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According to Bandura, to learn anything through observation, the learner must first

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pay attention.

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occurs when a strong conditioned stimulus is paired with a neutral stimulus, causing the neutral stimulus to become a second conditioned stimulus

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higher order conditioning

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The four elements of observational learning are attention, memory, ______, and ______.

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imitation; motivation

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Bandura conducted some of his research to study

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possible links between children's exposure to violence on television and aggressive behavior toward others.

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The learning/performance distinction is demonstrated by

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the aggressive behavior by the children to the Bobo doll in Bandura's study.

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After a lengthy period during which the UCS was not applied, Pavlov's dogs stopped responding to the metronome. If a weaker conditioned response to the metronome occurred at some point after this, it would be a demonstration of:

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spontaneous recovery.

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_____ believed that classical conditioning occurred because the CS became a substitute for the UCS when paired closely together in time.

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Pavlov

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An unlearned, involuntary response, such as salivating when presented with food, is

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a reflex

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One of the first psychologists to conduct studies in an attempt to explain human behavior was

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John Watson.

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An unconditioned stimulus is always followed by a(n)

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unconditioned response.

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________ pioneered the empirical study of the basic principles of classical conditioning.

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Ivan Pavlov

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Marco's mom gives him a treat every night after dinner when he picks up his plate and places it in the dishwasher. Marco's mom uses

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continuous reinforcement.

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Which of the following would be considered negative reinforcement?

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a child who had previously been whining to a parent that they want candy becomes quiet after getting the candy

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he comes home late , his parents refuse to give him his weekly allowance.

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punishment by removal

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Learning to respong only to the original stimulus, and not to other similar stimuli

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discriminative stimulus

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A modern term for a form of behavior modification that uses both analysis of current behavior and shaping techniques to mold a desired behavior or response is

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applied behavior analysis (ABA)

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Amy is unhappy with her job. She works long hours for little pay and her boss is disrespectful to her. Even though she knows it's a bad job, she doesn't quit or find a new job as she thinks her efforts won't matter.

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learned helplessness which is connected to depression

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In toilet training a cat, "Lid Up, Seat Down" is known in operant conditioning as

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preparing the training arena

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What are the two kinds of behavior that all organisms are capable of?

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involuntary and voluntary

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_____ is learning new behavior by watching a model perform that behavior.

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Observational learning

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Pavlov initially set out to study his dogs'

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digestive systems.

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Which psychologist is best known for working with children and a Bobo doll to study whether aggressive behavior is learned by watching others be aggressive?

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Albert Bandura

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Viewpoint that involves how peopleand animals process, store, and retrieve information and used to reason and problem solve

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The Cognitive Perspective

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Which of the following is one of Bandura's elements of observational learning?

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memory

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Learning that remains hidden until its application becomes useful is called

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latent learning.

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In negative reinforcement, a(n) _________ is removed; in punishment by removal, a(n) ________ is removed.

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unpleasant thing; pleasant, or desirable thing

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It is believed that animals revert quickly to instinctual behaviors when the new tasks they are learning have a strong association with

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obtaining food.

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Birds, who find their food by sight, will avoid any object or insect that simply looks like the one that made them sick. This is a result of

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biological preparedness.

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In his study of rats in mazes, Tolman concluded that the rats in the group that didn't receive reinforcement for solving the maze had

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learned the maze by wandering around in it and forming a cognitive map and solved the maze faster

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escribes the idea that animals have the ability to learn certain associations (such as taste and nausea) after few pairings because these associations are important to survival. Examples include taste aversions and phobias

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Biological preparedness

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In a(n) ________, the occurrence of reinforcement is more predictable and therefore the individual being reinforced is more likely to adjust his response to the timing of the reinforcement.

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fixed interval schedule of reinforcement

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In his classical conditioning experiment, Pavlov's dogs were conditioned to salivate when they

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heard the sound of the metronome

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Small steps in behavior that are reinforced, one after the other, to create a particular goal behavior are known as

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successive approximations.

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In Köhler's experiment, Sultan the chimp first used just one stick that was lying in his cage to rake the banana into the cage, and then learned to fit two sticks together. This was an example of

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insight.

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The cognitive perspective of classical conditioning involves

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the mental activity of consciously expecting something else to occur.

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The law of effect states if an action is followed by a pleasurable consequence, it is likely to

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be repeated.

