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myelin sheath; axon

answer

Multiple Sclerosis results from a degeneration of the _ that surrounds the _ of a neuron.

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FMRI; PET scan

answer

Two specific types of brain researchmethods wthat would be effective in shwoing what part of the brain is being activated as a person solves a puzzle are _ and _ _.

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neuroscience

answer

The study of how brain activity linked to mental processes is known as _.

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hyothalamus

answer

The part of the brain that triggers the pituitary gland, thus controlling the endocrine system, is the _.

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corpus collosum

answer

People who have split-brian surgery, have the _ _ cut.

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sensory

answer

A neuron that carries information from the eyes and ears to the brain is known as a _ neuron.

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reuptake

answer

Any excess neurotransmitters that is not taken by the post-synaptic neuron, is taken back in by the pre-synaptic neuron. This process is known as _.

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central nervous system

answer

The brain and spinal cord make up the _ _ _.

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cerebral cortex

answer

Our highest level of thinking is associated with the _ _ of the brain.

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conscious; unconscious

answer

The dual-processing theory states that information is processed in the _ mind and _ mind simultaneously.

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dendrite

answer

The part of the neuron that receives information is known as the _.

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myelin sheath

answer

This protects the axon:

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dendrites

answer

This receives signals from other neurons:

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action potential

answer

The electrical charge of a neuron:

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glia cells (neuroglia)

answer

These provide support for neurons:

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refractory period

answer

The time in which the positively charged ions are pumped out is known as:

question

epinephrine

answer

Another name for adrenaline:

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endorphins

answer

Heroin is an agonist for this neurotransmitter:

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reuptake

answer

Reabsorbing of excess neurotransmitters by the pre-synaptic neuron:

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GABA

answer

Major inhibitory neurotransmitter:

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Acetylcholine

answer

Muscle paralysis might be caused by an antagonist for this neurotransmitter:

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temporal lobes (auditory cortex)

answer

Sound is processed in these lobes:

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plasticity

answer

The brain's ability to take over functions of damaged areas:

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hypothatlamus

answer

The brain part most involved in motivation to act:

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parietal lobes

answer

The sensory cortex is located in these lobes:

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Brainstem

answer

Evolutionary speaking - the oldest region of the brain:

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hormones

answer

chemical messengers of the endocrine system:

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lesion

answer

Surgical destruction of brain tissue:

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autonomic nervous system

answer

Controls glands and muscles:

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association areas

answer

These help us make sense of the information the cortex processes:

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amygala (fear and aggresion); hypothalamus (biological motivation); hippocampus (formation of memory)

answer

Three parts of the limbic system:

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amygdala

answer

Fear and agression are associated with this brain part:

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somatic and autonomic

answer

The peripheral nervous system is broken into these two systems:

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biological psychology

answer

The study of the relationship between the brain and behavior:

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right temporal lobe

answer

Facial recognition area is located here:

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dopamine

answer

Antipsychotics are considered antagonists for this:

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phrenology

answer

The theory that linked our mental abilities to bumps on the skull was _.

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biological, psychological, social-cultural

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Psychologists study behavior and mental processes from multiple levels, noting how _, _, an _ _ systems work and interact.

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neurons

answer

Our body's neural system is built from billions of nerve cells, or _.

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dendrites

answer

The extensions of a neuron that receive messages from other neurons are the _.

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axon, myelin sheath

answer

The extension of a neuron that transmits information to other neurons is the _; some of these extensions are insulated by a layer of fatty cells called the _ _, which help speed the neuron's impulses.

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action potential, axon

answer

The neural impulse, or _ _, is a brief electrical charge that travels down the _.

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negatively, positively; resting potential, selectively permeable

answer

The fluid interior of a resting axon carries mostly _ charged ions, while the fluid outside mostly _ charged ions. This polarization, called the _ _, occurs because the cell membrane is _ _.

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positively; depolarized

answer

An action potential occurs when the first part of the axon opens its gates and _ charged ions rush in, causing that part of the neuron to become _.

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refractory period; postively

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During the resting pause following an action potential, called the _ _, the neuron pumps _ charged ions outside the cell.

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excitatory; inhibitory; threshold; won't; all-or-none

answer

In order to trigger a neural impulse, _ signals minus _ signals must exceed a certain intensity, called the _. Increasing a stimulus above this level _ increase the neural impulse's intensity. (_ _ _ response)

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doesn't

answer

The strength of a stimulus _ affect the speed of a neural impulse.

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synapse, synaptic cleft

answer

The junction between two neurons is called the _, and the gap is called the _ _.

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neurotransmitters; ions

answer

The chemical messengers that convey info across gaps between neurons are _. These chemical unlock tiny channels on receptor sites, allowing _ to enter the neuron.

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exhibiting; inhibiting

answer

Neurotransmitters influence neurons either by _ or _ their readiness to fire. Excess neurotransmitters are reabsorbed by the sending neuron in the process called _.

