Question 1

1. Psychologists use the term _________ to refer to a relatively permanent change in behavior resulting from experience.

Accepted Answer

d. learning

Question 2

2. _________ is a type of learning in which a neutral stimulus comes to elicit a response after being paired with a stimulus that  would elicit the same response naturally.

Accepted Answer

a. Classical conditioning

Question 3

3. Any stimulus that elicits an unconditioned response without previous learning is a(n)

Accepted Answer

c. unconditioned stimulus.

Question 4

4. In Pavlov\'s study, the UCS was _______; the neutral stimulus was _________; and, finally, the CS was _________.

Accepted Answer

b. food; the bell; the bell

Question 5

5. Which of the following responses is probably learned through classical conditioning?

Accepted Answer

b. feeling anxious before a test

Question 6

6. ___________ occurs when a previously conditioned response decreases in frequency when the CS is presented in the absence of  the UCS

Accepted Answer

a. Extinction

Question 7

7. Joanne extinguished her fear of spiders several months ago, but she suddenly gasped in horror and felt her heart pounding when she saw a spider on the floor in front of her. This is an example of

Accepted Answer

a. spontaneous recovery.

Question 8

8. Which of the following terms best expresses the relationship between stimulus generalization and stimulus discrimination?

Accepted Answer

b. They are opposites.

Question 9

9. Often, a conditioned response may be elicited not only by the original CS, but by a similar one as well. This is known as  stimulus

Accepted Answer

c. generalization.

Question 10

10. Which of the following is an example of stimulus discrimination?

Accepted Answer

c. William was in an accident with a red car last month. Now he gets nervous when he sees a red car, but not when he sees a red truck or van.

Question 11

11. Operant conditioning most importantly involves forming associations between

Accepted Answer

c. behavior and consequences.

Question 12

12. Classical conditioning applies mostly to ________, while operant conditioning mostly applies to __________.

Accepted Answer

a. involuntary behavior; voluntary behavior

Question 13

13. The process by which a stimulus increases the likelihood that a preceding behavior will be repeated is called

Accepted Answer

b. reinforcement.

Question 14

14. Negative reinforcement

Accepted Answer

b. leads to an increase in the probability of a behavior.

Question 15

15. Which of the following scenarios exemplifies negative reinforcement?

Accepted Answer

a. Vanna fastens her seatbelt as soon as she gets in her car to stop the annoying alert sound.

Question 16

16. Positive punishment is

Accepted Answer

c. exemplified by a spanking.

Question 17

17. Which of the following scenarios exemplify negative punishment?

Accepted Answer

a. Astrid sends her daughter to her room alone when she misbehaves.

Question 18

18. Vending machine is to slot machine as ____________ reinforcement is to __________ reinforcement.

Accepted Answer

continuous, intermittant

Question 19

19. As compared to behaviors reinforced on continuous schedules, behaviors reinforced intermittently are _______ resistant to  extinction

Accepted Answer

a. more

Question 20

20. Mr. Johnson wants his son to take out the trash, without having to tell him to do it. The best way to do this would be to  reward his son on a __________ schedule of reinforcement at first then change to a __________ schedule.

Accepted Answer

b. continuous; partial

Question 21

21. Dr. Arceneaux has developed several alternative plans to increase the number of online practice quizzes his students  complete. Which plan below is INCORRECTLY matched with the related reinforcement schedule?

Accepted Answer

c. one bonus point awarded every now and then (about 2 weeks on average) if two or more quizzes have been completed recentlyâvariable-ratio

Question 22

22. The process of teaching complex behavior by reinforcing ever closer approximations of the desired behavior is called

Accepted Answer

c. shaping.

Question 23

23. Mrs. Martin, a third-grade teacher, is teaching her students cursive writing. At first, she reinforces even crude attempts to  reproduce letters with encouraging words. However, as time goes on, she reinforces only well-formed letters. By reinforcing  progressively better attempts at writing letters, Mrs. Martin is using

Accepted Answer

b. shaping.

Question 24

24. Which of the following reflects successful applications of behavior modification?

Accepted Answer

d. All of these  a. It has helped people lose weight. b. It has helped people quit smoking. c. It has helped severely mentally retarded people begin to take care of themselves.

Question 25

25. The focus of classical conditioning is on __________; the focus of the cognitive learning approach is on _________.

Accepted Answer

a. external stimuli and consequences; internal processes

Question 26

26. Studies on latent learning involving maze learning in rats found that rats acquired a mental representation of the spatial layout of the maze called a(n)

Accepted Answer

B. cognitive map

Question 27

27. Learning that occurs internally and is expressed behaviorally only when there is sufficient motivation to do so is called  _________ learning.

Accepted Answer

a. latent

Question 28

28. Why might the latent learning results pose a problem for strict, Skinnerian views of learning?

Accepted Answer

c. Both A and B  a. The results suggest that direct reinforcement is not necessary for learning to occur. b. The results suggest that internal processes may be necessary to fully explain learning.

Question 29

29. Bandura\'s \"Bobo doll\" experiments were intended to demonstrate

Accepted Answer

b. observational learning.

Question 30

30. Kayla is helping her professor conduct an observational learning study in which the model is either similar or dissimilar to  the participant. In this study, the similarity of the model to the participant is a(n) _________ variable.

Accepted Answer

a. independent

Question 31

31. Dr. Landry is conducting an observational learning study in which the model is either similar or dissimilar to the  participant. Dr. Landry thinks that participants are more likely to imitate the behavior of similar than of dissimilar models. This is a(n)

Accepted Answer

b. hypothesis.

Question 32

32. In Bandura\'s observational learning work, which of the following is most likely a dependent variable?

Accepted Answer

c. whether children mimic the model\'s aggressive behavior

Question 33

33. Which of the following statements INCORRECTLY describes the effects on observational learning of the reinforcement or  punishment of the model?

