Psych Exam - Flashcards with Answers

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Fernando's favorable attitude toward capital punishment began to change when he was asked to offer arguments opposing it in a university debate class. His attitude change is best explained by ________ theory.

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cognitive dissonance

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The subfield of psychology that provides psychology's contribution to the prevention and treatment of illness is known as

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health psychology.

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Those who feel socially pressured sometimes assert their freedom by doing the opposite of what is socially expected. This best illustrates

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personal control.

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In every one of the 53 countries surveyed, people typically expressed self-esteem above the midpoint of the most widely used self-esteem scale. This best illustrates the pervasiveness of

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self-serving bias.

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In a study of social loafing, blindfolded students were asked to pull on a rope as hard as they could. The students tugged hardest when they thought

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no others were pulling with them.

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In addition to secreting orexin, the ________ monitors levels of the body's other appetite hormones.

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hypothalamus

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Although she is intelligent and a good athlete, Abigail believes that her low grades in school and losing the quarter-mile race are reflections of her own intellectual and athletic incompetence. Her conclusion best illustrates

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a pessimistic attributional style.

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Humanistic psychology has been most closely associated with an emphasis on the importance of

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a positive self-concept.

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Luella publicly agrees with her seventh-grade classmates that parents should allow 13-year-olds to date. Later that day, she writes in her diary that she actually believes parents should prohibit kids from dating until they are at least 15 years old. Luella's public conformity to her classmates' opinion best illustrates the power of

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normative social influence.

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A lie detector test is used to monitor a person's

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respiration.

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Stress is most likely to speed the progression from HIV to AIDS by

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inhibiting the production of lymphocytes.

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A characteristic pattern of behavior or tendency to act and feel in a certain way is called a

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trait.

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A Harvard School of Public Health research team studied 1306 initially healthy men over a 10-year period. They found that ________ were more than twice as likely as ________ to develop heart disease.

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pessimists; optimists

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People are more critical of their ________ selves than of their ________ selves.

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past; current

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The study of how psychological, neural, and endocrine processes combine to affect our immune system and health is called

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psychoneuroimmunology.

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Those with an internal locus of control act ________ independently and feel ________ depressed than those with an external locus of control.

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more; less

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Carl Rogers referred to an attitude of total acceptance toward another person as

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unconditional positive regard.

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Motivation is defined by psychologists as

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a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior toward a goal.

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The MMPI is an example of a(n)

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personality inventory.

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Mr. Porter believes that aggression is an unlearned behavior characteristic of all children. He obviously believes that aggression is a(n)

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instinct.

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By motivating us to satisfy our physical needs, hunger and thirst serve to

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maintain homeostasis.

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Although Rolf frequently cheats on classroom tests, he justifies his behavior by erroneously thinking that most other students cheat even more than he does. His mistaken belief best illustrates

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self-serving bias.

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According to Milgram, the most fundamental lesson to be learned from his study of obedience is that

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even ordinary people, who are not usually hostile, can become agents of destruction.

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Which of the following is most likely to foster stronger immune functioning?

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social support

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Ancel Keys and his colleagues observed that men on a semistarvation diet

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lost interest in sex and social activities.

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According to the ________, you would be able to experience emotion even without sympathetic nervous system arousal.

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Cannon-Bard theory

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Studies of college students' conscientiousness revealed only a modest relationship between a student being conscientious on one occasion and being similarly conscientious on another occasion. This should make psychologists more cautious about overestimating the impact of ________ on behavior.

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personality traits

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A notable improvement in morale was observed among nursing home patients who experienced an enhanced sense of

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personal control.

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After she was promoted to a high-level executive position in the large company for which she worked, Jorana developed more pro-business political attitudes. This best illustrates the impact of ________ on attitudes.

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role playing

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Antonio's car stalls in the middle of a railroad crossing just as a train is rapidly approaching. His emotional arousal is likely to be accompanied by

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dilation of his pupils.

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The tendency of facial muscle states to trigger corresponding feelings such as fear or happiness is called

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the facial feedback effect.

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Students perceive themselves as less likely than the average classmate to develop drinking problems or drop out of school. This best illustrates

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unrealistic optimism.

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Undergraduate women who had been sexually abused as children were especially likely to report health problems if they had

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kept the abuse a secret.

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According to the James-Lange theory, we experience emotion ________ we notice our physiological arousal. According to the Cannon-Bard theory, we experience emotion ________ we become physiologically aroused.