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dopamine

answer

Neurotransmitter: influences movement, learning, attention, and emotion (mood/emotion goes up)

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seratonin

answer

Neurotransmitter: affects mood, hunger, sleep, and arousal (aggression and mood go up)

question

norepinephrine

answer

Neurotransmitter: helps control alertness and arousal (mood goes down)

question

GABA

answer

Neurotransmitter: undersupply is linked to seizures, tremors, and insomnia (inhibitory effect on axons goes up)

question

Glutamate

answer

Neurotransmitter: involved in memory (excitatory effect on axons go up)

question

Acetylcholine (ACh)

answer

Neurotransmitter: important in muscle contraction (muscle action/movement and memory go up)

question

endorphins; heroin, morphine

answer

Naturally occurring opiate-like neurotransmitters that are present in the brain are called _. When the brain is flooded with drugs such as _ or _, it may stop producing these.

question

agonists

answer

Drugs that produce their effects by mimicking neurotransmitters or blocking reuptake are called _.

question

receptor sites; antagonists

answer

Drugs that block the effects of neurotransmitters by occupying their _ _ are called _.

question

blood-brain barrier

answer

The molecular shape of some drugs prevents them from passing through the _ _ _ by which the brain fences out unwanted chemicals.

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Parkinson's; dopamine; L-dopa

answer

The tremors of _ disease are due to the death of neurons that produce the neurotransmitter _. People with this condition can be helped to regain control over their muscles by taking _.

question

nervous system

answer

Taken altogether, the neurons of the body form the _ _.

question

central

answer

The brain and spinal cord comprise the _ nervous system.

question

peripheral

answer

The neurons that link the brain and spinal cord to the body's sense receptors, muscles, and glands form the _ nervous system.

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nerves

answer

Sensory and motor axons are bundled into electrical cables called _.

question

sensory

answer

Information arriving in the central nervous system from the body travels in _ neurons.

question

interneurons

answer

The neurons that enable internal communication within the central nervous system and between sensory and motor neurons are called _.

question

motor

answer

The central nervous system sends instructions to the body's tissues by means of _ neurons.

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somatic

answer

The division of the peripheral nervous system enables voluntary control of the skeletal muscles is the _ nervous system.

question

autonomic

answer

Involuntary, self-regulating responses- those of the glands and muscles of internal organs- are controlled by the _ nervous system.

question

sympathetic

answer

The body is made ready for action by the _ division of the autonomic nervous system.

question

parasympathetic

answer

The _ division of the autonomic nervous system produces relaxation.

question

reflexes; spinal cord; knee-jerk, pain-reflex

answer

Autonomic responses to stimuli, called _, illustrate the work of the _ _. Simple pathways such as these are involved in the _ _ and in the _ _.

question

neural networks

answer

To perform complex computations, neurons in the brain cluster into work groups called _ _.

question

endocrine system

answer

The body's chemical communication network is called the _ _.

question

hormones; slower; longer

answer

The endocrine system transmits information through chemical messengers called _ at a much _ rate than the nervous system, and its effects last a _ time.

question

adrenal; epinephrine; noreperinephrine

answer

In a moment of danger, the _ glands release _ and _.

question

pituitary; hypothalamus; growth

answer

The most influential gland is the _ gland, which, under the control of an adjacent brain area called the _, helps regulate _ and the release of hormones by other endocrine glands.

question

lesions; clinical observation

answer

Researchers sometimes study brain functions by producing _ or by selectively destroying brain cells. The oldest technique for studying the brain involves _ _ of patients with brain injuries/diseases.

question

electroencephalogram (EEG)

answer

The _ is a recording of the electrical activity of the whole brain.

question

PET scan

answer

The technique depicting the level of activity of brain areas by measuring the brain's consumption of glucose:

question

MRI

answer

Technique that produces clearer images of the brain by using magnetic fields and radio waves:

question

functional MRI (FMRI); anterior cingulate cortex; urges

answer

By taking pictures less than a second apart, the _ _ detects blood rushing to the part of the cortex thought to control the bodily activity being studied. Using this technique researchers found that activity in the _ _ _ when people experience conflicting _.

question

brainstem

answer

The oldest and innermost region of the brain is the _.

question

medulla, breathing, heartbeat; pons

answer

At the base of the brainstem, where the spinal cord enters the skull, lies the _, which controls _ and _. Just above this is the _, which helps coordinate movements.

question

brainstem

answer

Nerves from each side of the brain cross over to connect with the body's opposite side in the _.

question

reticular formation; arousal; alert; coma

answer

The _ _ is contained inside the brainstem and plays an important role in controlling _. Electrically stimulating this area will produce an _ animal. Lesioning this area will cause an animal to lapse into a _.

question

thalamus; smell; medulla; cerebellum

answer

At the top of the brainstem sits the _, which serves as the brain's sensory switchboard, receiving information from all senses except _. These egg-shaped structures also receive replies from higher regions, which they direct to the _ and the _.

question

cerebellum; nonverbal learning; balance

answer

At the rear of the brainstem lies the _. It influences one type of _ _ and memory, but its major function is coordination of voluntary movement and _ control.