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In Seligman's study on dogs, the dogs that were not conditioned to fear the tone

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jumped over the fence when the shock started.

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_________ is the disappearance or weakening of a learned response following the removal or absence of the unconditioned stimulus (in classical conditioning) or the removal of a reinforcer (in operant conditioning).

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Extinction

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Further studies that followed Köhler's work with chimpanzees

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have found support for the concept of animal insight.

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After a childhood filled with cavities, Kyle has an active dislike of the dentist's drill. His tendency to become anxious when hearing a similar-sounding noise is termed

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stimulus generalization.

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Biofeedback

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Behavior modification that uses principles of operant conditioning to change behaviorss

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A naturally occurring stimulus that leads to an involuntary (reflex) response is a/an

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unconditioned stimulus.

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The learning/performance distinction is demonstrated by

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the aggressive behavior by the children to the Bobo doll in Bandura's study.

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Learning that remains hidden until its application becomes useful is called

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latent learning.

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In a(n) ________, the occurrence of reinforcement is more predictable and therefore the individual being reinforced is more likely to adjust his response to the timing of the reinforcement.

answer

fixed interval schedule of reinforcement

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Further studies that followed Köhler's work with chimpanzees

answer

have found support for the concept of animal insight.

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Small steps in behavior that are reinforced, one after the other, to create a particular goal behavior are known as

answer

successive approximations

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Operant conditioning is dependent on

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voluntary behavior.

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In Seligman's study, dogs that had been harnessed and had learned there was nothing they could do to escape a shock

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would not attempt to escape when escape was possible

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When a behavior is reinforced according to the number of responses required, it is

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on a ratio schedule of reinforcement.

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In order to be effective, a secondary reinforcer must be paired with a

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primary reinforcer.

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Aggression in children is ________ violence on TV.

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positively correlated with

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Köhler believed that Sultan the chimp had solved the problem of reaching the banana

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by having a sudden perception of relationships

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Pavlov's dogs exhibited stimulus discrimination when they

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did not demonstrate a conditioned response upon hearing ticking sounds similar to the metronome

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Which of the following would be considered negative reinforcement?

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a child who had previously been whining to a parent that they want candy becomes quiet after getting the candy

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A typical use of applied behavior analysis is

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treating children with disorders such as autism

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A teacher has decided to give 'caught being good' tickets to her students when they behave according to class rules. This teacher also rewards students with gold stars each time they improve their math speed. This teacher is using

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operant conditioning

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In a later modification of the classic Bobo doll experiment, the children who saw a model beat up the doll and then get rewarded showed aggression toward the doll. Which of the following statements is true about the other children, who saw the model get punished rather than rewarded?

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They did not beat up the doll until offered a reward to demonstrate what the model had done

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Learning that remains hidden until its application becomes useful is called or The distinction between learning (what we know) and performance (demonstrating what we know) is referred to as the learning-performance distinction, and is a form of

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latent learning

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The four elements of observational learning are attention, memory, ______, and ______.

answer

imitation; motivation

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_____ believed that classical conditioning occurred because the CS became a substitute for the UCS when paired closely together in time.

answer

Pavlov

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______ is the classical conditioning of a reflex response or emotion by watching the reaction of another person.

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Vicarious conditioning

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Fishing is an example of an activity with a

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variable interval schedule of reinforcement

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Which of the following individuals believed that cognition was an important part of behavior?

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Martin Seligman

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Thorndike developed the __________, which said, in part, that if an action is followed by a pleasurable consequence, it will tend to be repeated

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Law of effect

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When a behavior is reinforced according to the number of responses required, it is

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Ratio reinforcement schedule

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In Köhler's experiment, Sultan the chimp first used just one stick that was lying in his cage to rake a banana into the cage, and then learned to fit two sticks together

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Insight /sudden perception of relationships

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The learning of various attitudes, feelings, beliefs and emotions, not through direct exposure to a stimulus, through observing others

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vicarious conditioning

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Used to stop or decrease a habit or undesirable behavior

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Punishment

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Time delay between the desired response of an organism and the reward

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Delayed Conditioning

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Is when something the subject being trained enjoys is taken away as punishment for an action or behavior

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Omission training

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This is a behavioral term that refers to gradually molding or training an organism to perform a specific ]behavior by reinforcing any responses that are similar to the desired response.

answer

Shaping

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