Psych History Ch. 16 – Flashcards
Unlock all answers in this set
Unlock answersquestion
Who did Freud study with in Paris AND what did he study?
answer
Brentano -medicine
question
What act psychologists did Freud study with before he got his medical degree?
answer
Brentano
question
Describe how Freud first viewed the drug cocaine. How did the drug come to harm his medical reputation?
answer
He thought it was good and prescribed it to patients and even gave it to family and his fiancee, he became an advocate for it -soon after reports of how addicting cocaine was became apparent and it began being attacked in the medical community; since he was a advocate he also was criticized
question
How did Freud and Breuer come to write the case of Anna O.P -What were the symptoms that Anna O. exhibited? -What method of treatment did Breuer use in Anna O.'s case? -How did Breuer's treatment for Anna O. influence Freud? -What did Freud and Breuer conclude about the success of Anna O.'s treatment?
answer
-Anna O. had symptoms associated with hysteria (paralysis of arms/legs, disturbances of sight/speech) -Breuer used hypnosis - -concluded that bringing pathogenic ideas to the conscious helped dissipate the energy and make symptoms go away
question
Explain how Freud used hypnosis in his practice. How effective did he find it to be?
answer
He used hypnosis to treat hysteria -he did not find it to be very effective because some patients could not be hypnotized, sometimes symptoms or other symptoms would recur, or some did not believe what they said during hypnosis
question
What other methods did Freud use with his patients? -Describe the set-up of Freud's office
answer
free association -would encourage his patients to speak freely about whatever came to their mind -his patients would lie on a couch while he sat out of sight of the patient
question
Describe hysteria, the focus of Freud's practice. -How does repression and unconscious motivation play into the treatment of process of hysteria?
answer
Hysteria is caused by a traumatic experience that is not allowed adequate expression and therefore manifests itself in physical symptoms -because the experience is traumatic it is repressed (actively held in the unconscious because to ponder it would provoke anxiety); resistance means therapist is on right track -the only way to deal with repressed material properly is to make it conscious and thereby deal with it rationally -best way is free association -unconscious motivation
question
What was Freud's seduction theory? How did he later change this theory?
answer
the idea that hysteria was caused by a sexual attack in childhood -he changed it to: the basis of neuroses was the repression of sexual thoughts, whether the thoughts were based on real or imagined experiences
question
Who first analyzed Freud (psychoanalyzed)? -What method was used? -What were some of the findings from this analysis? -Describe the book that Freud wrote as a result of his experience
answer
He psychoanalyzed himself -he used dream analysis -dreams could also be seen as symbolic manifestations of repressed thoughts -The Interpretation of Dreams:
question
What is the Oedipus complex? Might Freud have experienced this complex?
answer
young males tend to love their mothers and hate their fathers -yes because his mother favored him
question
In dream analysis, what is the difference between manifest and latent content?
answer
manifest content: what a dream appears to be about latent content: what it really is about
question
Discuss the view that Freud claimed to have original ideas, but that others may have had (and published) those ideas before him.
answer
The idea that dream analysis was new and that his peers would excommunicate him if he believed there was scientific value is false -interpreting dreams goes back to at the early Greeks
question
Why did Freud come to the U.S. (only one visit)? How was his new psychoanalytic theory received?
answer
To visit Clark University -reactions were generally favorable
question
What contributions is Freud credited with making to the field of psychology?
answer
-expanding psychology's domain -psychoanalysis -understanding of normal behavior
question
What world events did Freud have to deal with toward the end of his life? -Where did Freud live out the end of his life? What medical problems did he have?
answer
He had to deal with the Nazi's -London -cancer
question
Whose word association technique did Jung first use and then developed more?
answer
administered Galton's word association test to psychotics in hopes of discovering the nature of their unconscious thought processes
question
What was the initial relationship between Jung and Freud? -What happened to end that personal and professional relationship?
answer
Jung used Freud's techniques and then they became close friends -ended because Jung began to express doubt about Freud's emphasis on sexual motivation
question
When did Jung begin to develop his own theory of personality?
answer
when him and Freud cut off ties
question
Explain the differences between Jung's and Freud's ideas of the libido. -Compare their ideas of the ego
answer
Freud defined libido as "sexual energy" that was the main driving force of personality; therefore most human behavior is sexually motivated -Jung believed libidinal energy is a creative life force that could be applied to the individual's continuous psychological growth Similar to Freud's idea of ego -ego is a mechanism by which we interact with the physical environment (everything of which we are conscious and is concerned with thinking, problem solving, remembering, perceiving)
question
Jung developed the ideas of the personal and the collective unconscious. Explain these two concepts and be sure to discuss how they are different.