question

conscious; outside

answer

The lower brain functions occur without _ effort, indicating that our brains process most information _ of our awareness.

question

limbic; hippocampus

answer

Between the brainstem and cerebral hemispheres is the _ system. One component of this system that processes memory is the _.

question

amygdala

answer

Aggression or fear will result from stimulation of different regions of the _.

question

psychosurgery; rarely

answer

Amygdala lesions, produced by _ techniques, have been used to treat violent humans. This treatment is controversial and _ used today.

question

hypothalamus, hunger, thirst, sex; hormones; pituitary

answer

Below the thalamus is the _, which regulates bodily maintenance behaviors such as _, _ and _. This area also regulates behavior by secreting _ that enable it to control the _.

question

thalamus; reward

answer

Olds and Milner discovered that the _ contains _ centers, which animals will work hard to have stimulated.

question

addictive; reward deficiency syndrome

answer

Some researchers believe that alcoholism, drug abuse, binge eating, and other _ disorders may stem from a genetic _ _ _ in the natural brain systems for pleasure and well-being.

question

cerebral cortex; information-processing

answer

The most complex functions of human behavior are linked to the most developed part of the brain, the _ _. This thin layer of interconnected neural cells is the body's ultimate control and _ _ center.

question

glial cells; learning, thinking

answer

The non-neural cells that support, protect, and nourish cortical neurons are called _ _. New evidence suggests that these cells may also play a role in _ and _.

question

more wrinkled

answer

Compared to the cortexes of lower mammals, the human cortex has a _ _ surface. This _ the overall surface area of our brains.

question

frontal lobe, parietal lobe, occipital lobe, temporal lob

answer

The four lobes of the brain:

question

motor; frontal; greater

answer

Electrical stimulation of one side of the _ cortex, an arch-shaped region at the back of the _ lobe, will produce movement on the opposite side of the body. The more precise the control needed, the _ amount of cortical space occupied.

question

sensory

answer

At the front of the parietal lobes lies the _ cortex, which, when stimulated, elicits a sensation of _.

question

sensory cortex

answer

The more sensitive a body region, the greater the area of _ _ devoted to it.

question

occipital; temporal

answer

Visual information is received in the _ lobes, whereas auditory information is received in the _ lobes.

question

associated areas; 3/4; frontal; parietal; temporal

answer

Areas of the brain that don't receive sensory info/direct movement, but integrate/interpret info received by other regions are known as _ _. Approximately _ of the human cortex is this. Such areas in the _ lobe are involved in judging and planning, and in some aspects of personality. In the _ lobe, these areas enable mathematical and spatial reasoning, and an area of the _ lobe enables us to recognize faces.

question

aphasia; Broca's area; Wernicke's area; angular gyrus

answer

Brain injuries may produce an impairment in language called _. Impairments in _ _ is involved in producing speech, and _ _ is involved in understanding speech, and the _ _ is involved in recording printed words in auditory form.

question

unified whole

answer

Although the mind's subsystems are localized in particular brain regions, the brain acts as a _ _.

question

plasticity

answer

The quality of the brain that makes it possible for undamaged brain areas to take over the functions of a damaged regions is known as _. (apparent in young children)

question

won't; reorganize; can; stem

answer

Although most severed neurons _ regenerate, neural tissue can _ in response to damage. New evidence shows that adult mice/humans _ generate new brain cells in two older brain regions; research also reveals the existence of master _ cells in the developing fetal brain that can develop into any type of brain cell.

question

left; dominant (major)

answer

Because damage to it will impair language and understanding, the _ hemisphere came to be known as the _ hemisphere.

question

corpus collosum; split brain

answer

In treating patients with severe epilepsy, Vogel and Bogen separated the two hemispheres of the brain by cutting the _ _. When this structure is severed, the result is referred to as a _ _.

question

right; name; right

answer

In a split-brain patient, only the _ hemisphere will be aware of an unseen object held in the left hand. In this case, the person wouldn't be able to _ the object. When shown words on the left and right visual fields, the patient will also only be able to say the word on the _.

question

left; right; unconscious; can

answer

When the "two minds" of a split brain are at odds, the _ hemisphere tries to rationalize what it doesn't understand. The _ hemisphere often acts on autopilot. This phenomenon demonstrates that the _ mind _ control our behavior.

question

lateralization; right; left

answer

Researchers studying undivided brains have found evidence of hemispheric specialization, aka _. For example, pictures are recognized more rapidly on the _ hemisphere, whereas words are recognized faster on the _ hemisphere.

question

left

answer

Deaf people use the _ hemisphere to process sign language.

question

decreases; left

answer

With age, the percentage of left-handers _. One controversial explanation of this difference is that _ handers die at a younger age.

question

Sensory Cortex

answer

the area at the front of the parietal lobes that registers and processes body touch and movement sensations

question

Motor Cortex

answer

an area at the rear of the frontal lobes that controls voluntary movements

question

Reticular formation, pons, medulla

answer

Three parts of a brainstem

question

limbic system

answer

The _ _, which is located between the brainstem and cerebral cortex, is linked to emotions, memories, and drives.

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