoy is most likely to inhibit

After pigs learned to pick up and deposit wooden coins in a piggy bank, the pigs subsequently dropped the coins and pushed them with their snouts. This best illustrates the importance of ________ in operant conditioning.

According to B.F. Skinner, human behavior is controlled primarily by

In explaining prosocial behavior, B.F. Skinner would most likely have emphasized

Which of the following is LEAST likely to be considered an important component of effective student instruction involving the use of interactive software?

B.F. Skinner believed that teaching machines could promote effective learning because they allow for both

Alex learned how to make 3-point basketball shots by successfully making very short shots before shooting from increasingly longer distances from the hoop. This learning strategy best illustrates the process of

Tennis instruction that reinforces soft, short lobs over the net before attempting to reinforce hard, long cross court hits best illustrates the process of

Using an operant chamber, Skinner timed food pellets to drop every 15 minutes. If a rat was in a certain location just before the food was presented, the rat went to that location more frequently even though it was not directly tied to the appearance of food. Which of the following best explains this superstitious behavior?

The most important benefit of biofeedback is its capacity to

Neal Miller observed that rats decrease their heartbeat if they receive pleasurable brain stimulation when their heartbeat slows. This best illustrated that

Electronically recording, amplifying, and displaying information regarding subtle physiological responses is called

Both classical and operant conditioning are forms of

A learned association between two stimuli is central to

Jeremy wears his baseball cap backward because he noticed his older brother does so. This illustrates the importance of

The tendency for children to imitate behaviors seen on television best illustrates the importance of

Our ability to learn by witnessing the behavior of others best illustrates

Without any explicit training from adults, many 8 year old children know how to turn the ignition key to start their parents’ cars. This best illustrates the importance of

The transmission of cultural fads and fashions best illustrates the impact of

Which of the following factors most influences whether we will imitate a model?

Which of the following are most clearly activated both by picking up a spoon and by simply watching another person pick up a spoon?

The reduced imitative yawning displayed by people with autism is most directly related to their reduced levels of

Skinner is to shaping as Bandura is to

Bandura’s Bobo doll experiment demonstrated that the power of observational learning depends on what?

Mr. Zandee has stopped smoking because he wants to model healthy behavior patterns for his children. Mr. Zandee is apparently aware of the importance of ________ in his children’s development.

Experiments suggest that children are exposed to a model who says one thing and does another will

Christian and Maggie are concerned with teaching their children to act prosaically. Social learning psychologists would advise them to

Most researchers who have examined the effects of viewing televised aggression conclude that

The violence-viewing effect is especially pronounced when the observed violence

After prolonged exposure to television violence, viewers became more indifferent to violence when later viewing a brawl, whether on TV or in real life. This finding best illustrates

The first experimental studies of associative learning were conducted by

Which of the following is an unconditioned response?

In Pavlov’s experiments, the dog’s salivation triggered by the sound of the tone was a(n)

Makayla developed an intense fear of flying five years ago when she was in a plane crash. The fact that today she can again fly without distress indicates that her fear has undergone

Spontaneous recovery refers to the

Monica’s psychotherapist reminds her so much of her own father that she has many of the same mixed emotional reactions to him that she has to her own dad. Her reactions to her therapist best illustrate the importance of

Jacqueline is sexually aroused by the sight of her handsome boyfriend but not by the sight of her equally handsome brother. This best illustrates the value of

Garcia and Koelling’s studies of taste aversion in rats demonstrated that classical conditioning is constrained by

Watson and Rayner’s study of Little Albert demonstrated how specific fears

After learning to fear a white rat,Little Albert responded with fear to the sight of a rabbit. This best illustrates the process of

After he was spanked on several occasions for spilling his milk at a restaurant,Colin became afraid to go to the restaurant. In this case, spanking was a(n) ________ for Colin’s fear.

In which form of learning is behavior said to be influenced by its consequences?

Cats received a fish reward whenever they maneuvered themselves out of an enclosed puzzle box. With successive trials, the cats escaped from the box with increasing speed. This illustrates

A Skinner box is a(n)

Skinner developed a behavioral technology that included a procedure known as

Every Saturday morning, Arnold quickly washes the family’s breakfast dishes so that his father will allow
him to wash his car. In this instance, washing the car is a(n)

Positive reinforcers ________ the rate of operant responding, and negative reinforcers ________ the rate of operant responding.

Paul and Michael sell magazine subscriptions by telephone. Paul is paid $1.00 for every five calls he makes, while Michael is paid $1.00 for every subscription he sells, regardless of the number of calls he makes. Paul’s telephoning is reinforced on a ________ schedule, whereas Michael’s is reinforced on a

Watching the night sky for shooting stars is likely to be reinforced on a ________ schedule.

For purposes of effective child-rearing, most psychologists favor the use of

After a week at college, Su-Chuan has formed a mental representation of the layout of the campus and no longer gets lost. Su-Chuan has developed a

Animals tend to revert from newly learned habits to their biologically predisposed behaviors.This is an example of

Rhesus macaque monkeys are more likely to reconcile after a fight if they grow up with forgiving older macaque monkeys. This best illustrates the impact of

We find it harder to frown when viewing a smile than when viewing a frown.This can most clearly be attributed to