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after; at the same time as

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When "executive" and "subordinate" rats received simultaneous electric shocks, the ________ rat was subsequently more likely to develop ________.

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"subordinate"; ulcers

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Judy found that her party guests ate less from a very large plate of cupcakes that were cut in half rather than whole. This best illustrates

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unit bias.

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Two-thirds of Americans responding to surveys taken in the three weeks after the 9/11 terrorist attacks reported

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sleeping difficulties.

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Humanistic theorists have been criticized for

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underestimating the inherent human capacity for destructive and evil behaviors.

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The use of positive emotion words in text messaging is best predicted by the Big Five trait of

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agreeableness.

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Research on self-perception indicates that most people

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view themselves very favorably in comparison to most others.

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When Mr. Morgan misinterpreted his harmless symptoms of autonomic nervous system arousal as indicative of an impending heart attack, he suffered an unusually intense level of fear. His emotional suffering is best understood in terms of the

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two-factor theory.

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Freud is to psychoanalytic theory as Allport is to ________ theory.

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trait

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Evidence that obesity is influenced by factors in addition to genetics includes the fact that

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the average American weighs more today than did the average American 50 years ago.

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While taking a difficult test, Cindy's muscles tense and her heart pounds. These physiological responses are

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stress reactions.

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A terrorist mentality that becomes increasingly extreme among people who interact without outside moderating influences best illustrates

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group polarization.

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Trait theorists are more concerned with ________ personality than with ________ it.

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describing; explaining

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In an experiment to test the spillover effect, college men were injected with epinephrine prior to spending time with an experimenter's accomplice who acted either euphoric or irritated. Which individuals in this experiment were LEAST likely to experience the emotion demonstrated by the experimenter's accomplice?

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those who were told that the injection would cause them to become physiologically aroused

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The impact of our actions on our attitudes is best illustrated by the

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foot-in-the-door phenomenon.

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Attitudes are ________ that guide behavior.

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belief-based feelings

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Aleksis has recently begun to bully and hurt his younger brother. If this behavior continues, it is likely that Aleksis will

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develop an increasing dislike for his brother.

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Type A personality is to Type B personality as ________ is to _______.

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irritable; calm

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Homeostasis, which is the goal of drive reduction, is defined as

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the body's tendency to maintain a constant internal state.

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Attempting to alleviate stress directly by changing the stressor is known as

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problem-focused coping.

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A diminished sense of self, space, and time is most likely to be associated with

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meditative relaxation.

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Elderly nursing home residents tend to decline faster and die sooner than they would otherwise if they lack

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perceived control.

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Psychologists have used four perspectives in their efforts to explain motivation. These include an emphasis on instincts, optimum arousal, a hierarchy of motives, and

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drive reduction.

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The two-factor theory of emotion places more emphasis on the importance of ________ than does the James-Lange theory.

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cognitive activity

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Adjusting one's behavior or thinking toward a group standard is called

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conformity.

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The fundamental attribution error refers to our tendency to underestimate the impact of ________ and to overestimate the impact of ________ in explaining the behavior of others.

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situational influences; personal dispositions

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Food deprivation is to ________ as hunger is to ________.

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need; drive

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Which theorist emphasized that an individual's personal growth is promoted by interactions with others who are genuine, accepting, and empathic?

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Carl Rogers

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Social loafing refers to the tendency for people to

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exert less effort when they are pooling their efforts toward a common goal.

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Feelings of hunger accompany ________ levels of blood glucose and ________ levels of ghrelin.

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low; high

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Social-cognitive psychologists suggest that the best way to predict a political candidate's performance effectiveness after election is to assess that individual's

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past performance in situations involving similar responsibilities.

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Emma believes that she will succeed in business if she works hard and carefully manages her time. Her belief most clearly illustrates

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an internal locus of control.

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People who score high on the Big Five trait dimension known as ________ are also more likely to earn better high school and university grades.

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conscientiousness

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Exercising regularly and getting enough sleep contribute to a(n) ________ in metabolism and a(n) ________ in the settling point.

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increase; decrease

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Resistance to stress is greatest during ________ of the GAS.

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Phase 2

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In which country are people most likely to convey visible facial expressions of their inner feelings?

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Australia

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In one experiment, professional actors played the role of either normal-weight or overweight job applicants. Research participants' willingness to hire the applicants revealed

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greater discrimination against overweight women than against overweight men.

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Eyeblinks ________ during lie telling, and those who are lying use ________ first-person pronouns.

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decrease; more

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The idea that an emotion-arousing stimulus is simultaneously routed to the cortex and to the sympathetic nervous system is central to the

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Cannon-Bard theory.