answer
Personal Unconscious -consists of experiences that had either been repressed or simply forgotten -material from one's lifetime that for one reason or another is not in consciousness -some material is easily retrievable and some is not Collective Unconscious -the deepest and most powerful component of the personality -deposit of ancestral experience from untold millions of years, the echo of prehistoric world events to which each century adds an infinitesimally small amount of variation and differentiation -registers common experiences that humans have had, these common experiences are recorded and are inherited as predispositions to respond emotionally to certain categories of experience
question
What was Jung's idea of an archetype. Be able to give examples.
answer
each inherited predisposition contained in the collective unconscious -child being born with generic conception of mother -the child will tend to project onto its real mother the attributes of the generic mother-image
question
Jung and Freud interpreted dreams very differently. Compare and contrast their dream interpretations.
answer
dreams are a means of giving expression to aspects of the psyche that are underdeveloped -Freud believed dreams revealed repression, trauma
question
Summarize the criticisms and the cited contributions of Jung's work.
answer
criticized for being unscientific, embracing mysticism, religion etc notions of introversion and extroversion have stimulated much research and are apart of personality tests
question
How did Alfred Adler describe his childhood? What influence might these memories have had on his theory of personality?
answer
he was sickly child who saw himself as small and ugly -also had a rivalry with his older brother -all of this influenced the type of personality theory he developed
question
Describe the beginning, middle and end of Adler's personal and professional relationship with Freud. -What part of Freud's theory did they seem to disagree most about? -Summarize Freud's attitude toward Adler having they parted company
answer
-wrote a paper defending Freud's theory and was invited to join the Vienna Psychoanalytic Society-became prez -differences between Freud and Adler became so pronounced that Adler resigned as prez -9 year friendship crumbled Sexual factors were reduced to a minimum by Adler "I have made a pygmy great"
question
Explain Adler's concept of organ inferiority. -Relate the concept of compensation to inferiority -Explain how compensation is different from over compensation, give an example
answer
people are particularly sensitive to disease in organs that are "inferior" to other organs -on way to adjust to a weakness is through compensation; a person can adjust to a weakness in one part of his or her body by developing strengths in other parts (being blind but having good hearing) -overcompensation is conversion of a weakness into a strength (teddy roosevelt)
question
According to Adler, how do feelings of inferiority motivate us? -what causes an inferiority complex and what is the result of having one?
answer
all humans begin life completely dependent on others for survival and therefore with feelings of inferiority (weakness) -these feelings motivate people first as children and later as adults to gain power to overcome these feelings although feelings of inferiority motivate all personal growth and are therefore good they can also disable rather than motivate some ppl -these ppl are so overwhelmed by such they accomplish little or nothing
question
Discuss Adler's worldview theory. How does the worldview affect the person? What is the social interest?
answer
A person's worldview develops from early experiences as a child -the first invention of meaning in a person's life then is the creation of a worldview -depending on how the person views the world they begin to create their future for a lifestyle to be truly effective it must contain social interest -part of its goal must involve working toward a society that would provide a better life for everyone
question
Rather than Adler's theory resembling Freud's, his had more in common with whom?
answer
Carl Rogers
question
What in Horney's background may have influenced her opinions of relation and of authority figures?
answer
Her father was a god-fearing man who believed women were the source of all evil in the world -however he took her on adventures (3 sea voyages) -had a negative view of authority figures
question
Briefly describe her career in the United States. Why did she leave the Berlin Psychoanalytic Institute?
answer
invited to become an associate directory are the newly founded Chicago Institute of Psychoanalysis -failed marriage
question
In what ways did she disagree with Freud's theory? What in the U.S. gave support to her views?
answer
she thought they may have been appropriate in Freud's cultural setting and his time in history but they had little relevance for the Depression in the U.S. -the Depression-ppl dealing with loss of work, not having enough $ or food
question
Describe Horney's view that psychological problems are caused by disturbed human relations.
answer
what a person experiences socially determines whether he or she will have psychological problems -the causes of mental illness are to be found in society and social interaction
question
Explain the following three concepts and differentiate between them: -basic evil -basic hostility -basic anxiety
answer
Basic Evil -if parents demonstrate indifference, inconsistency, or hatred the child experiences basic evil -on their way to becoming a neurotic Basic Hostility: -a child experiencing some form of basic evil develops basic hostility toward the parents -the hostility he or she feels develops into a worldview (world viewed as a dangerous/unpredictable place) Basic Anxiety -when basic hostility is repressed -all-pervading feeling of being lonely and helpless in a hostile world
question
Discuss the following coping methods and be able to give examples: -moving toward people -moving against people -moving away from people
answer
Moving Toward People: -becoming the compliant type -"If I give in, I shall not be hurt" -this type needs to be liked, wanted, desired, loved, accepted, welcome, etc. Moving Against People: -hostile type -"If I have power, no one can hurt me" -relationships are looked at like, "What can I get out of it?" Moving Away From People: -detached type -"If I withdraw, nothing can hurt me" -emotional distance between themselves and others
question
Freud said that anatomy is destiny. Discuss Horney's views of this. -how did her views on this change over time?
answer
initially agreed with it -however decided that males envy female anatomy instead of the other way around
