Psych Test 2 (Chapter 7)
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One of the most important skills to have in jobs that require quick decision making is the ability to
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weed out irrelevant information
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Confidence in the ability to make good decisions on the job is
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earned through practice
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One effective way to practice the skill of quick decision making in stressful situations is to
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use simulations that make you feel like you are in that situation
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People who feel accountable for the decisions they are making
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tend to make better, more thoughtful decisions
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The two types of problem solving systems we have are _______ and ________
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automatic response; logical and systematic reasoning
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Abby's new puppy cries each night when left in her crate. When Abby picks up the puppy and holds her to her chest, the puppy stops crying and falls asleep. However, after she puts the puppy back in the crate, the crying begins again. After a few nights, Abby suddenly realizes that her heartbeat is helping the dog fall asleep. She places a ticking clock next to the crate, and the puppy goes right to sleep at night. Abby's realization is an example of
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insight
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PET scans show areas of the _____ being activated during the process of forming an image
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visual cortex
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Research suggests that _____ affect the person's prototype for that category.
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what a person knows about a particular type of object does
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William's alarm clock went off, and he knew what he had to do. In waking up and getting ready for class in the morning, William would most likely follow a(n)
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script
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Whether a whale is a fish or a mammal is an example of a
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fuzzy natural concept
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The representativeness heuristic can be used to create and sustain
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stereotypes
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Writing a term paper may be best approached by using
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subgoals
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An important factor in the formation of prototypes is
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culture
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When people think, they often have _____ in their minds.
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images and words
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Brainstorming, keeping a journal, and subject mapping are all
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strategies to stimulate divergent thinking
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Keneisha is only 11 years old, but she can answer questions that most 15 year olds can answer. Fifteen is Keneisha's
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mental age
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A test can fail in validity and still
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be reliable
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According to Sternberg's theory, _____ intelligence is measured in academic achievement tests.
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analytical
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Terry exhibits extraordinary musical ability. According to Spearman, this is an example of _____ intelligence.
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s factor
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If a test measures what it is supposed to measure, that test has
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validity
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_____ intelligence includes the ability to be self-motivated, to understand what others feel, and to be socially skilled.
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emotional
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Samantha does really well with managing her own emotions, as well as recognizing and understanding the emotions of others around her. It could be said that Samantha has a high level of
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emotional intelligence
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Sternberg's three types of intelligence are analytical, creative, and
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practical
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_____, which is more frequent in males, is caused by a genetic defect that leads to deficiency in a protein needed for brain development.
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fragile x syndrome
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"Michael painted the picture" and "the picture was painted by Michael" have the same semantic meaning but different
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syntax
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Language allows people to _____ and _____.
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communicate with one another; represent their own internal mental activity
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In some languages, changing the _____ of a spoken word can change its entire meaning.
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intonation
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According to Noam Chomsky, humans have an innate ability to understand and produce language through
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their language acquisition device
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Derrick was given a test where he had to identify morphemes. In one particular case, he was asked to identify the number of morphemes in the word rescuer. If Derrick answered correctly, he was able to identify _____ morpheme(s).
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???
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Three-year-old Jamal is learning how to wait his turn to talk during circle time in preschool. Jamal is learning the _____ of language.
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pragmatics
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mental activity for organizing, understanding, and communicating
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thinking (cognition)
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picture-like representations in the mind that stand for objects and events
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mental images
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ideas that represent a class or category of objects, events, or activities
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concepts
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concepts with specific rules for inclusion/agreed upon definition ex: planet
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formal concepts
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"fuzzy," concepts people form not as a result of a strict set of rules but rather as the result of experiences with these concepts in the real world ex: bobsleds and rafts as vehicles
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natural concepts
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most common response/basic example of a concept can be different for different cultures ex: fruit-->apple
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prototype
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process of cognition that occurs when a goal must be reached by thinking and behaving in certain ways restructuring aids solutions (5 sets of rings), work backwards, break into subgoals
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problem solving
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process of cognition that involves identifying, evaluating, and choosing among several alternatives
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decision making
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problem-solving method in which one possible solution after another is trued until a successful one is found ex: getting into your house
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trial and error (mechanical solution)
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very specific, "fool-proof," step-by-step procedures for solving certain types of problems ex: math formulas, recipes
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algorithms
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"rule of thumb," an educated guess based on prior experiences that helps narrow down the possible solutions for a problem doesn't always work, mental shortcut ex: finding books in a library
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heuristic
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assumption that any object (or person) sharing characteristics with the members of a particular category is also a member of that category ex: all people with dark skin are African American
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representativeness heuristic
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estimating the frequency or likelihood of an event based on how easy it is to recall relevant information from memory or how easy it is for us to think of relevant examples ex: "in most industrialized countries, are there more librarians or farmers?"