Accepted Answer

b. Observational learning does not occur when the model is punished.

Question 34

34. By which of the following mechanisms might exposure to media violence contribute to an increase in real-life aggressive  behavior?

Accepted Answer

d. All of these  a. It may lower inhibitions against performing aggressive acts. b. It may predispose one to view others\' behavior as aggressive, even when it is not. c. It may desensitize one to violence.

Question 35

35. Which of the following sequences best reflects the order in which memory processes occur from first to last?

Accepted Answer

a. encoding -> storage -> retrieval

Question 36

36. When we use the term \"remembering\" in day-to-day life, we are making reference to the memory process of

Accepted Answer

b. retrieval.

Question 37

37. Which of the following sequences best reflects the order of stages in the three-system model of memory?

Accepted Answer

a. sensory memory -> short-term memory -> long-term memory

Question 38

38. Sensory memory has all of the following characteristics EXCEPT

Accepted Answer

c. the capacity is about seven plus or minus two chunks.

Question 39

39. Which of the following expressions best reflects the capacity of short-term memory?

Accepted Answer

c. about seven plus or minus two chunks

Question 40

40. __________ is the process of grouping separate pieces of information into a single unit in order to store more information in  __________.

Accepted Answer

a. Chunking; short-term memory

Question 41

41. We look up a number in the phone book, push the book away, and then begin to dial the number. Why do we discourage an interruption during this process?

Accepted Answer

a. Information lasts only 15-25 seconds in short-term memory.

Question 42

42. Robert just met a woman he feels attracted to and keeps saying her name over and over to himself to make sure he doesn\'t forget it. He is using __________ to keep this woman\'s name in __________ memory

Accepted Answer

c. maintenance rehearsal; short-term

Question 43

43. What is the goal of elaborative rehearsal?

Accepted Answer

c. Both A and B  a. to consider information b. to organize information

Question 44

44. Which of the following represents elaborative rehearsal strategies?

Accepted Answer

d. Both B and C  b. creating visual images based on the information to be remembered c. making connections between the new information and information already in long-term memory

Question 45

45. Our ability to recall an item from a list depends on where in the list the item occurs. This is the __________ effect.

Accepted Answer

a. serial position

Question 46

46. Which of the following statements accurately captures the relationship among the modules of long-term memory?

Accepted Answer

b. Episodic and semantic memory are both components of declarative memory.

Question 47

47. Knowing how to shoot a basketball is an example of a(n) __________ memory.

Accepted Answer

c. procedural

Question 48

48. Cole knows that the capital of Vermont is Montpelier. This is an example of a(n) __________ memory.

Accepted Answer

a. semantic

Question 49

49. The hippocampus plays a role in memory consolidation. Think back to the three memory processes described at the beginning of the chapter. It is probably most accurate to say that the hippocampus is more involved in __________ than in __________.

Accepted Answer

c. encoding and storage; retrieval

Question 50

50. Estelle remembers a night she was mugged and brutally beaten. This memory probably involves not only her hippocampus  but also her

Accepted Answer

d. amygdala.

Question 51

51. Why is it so difficult to retrieve information from long-term memory?

Accepted Answer

d. Both B and C  b. There is probably no single site or process in the brain corresponding to a particular memory. c. Any given memory probably involves many simultaneous brain processes and locations.

Question 52

52. A stimulus that facilitates the recall of information from long-term memory is called a __________.

Accepted Answer

a. retrieval cue

Question 53

53. Levels-of-processing theory suggests that shallow processing is to deep processing as __________ is to __________.

Accepted Answer

c. Both A and B  a. physical characteristics; semantic content b. maintenance rehearsal; elaborative rehearsal

Question 54

54. Memories of which we\'re not consciously aware are called __________ memories.

Accepted Answer

d. implicit

Question 55

55. Implicit memory is involved in

Accepted Answer

d. All of these  a. skills that operate automatically. b. our first impressions of others. c. prejudice and discrimination.

Question 56

56. Studies investigating priming effects exemplify which form of memory?

Accepted Answer

D. implicit

Question 57

57. Melinda is computing the correlation coefficient between scores on measure of eyewitness confidence and scores on a measure of eyewitness accuracy. What sort of coefficient do you think she\'ll find?

Accepted Answer

b. a weak one

Question 58

58. Loftus and Palmer (1974) conducted an experiment in which participants estimated the speed of car described as either contacting or smashing into each other. To which of the following conclusions regarding eyewitness memory is this study most relevant?

Accepted Answer

c. Eyewitness memory can be influenced by specific wording of questions.

Question 59

59. Our recollections of circumstances and episodes from our own lives are referred to as

Accepted Answer

b. autobiographical memories.

Question 60

60. In the song \"The Way We Were,\" Barbra Streisand asks if \"time [has] rewritten every line.\" Has it? What does research on  autobiographical memory have to say?

Accepted Answer

d. Both A and C  a. Yes, it probably has. Our memories tend to be consistent with our current view of ourselves. c. Yes, most likely it has. We tend to have much clearer memories of some periods of our lives than we have of other times.

Question 61

61. The first attempts to study forgetting scientifically were made by the German psychologist

Accepted Answer

a. Ebbinghaus.

Question 62

62. Which of the following statements BEST describes the forgetting function that Ebbinghaus discovered?

Accepted Answer

d. Material is forgotten relatively rapidly at first, then the rate of forgetting slows down.

Question 63

63. According to your text, one of Ebbinghaus\'s key __________ variables was __________.

Accepted Answer

b. dependent; ease of relearning

Question 64

64. Which theory of forgetting is CORRECTLY matched with its description?

Accepted Answer

a. decayâInformation is lost over time as a result of nonuse.

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