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Rodents who experienced inescapable shocks were more prone to developing cancer if they had previously been exposed to

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carcinogens.

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Botox paralysis of the frowning facial muscles ________ people's reading of sadness-related sentences and ________ activity in emotion-related brain circuits.

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slows; slows

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According to Maslow, the desire to fulfill one's potential is the motivation for

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self-actualization.

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Carl Rogers suggested that the ________ is a central feature of personality.

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self-concept

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Which of the following BEST explains why stress heightens vulnerability to bacterial and viral infections?

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Stress hormones suppress the production of lymphocytes.

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In terms of ability to recognize others' facial expressions of emotion

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introverts do better than extraverts and women do better than men.

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One gene scan of 40,000 people worldwide identified a variant of a gene called FTO. This gene nearly doubles the risk of

answer

obesity.

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Which of the following is a hunger-arousing hormone secreted by the hypothalamus?

answer

orexin

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Trait theorists are more concerned with ________ personality than with ________ it.

answer

describing; explaining

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Lymphocytes are

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white blood cells that are part of the body's immune system.

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An aroused, motivated state that is often triggered by a physiological need is called a(n)

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drive

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According to Maslow, our need for _______ must be met before we are preoccupied with satisfying our need for ________.

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adequate clothing; self-esteem

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Individuals who believe that the death penalty should be abolished meet to discuss the issue. Research on group interaction suggests that after discussion the individuals will be

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even more convinced that the death penalty should be abolished.

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Randy's substandard academic performance is both a result and a cause of his feelings of academic inferiority. This best illustrates the importance of

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reciprocal determinism.

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Some students work hard in school to attain high grades. This best illustrates the importance of

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incentives.

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Bart complied with his friends' request to join them in smashing decorative pumpkins early one Halloween evening. Later that night, he was surprised by his own failure to resist their pressures to throw eggs at passing police cars. Bart's experience best illustrates the

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foot-in-the-door phenomenon.

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Immune system cells that pursue and destroy diseased body cells are called

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NK cells.

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Dr. Zytowics wants to assess the extent to which a client is suffering from depression, social withdrawal, and other symptoms of an emotional disorder. Which personality inventory would be most helpful for this purpose?

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MMPI

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Humanistic psychology has been most closely associated with an emphasis on the importance of

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a positive self-concept.

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Who is the best example of a Type B personality?

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Wang Lung, a relaxed, easygoing dentist

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After breaking up with her boyfriend, Kathy alleviated her stress by avoiding contact with her ex-boyfriend and by planning recreational activities with her best girlfriend. Kathy's behavior best illustrates

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emotion-focused coping.

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People become obsessed with water when thirsty and obsessed with food when hungry. This illustrates that activated motives

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dominate consciousness.

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People often overestimate the clarity of their intentions in their e-mails because they underestimate the importance of ________ in communication.

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tones of voice

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Andrea's physician has suggested that a program of relaxation training would provide the best treatment for her high blood pressure. The physician probably considers Andrea's hypertension to be a(n) ________ illness.

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psychophysiological

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Which theory would be most helpful for explaining why people are motivated to watch horror movies?

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arousal theory

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Imitating another person's facial expression of emotion is most likely to facilitate

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empathy.

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Aleksis has recently begun to bully and hurt his younger brother. If this behavior continues, it is likely that Aleksis will

answer

develop an increasing dislike for his brother.

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Research on obesity and weight control indicates that

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Research on obesity and weight control indicates that

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Expert pool players were observed to make 71 percent of their shots when alone. When four people watched them, they made 80 percent of their shots. This best illustrates

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social facilitation.

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Exercising regularly and getting enough sleep contribute to a(n) ________ in metabolism and a(n) ________ in the settling point.

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increase; decrease

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The arousal theory of motivation would be most useful for understanding the aversive effects of

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boredom

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People who laugh a lot have exhibited a lower incidence of

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heart disease.

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Comedy routines that are mildly amusing to people in an uncrowded room seem funnier in a densely packed room. This is best explained in terms of

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social facilitation.

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The relentless pursuit of thinness puts people at ________ risk for depression and ________ risk for binge eating.

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increased; increased

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The second phase of the general adaptation syndrome is characterized by

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resistance.

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A stress-moderating hormone released by cuddling and associated with pair-bonding is known as

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oxytocin.

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Politicians who publicly oppose a tax increase that they privately favor best illustrate that

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actions may sometimes be inconsistent with attitudes.