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availability heuristic
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a block to problem solving that comes from thinking about objects only in terms of their typical functions ex: chair used for sitting
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functional fixedness
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rely on a strategy for problem solving that has worked for us in the past ex: 9 dot exercise break it by thinking creatively/divergently
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mental set
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block to problem solving, only searching for evidence that confirms your own belief ex: believers in ESP will look for evidence that supports its existence
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confirmation bias
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the process of solving problems by combining new ideas or behavior in new ways can solve problem solving blocks
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creativity
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type of thinking in which a problem is seen as having only one answer, and all kinds of thinking will eventually lead to that single answer, using previous knowledge and logic
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convergent thinking
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type of thinking in which a person starts from one point and comes up with many different ideas or possibilities based on that point
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divergent thinking
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the ability to learn from one's experiences, acquire knowledge, and adapt
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intelligence
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one ability of intelligence in Spearman's theory of intelligence the ability to reason and solve problems, or general intelligence tested with IQ test
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g factor
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second ability of intelligence in Spearman's theory of intelligence the ability to excel in certain areas, or specific intelligence ex:task-specific abilities such as music, business, art
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s factor
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Sternberg's theory that there are three kinds of intelligence: analytical, creative, and practical
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triarchic theory of intelligence
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the ability to break problems down into component parts, or analysis, for problem solving ex: traditional intelligence like success in school, mathematical abilities, verbal skills (tested w IQ test)
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analytical intelligence
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the ability to deal with new and different concepts and to come up with new ways of solving problems ex: people who are good with their hands, compose music, artists
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creative intelligence
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"street smarts," the ability to use information to get along in life and become successful ex: fixing cars
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practical intelligence
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developed the first intelligence test decided the key element to be tested was a child's mental age
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Binet and Simon
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the average age at which children could successfully answer a particular level of questions
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mental age
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Stanford-Binet test IQ test= (mental age/chronological age) x 100 IQ tests more applicable to children
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Lewis Terman
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a number representing a measure of intelligence using the formula
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intelligence quotient (IQ)
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IQ tests for specific age groups (age-appropriate, culture-free, valid and rational) Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC)
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David Wechsler
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the tendency of a test to produce the same scores again and again each time it is given to the same people
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reliability
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the degree to which a test actually measures what it is supposed to measure
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validity
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a type of intelligence measure that assumes that IQ is normally distributed around a mean of 100 with a standard deviation of about 15 (higher IQ= the ability to delay gratification) (negative correlation between IQ score and juvenile crime)
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deviation IQ scores
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condition in which a person's behavioral and cognitive skills exist at an earlier developmental stage than the skills of others who are the same chronological age; may also be referred to as developmentally delayed, condition was formerly known as mental retardation (these people fall on the low end of the intelligence scale)
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intellectual disability (intellectual developmental disorder)
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"geniuses," IQ 140-145, the 2% of the population falling on the upper end of the normal curve possessing an IQ of 130 or above
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gifted
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the awareness of and ability to manage one's own emotions to facilitate thinking and attain goals, as well as the ability to understand emotions in others
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emotional intelligence
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degree to which the changes in some trait within a population can be considered to be due to genetic influences; the extent individual genetic differences affect individual differences in observed behavior; in IQ, proportion of change in IQ within a population that is caused by hereditary factors intelligence at 50%
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heritability
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condition in which being made aware of a negative performance stereotype interferes with the performance of someone that considers himself or herself a part of that group
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stereotype threat
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a system for combining symbols (such as words) so that an unlimited number of meaningful statements can be made for the purpose of communicating with others
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language
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the system of rules governing the structure and use of a language
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grammar
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the basic units of sound in language
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phonemes
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the smallest units of meaning within a language
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morphemes
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the system of rules for combining words and phrases to form grammatically correct sentences
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syntax
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the rules for determining the meaning of words and sentences
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semantics
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aspects of language involving the practical ways of communicating with others, or the social "niceties" of language
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pragmatics
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the theory that thought processes and concepts are controlled by language
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linguistic relativity hypothesis
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theory that concepts are universal and influence the development of language
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cognitive universalism
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nature=genetics raising children in different environments increases the chances of a differing IQ
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nature vs. nurture
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regions in the prefrontal cortex and parietal lobe that play the largest role in intelligence amount of gray matter in brain, faster reaction times, and high speed of processing/low rate of decay mean you are a more intelligent person
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parieto-frontal integration theory (PFIT)
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theory stating CONCEPTS precede language studied children, "schemas" ex: experiment where children where shown pictures of bats, flamingos, and a crow and only one group of children was told the crow was a bird
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cognitive universalism and Piaget
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theory arguing word formed concepts, the language we use influences our thoughts ex: sexism brought about by using terms like fireMAN, policeMAN, co-ed (female college student), by restricting language we restrict thought ("friendly-fire")
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linguistic relativity hypothesis and Vygotsky