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A notable improvement in morale was observed among nursing home patients who experienced an enhanced sense of

answer

personal control.

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Compared with central route persuasion, peripheral route persuasion tends to

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occur more rapidly.

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The James-Lange theory of emotion states that

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to experience emotion is to be aware of our physiological responses to an emotion-arousing event.

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Martin Seligman's positive psychology differs from the humanistic perspective in that it

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emphasizes the use of scientific methods.

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A psychologist would most likely use biofeedback to provide clients with information about their

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muscle tension.

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Who suggested that "we feel sorry because we cry . . . afraid because we tremble"?

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William James

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When encouraged to eat their fill of M&M's, people ate more when given a large rather than a small serving spoon. This most clearly reflects

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unit bias.

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Attitudes are ________ that guide behavior.

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belief-based feelings

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We can better predict drivers' behavior at traffic lights from knowing the color of the lights than from knowing the drivers' personalities. This best illustrates the importance of

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situational influences.

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An integrated understanding of Tara's consistent cheerfulness in terms of her supportive peer relationships, her calm temperament, and her perceived internal locus of control best illustrates

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a biopsychosocial approach.

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After experiencing inescapable brutalities as a prisoner in a Nazi concentration camp, Mr. Sternberg became apathetic, stopped eating, and gave up all efforts to physically survive the ordeal. Mr. Sternberg's reaction most clearly illustrates

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learned helplessness.

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Compared with men, women have ________ immune systems, and they are ________ susceptible to lupus and multiple sclerosis.

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stronger; more

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A deep neural center activated when people smell some disgusting food or when they feel moral disgust in response to a perceived injustice is called the

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insula.

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People's dislike of novel foods best illustrates

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neophobia.

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Participants in the Milgram obedience studies were ordered to

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deliver electric shocks to a learner for giving incorrect answers.

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Although Frieda is typically very reserved, as part of a huge rock concert crowd she lost her inhibitions and behaved in a very sexually provocative way. Frieda's unusual behavior is best understood in terms of

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deindividuation.

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Which of the following is most likely to help us empathize with others?

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automatic mimicry

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Psychologist Jean Twenge refers to today's new generation as Generation Me because it expresses high levels of

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narcissism.

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Which branch of psychology is most directly concerned with the study of how people think about, influence, and relate to one another?

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social psychology

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According to the ________, you would be able to experience emotion even without sympathetic nervous system arousal.

answer

Cannon-Bard theory

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Which of the following terms is used to describe the study of 15 positive emotions, desirable character traits, and enabling communities?

answer

positive psychology

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Alex experiences little stress because he expects things to work out the way he wants them to. This best illustrates the value of

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optimism.

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The tendency of facial muscle states to trigger corresponding feelings such as fear or happiness is called

answer

the facial feedback effect.

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To study social facilitation, Norman Triplett observed adolescents while they were

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winding fishing reels.

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Food deprivation is to ________ as hunger is to ________.

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need; drive

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A therapist tells a patient who is afraid of elevators that his rapid breathing while on an elevator is not due to fear but is a natural consequence of too little oxygen in a small, enclosed space. With this new interpretation of his arousal, the patient no longer dreads elevators. The reduction in the patient's fear is best understood in terms of the

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two-factor theory.

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When people with severe obesity undergo bypass surgery that seals off part of the stomach, the remaining stomach then produces much less

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ghrelin.

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When offered as many servings of ice cream as they would like to eat, people are likely to eat more if they

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are offered servings from a wide variety rather than a small variety of ice cream flavors.

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The participants in Philip Zimbardo's simulated prison study

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were so endangered by their role-playing experience that the study was discontinued.

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Which of the following suggestions would be the WORST advice for a dieter?

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"Avoid eating during the day so you can enjoy a big meal in the evening."

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The general adaptation syndrome describes stages in the

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body's response to prolonged stress.

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The macrophage and lymphocytes are major agents of the

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immune system.

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Aviad, a 50-year-old banking executive and Type A personality, recently suffered a serious heart attack. To prevent a recurrence, Aviad would probably benefit most from

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relaxation training.

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Professional athletes perform better before an audience than when alone. This best illustrates

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social facilitation.

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The ill-fated decision of President John F. Kennedy and his advisors to invade Cuba best illustrates the dangers of

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groupthink.

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To alleviate the stress he feels after failing a college course, Jeremy seeks social support from his friends and family. Jeremy's behavior best illustrates

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emotion-focused coping.

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Which division of the nervous system calms the body after an emergency has passed?

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parasympathetic

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Social-cognitive psychologists suggest that the best way to predict a political candidate's performance effectiveness after election is to assess that individual's

answer

past performance in situations involving similar responsibilities.

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A hormone that increases heart rate, blood pressure, and blood sugar levels in times of emergency is

answer

epinephrine.

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Fernando's favorable attitude toward capital punishment began to change when he was asked to offer arguments opposing it in a university debate class. His attitude change is best explained by ________ theory.

answer

cognitive dissonance

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Avoiding stress is LEAST likely to inhibit the progression of ________ in humans.

answer

advanced cancer

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The enhancement of a group's prevailing inclinations through group discussion is called

answer

group polarization.

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Trait theorists are more concerned with ________ personality than with ________ it.

answer

describing; explaining

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Sarah's optimism is both a contributor to and a product of her successful career accomplishments. This best illustrates

answer

reciprocal determinism.

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In addition to secreting orexin, the ________ monitors levels of the body's other appetite hormones.

answer

hypothalamus

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The most universally understood way of expressing emotion is through

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facial expressions.

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Social support helps to promote cardiovascular health by

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lowering blood pressure.

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The instantaneous and automatic fear response we experience when unexpectedly stumbling upon a snake illustrates the importance of the

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amygdala.

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The most basic or lowest-level need in Maslow's hierarchy of human motives includes the need for

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food and water.

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Around the world, people describe others' personality traits in terms that are consistent with a set of factors called

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the Big Five.

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Eyeblinks ________ during lie telling, and those who are lying use ________ first-person pronouns.

answer

decrease; more

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Unlike the low-road brain pathway, the high road for emotional responses extends through the

answer

cortex

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Politicians who publicly oppose a tax increase that they privately favor best illustrate that

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actions may sometimes be inconsistent with attitudes.

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The ABC program is an educational program designed to prevent

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HIV infections.

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People are especially likely to demonstrate an increase in ________ during their twenties.

answer

conscientiousness

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Heritability generally runs about ________ percent or a tad bit more for each of the Big Five trait dimensions.

answer

50

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To alleviate the stress of losing her job, Alicia enrolled in a work retraining program that led to full-time employment. Alicia's behavior best illustrates

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problem-focused coping.

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Which personality theorists have been criticized the most for encouraging individual selfishness and self-indulgence?

answer

humanistic theorists

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Ancel Keys and his colleagues observed that men on a semistarvation diet

answer

lost interest in sex and social activities.

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Which of the following is MOST likely to be associated with high self-esteem?

answer

self-serving bias

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The emotional bonding and mutual support that survivors of natural disasters provide to one another best illustrates

answer

the tend-and-befriend response.

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Because Greta is an extravert, she frequently goes to parties where she is encouraged to laugh and socialize with her friends. Because Jim is an introvert, he frequently spends weekends in the library where it's easy to quietly reflect and study. Greta and Jim best illustrate what is meant by

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reciprocal determinism.

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Rapid fear reactions to sensory input in the absence of conscious thought are possible because certain neural pathways bypass the

answer

prefrontal cortex.

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Overestimating the extent to which others notice and evaluate our appearance and performance is called

answer

the spotlight effect.

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Individuals with high self-esteem are more likely than those with low self-esteem to

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work persistently at difficult tasks.

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The role of learning in motivation is most obvious from the influence of

answer

incentives.

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After hearing respected medical authorities lecture about the value of regular exercise, Raul, who has rarely exercised, begins to jog regularly. The change in Raul's behavior best illustrates the impact of

answer

informational social influence.

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A body that can store fat has the advantage of possessing

answer

stored energy.

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Our weight thermostats are somewhat flexible and are influence by environmental as well as biological factors. Some researchers have therefore adopted the term

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settling point.

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Boyd, a suspect in a criminal investigation, has agreed to take a lie detector test. The machine used in this test is most likely to measure his

answer

perspiration levels.

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Attitudes are ________ that guide behavior.

answer

belief-based feelings

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Wild animals placed in zoos sometimes die shortly thereafter. These deaths are likely to result from a(n)

answer

decrease in the animals' production of lymphocytes.

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Our most rapid and automatic emotional responses may result from the routing of sensory input through the thalamus directly to the

answer

amygdala

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As her professor distributed the mathematics test to the class, Blair's heart started to pound and her palms began to sweat. These physiological reactions were activated by her ________ nervous system.

answer

sympathetic

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Which theory of motivation most clearly emphasizes the importance of genetically predisposed behaviors?

answer

instinct theory

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Kentaro hates to wear ties but wears one to his sister's wedding to avoid his family's disapproval. Kentaro's behavior exemplifies the importance of

answer

normative social influence.

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We have a tendency to explain the behavior of strangers we have observed in only one type of situation in terms of ________ and to explain our own behavior in terms of ________.

answer

personality traits; situational constraints

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The foot-in-the-door phenomenon refers to the tendency to

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comply with a large request if one has previously complied with a small request.

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Which theory best explains why our actions can lead us to modify our attitudes?

answer

cognitive dissonance theory

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Type A personality is to Type B personality as ________ is to _______.

answer

irritable; calm

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The relaxation response associated with meditation is most likely to

answer

decrease oxygen consumption and decrease blood pressure.

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The parasympathetic nervous system is to the sympathetic nervous system as ________ is to ________.

answer

contraction of pupils; dilation of pupils

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Some sexually active undergraduate women do not consistently use contraceptives because they see themselves as less vulnerable to unwanted pregnancy than most other undergraduate women. This best illustrates

answer

unrealistic optimism.

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Freire did very poorly on his last arithmetic test. The tendency to make the fundamental attribution error might lead his sixth-grade teacher to conclude that Freire did poorly because

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he is unmotivated to do well in school.

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Instead of providing arguments in favor of a political candidate, ads may build political support by associating pictures of the candidate with emotion-evoking music and images. This strategy best illustrates

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peripheral route persuasion.

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Ksana insists that her boyfriend's car accident resulted from his carelessness. Her explanation for the accident provides an example of

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a dispositional attribution.

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Who suggested that "we feel sorry because we cry . . . afraid because we tremble"?

answer

William James

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Because Mr. Maloney trusts his employees, he treats them kindly. His kindness leads them to work diligently on his behalf, which in turn increases his trust in them. This pattern of trust, kindness, diligence, and increasing trust illustrates what is meant by

answer

reciprocal determinism.

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Adjusting one's behavior or thinking toward a group standard is called

answer

conformity.

question

The macrophage and lymphocytes are major agents of the

answer

immune system.

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Which of the following research findings would be consistent with the James-Lange theory of emotion?

answer

Distinctly different patterns of brain activity are associated with distinctly different emotions.

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Research on nonverbal communication indicates that

answer

blind children who have never observed others demonstrate normal facial expressions of emotion.

question

Expert pool players were observed to make 71 percent of their shots when alone. When four people watched them, they made 80 percent of their shots. This best illustrates

answer

social facilitation.

question

According to the ________, you would be able to experience emotion even without sympathetic nervous system arousal.

answer

Cannon-Bard theory

question

Social loafing is MOST likely to occur among

answer

audience members who are asked to applaud after a speaker is introduced.

question

Insulin, a hormone that influences appetite, is secreted by the

answer

pancreas.

question

One gene scan of 40,000 people worldwide identified a variant of a gene called FTO. This gene nearly doubles the risk of

answer

obesity.

question

Kelly loves to boast about her accomplishments and becomes very upset when anyone criticizes her. Kelly most clearly demonstrates

answer

defensive self-esteem.

question

The idea that an emotion-arousing stimulus is simultaneously routed to the cortex and to the sympathetic nervous system is central to the

answer

Cannon-Bard theory.

question

The participants in Philip Zimbardo's simulated prison study

answer

were so endangered by their role-playing experience that the study was discontinued.

question

When confronted by an armed robber, your emotional arousal is likely to be accompanied by

answer

slowing of digestion.

question

The fundamental attribution error involves

answer

underestimating situational constraints on another's behavior.

question

The greatest number of deaths in North America today result from

answer

heart disease.

question

The third phase of the general adaptation syndrome is characterized by

answer

exhaustion.

question

Judy found that her party guests ate less from a very large plate of cupcakes that were cut in half rather than whole. This best illustrates

answer

unit bias.

question

Psychologists defines stress as

answer

the process by which we appraise and respond to threatening or challenging events.

question

Friedman and Rosenman referred to competitive, hard-driving, impatient, and easily angered individuals as ________ personalities.

answer

Type A

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Which division of the nervous system calms the body after an emergency has passed?

answer

parasympathetic

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The ability to delay short-term gratification for greater long-term rewards illustrates

answer

self-control.

question

Which of the following comments is most likely to be made in a group characterized by groupthink?

answer

"We all seem to be in basic agreement, so there's no sense in continuing our discussion of this issue."

question

Tranquilizing drugs that inhibit sympathetic nervous system activity often reduce people's subjective experience of intense anxiety. Which theory of emotion would have the greatest difficulty explaining this effect?

answer

Cannon-Bard

question

People are more critical of their ________ selves than of their ________ selves.

answer

past; current

question

Which of the following BEST explains why stress heightens vulnerability to bacterial and viral infections?

answer

Stress hormones suppress the production of lymphocytes.

question

Which of the following is MOST likely to be associated with high self-esteem?

answer

self-serving bias

question

The natural disappearance of a disease is called

answer

spontaneous remission.

question

Resisting the temptation to eat chocolate chip cookies led research participants to subsequently give up sooner than normal on efforts to complete a tedious task. This illustrated that self-control weakens following

answer

an exertion of energy.

question

In Milgram's obedience experiments, "teachers" were MOST likely to deliver high levels of shock when

answer

the "learner" was placed in a different room from the "teacher."

question

To study social facilitation, Norman Triplett observed adolescents while they were

answer

winding fishing reels.

question

B lymphocytes inhibit ________, whereas T lymphocytes inhibit ________.

answer

bacterial infections; viral infections

question

Frida was informed by a professional palm reader: "You generally communicate openly with others, but you have certain dark secrets that even your closest friends could never guess." The fact that Frida was impressed by the palm reader's insight into her personality best illustrates

answer

the Barnum effect.

question

Luigi minimized the stress of testing positive for HIV by viewing this circumstance as an opportunity for a renewed religious commitment and spiritual growth. His reaction best illustrates the importance of

answer

stress appraisal.

question

Which of the following is most likely to help us empathize with others?

answer

automatic mimicry

question

Evidence suggests that ________ may foster neurogenesis.

answer

aerobic exercise

question

The tendency to accept favorable descriptions of one's personality that could really be applied to almost anyone is known as

answer

the Barnum effect.

question

A business leader who welcomes a variety of opinions from subordinates and invites experts' critiques of her company's developing plans is most likely to inhibit

answer

groupthink.

question

In Milgram's obedience experiments, "teachers" exhibited a somewhat lower level of compliance with an experimenter's orders when the

answer

experiment was not associated with a prestigious institution like Yale University.

question

Homeopathy and herbal remedies are forms of

answer

CAM

question

A hormone that increases heart rate, blood pressure, and blood sugar levels in times of emergency is

answer

epinephrine.

question

For a thirsty person, drinking water serves to reduce

answer

a drive.

question

The autonomic nervous system regulates the ________ that accompanies different emotions.

answer

physiological arousal

question

Participants in Milgram's obedience experiments were informed that they were involved in a study of

answer

learning.

question

Philip Zimbardo devised a simulated prison and randomly assigned college students to serve as prisoners or guards. This experiment best illustrated the impact of

answer

role playing on attitudes.

question

The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator labels a person who is sympathetic, appreciative, and tactful as a(n) ________ type.

answer

feeling

question

The best indicator of a person's level of optimism is his or her

answer

attributional style.

question

The stability of personality during adulthood best illustrates the value of

answer

trait theories.

question

Which branch of psychology is most directly concerned with the study of how people think about, influence, and relate to one another?

answer

social psychology

question

Mr. Porter believes that aggression is an unlearned behavior characteristic of all children. He obviously believes that aggression is a(n)

answer

instinct.

question

The person-situation controversy involves a debate regarding the influence of ________ and ________ on behavior.

answer

environments; traits

question

Who is the best example of a Type A personality?

answer

Philip, a competitive, hot-tempered corporation president

question

The guilty knowledge test is typically used to

answer

assess a suspect's responses to details of a crime.

question

Most people are likely to be surprised by the results of Milgram's initial obedience experiment because the

answer

"teachers" were more obedient than most people would have predicted.

question

Attribution theory was designed to account for

answer

how people explain others' behavior.

question

The tendency to eat more food when eating with others illustrates a phenomenon called

answer

social facilitation.

question

Rapid fear reactions to sensory input in the absence of conscious thought are possible because certain neural pathways bypass the

answer

prefrontal cortex.

question

Addressing stressors with problem-focused coping would be most characteristic of those with

answer

personal control.

question

After expending willpower by stifling prejudice during laboratory tasks, research participants were temporarily less

answer

sexually restrained.

question

Social support helps to promote cardiovascular health by

answer

lowering blood pressure.

question

Psychologist Jean Twenge refers to today's new generation as Generation Me because it expresses high levels of

answer

narcissism.

question

Activation of the sympathetic nervous system

answer

increases respiration and decreases salivation.

question

Maureen is an introvert, who prefers staying in and reading a good book. Her friend Paula is an extrovert, who would much rather spend her time partying. In terms of their ability to recognize facial expressions of emotion and express emotions,

answer

Maureen is better at recognition and Paula is more expressive.

question

Those who perceive an internal locus of control believe that

answer

individuals can influence their own outcomes in life.

question

Andrea's physician has suggested that a program of relaxation training would provide the best treatment for her high blood pressure. The physician probably considers Andrea's hypertension to be a(n) ________ illness.

answer

psychophysiological

question

The World Health Organization identifies obesity as a high

answer

body mass index.

question

A person who is careless and disorganized most clearly ranks low on the Big Five trait dimension of

answer

conscientiousness.

question

The set point is

answer

the specific body weight maintained automatically by most adults over long periods of time.

question

A person who experiences defensive self-esteem is ________ to demonstrate self-serving bias and is ________ to feel angry when criticized.

answer

likely; likely

question

The humanistic perspective is to Maslow as the social-cognitive perspective is to

answer

Bandura.

question

As her professor distributed the mathematics test to the class, Blair's heart started to pound and her palms began to sweat. These physiological reactions were activated by her ________ nervous system.

answer

sympathetic

question

Athletes often attribute their losses to bad officiating. This best illustrates

answer

self-serving bias.

question

The social-cognitive perspective highlights the interaction of personal traits with our environment, a process that Albert Bandura called

answer

reciprocal determinism.

question

Aleksis has recently begun to bully and hurt his younger brother. If this behavior continues, it is likely that Aleksis will

answer

develop an increasing dislike for his brother.

question

Volunteers who participated in an eight-week course of meditation training exhibited increased levels of the ______ activity associated with positive emotions.

answer

left hemisphere

question

Groupthink is fueled by a desire for

answer

harmony.

question

People are especially likely to demonstrate an increase in ________ during their twenties.

answer

conscientiousness

question

Which of the following research findings would be consistent with the James-Lange theory of emotion?

answer

Distinctly different patterns of brain activity are associated with distinctly different emotions.

question

Social facilitation refers to the tendency to

answer

perform well-learned tasks more effectively in the presence of others.

question

Increases in the hormone insulin lead to

answer

decreasing blood glucose levels.

question

A diminished sense of self, space, and time is most likely to be associated with

answer

meditative relaxation.

question

Aging women who had experienced prolonged stress as caregivers for children with serious disorders experienced a premature decrease in the size of their

answer

telomeres.

question

Whether a health care treatment is mainstream medicine or an alternative medicine depends on whether the treatment has been

answer

scientifically validated as effective.

question

Stress is most likely to speed the progression from HIV to AIDS by

answer

inhibiting the production of lymphocytes.

question

The two-factor theory of emotion places more emphasis on the importance of ________ than does the James-Lange theory.

answer

cognitive activity

question

A Harvard School of Public Health research team studied 1306 initially healthy men over a 10-year period. They found that ________ were more than twice as likely as ________ to develop heart disease.

answer

pessimists; optimists

question

People become obsessed with water when thirsty and obsessed with food when hungry. This illustrates that activated motives

answer

dominate consciousness.

question

In explaining the actions of people we do not know well, we often demonstrate the

answer

fundamental attribution error.

question

Psychologists have used four perspectives in their efforts to explain motivation. These include an emphasis on instincts, optimum arousal, a hierarchy of motives, and

answer

drive reduction.

question

In addition to secreting orexin, the ________ monitors levels of the body's other appetite hormones.

answer

hypothalamus

question

As people experience negative emotions

answer

the right prefrontal cortex becomes more electrically active.

question

We are NOT likely to make the fundamental attribution error if we observe someone

answer

in a variety of situations.

question

When "executive" and "subordinate" rats received simultaneous electric shocks, the ________ rat was subsequently more likely to develop ________.

answer

"subordinate"; ulcers

question

Although she is intelligent and a good athlete, Abigail believes that her low grades in school and losing the quarter-mile race are reflections of her own intellectual and athletic incompetence. Her conclusion best illustrates

answer

a pessimistic attributional style.

question

Financial satisfaction is more strongly predictive of subjective well-being in poor nations than in wealthy ones. This fact would most clearly be anticipated by

answer

hierarchy of needs theory.

question

Adjusting one's behavior or thinking toward a group standard is called

answer

conformity.

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