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Female breasts are to _______ as male testes are to _________

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Secondary sex characteristics; Primary sex characteristics

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Jarrud thinks he should obey his teachers only if they are carefully watching him. Kohlberg would suggest that Jarrud demonstrates a(n) _______ Morality

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Preconventional

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The sexual abuse of a very young child is so emotionally repulsive to most people that they immediately recognize it as shamefully immoral. This best illustrates that moral judgments may reflect

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effectively laden intuitions

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Research on teen social relationships indicates that most adolescents

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like their parents

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An organisms ability to mentally anticipate that a US will follow a CS is most likely to be highlighted by a(n) _____ perspective.

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Cognitive

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Rats easily learn to associate nausea-producing radiation treatments with

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novel tastes

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If one chimpanzee watches a second chimp solve a puzzle for a food reward, the first chimp may thereby learn how to solve the puzzle. According to many researchers, this best illustrates

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observational learning

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an empathic husband who sees his wife in pain will exhibit some of the same brain activity she is showing. According to many researchers,. this best illustrates the functioning of

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Mirror Neurons

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Children often imitate behaviors seen on television. This best illustrates the impact of

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modeling

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Preconventional Morality

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Stage One: individuals focus on the direct consequences of their actions on themselves. Stage Two: shows a limited interest in the needs of others, but only to a point where it might further the individual's own interests.

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Conventional Morality

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characterized by an acceptance of society's conventions concerning right and wrong. Stage Three: Individuals are receptive to approval or disapproval from others as it reflects society's accordance with the perceived role Stage Four: Moral reasoning in stage four is thus beyond the need for individual approval exhibited in stage three

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Post Conventional Morality

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marked by a growing realization that individuals are separate entities from society, and that the individual's own perspective may take precedence over society's view; individuals may disobey rules inconsistent with their own principles. Stage Five: the world is viewed as holding different opinions, rights and values Stage Six: Decisions are not reached hypothetically in a conditional way but rather categorically in an absolute way

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Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Development

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theory holds that moral reasoning, the basis for ethical behavior, has six identifiable developmental stages, each more adequate at responding to moral dilemmas than its predecessor

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Mirror Neuron

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neuron that fires both when an animal acts and when the animal observes the same action performed by another. it "mirrors" the behavior of another

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Erik Erikson

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Described development that occurs throughout the lifespan

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Stage 1: Infancy (birth to 18 months)

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Children develop a sense of trust when caregivers provide reliability, care and affection. Lack of this will lead to mistrust. Important Events: Feeding

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Stage 2: Early Childhood (2 to 3 years old0

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Important Events: Toilet Training need to develop a sense of personal control over physical skills and a sense of independence. Success leads to feelings of autonomy, failure results in feelings of shame and doubt.

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Stage 3: Preschool (3 to 5)

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Important events: Exploration need to begin asserting control and power over the environment. Success in this stage leads to a sense of purpose. Children who try to exert too much power experience disapproval, resulting in a sense of guilt.

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Stage 4: School Age ( 6 to 11)

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Important events: School need to cope with new social and academic demands. Success leads to a sense of competence, while failure results in feelings of inferiority.

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Stage 5: Adolescence (12 to 18)

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Important Events: Social Relationships need to develop a sense of self and personal identity. Success leads to an ability to stay true to yourself, while failure leads to role confusion and a weak sense of self.

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Stage: Young Adulthood (19 to 40)

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Important Events: Relationships need to form intimate, loving relationships with other people. Success leads to strong relationships, while failure results in loneliness and isolation.

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Stage 6: Middle Adulthood (40 to 65)

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Important Events: work and parenthood need to create or nurture things that will outlast them, often by having children or creating a positive change that benefits other people. Success leads to feelings of usefulness and accomplishment, while failure results in shallow involvement in the world.

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Stage 7: Maturity (65 to death)

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Important events: reflection on life need to look back on life and feel a sense of fulfillment. Success at this stage leads to feelings of wisdom, while failure results in regret, bitterness, and despair.

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If you get violently ill a couple of hours after eating contaminated food, you will probably develop an aversion to the taste of that food but not to the sight of the restaurant where you ate or to the sound of music you heard there. This best illustrates that associative learning is constrained by

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Biological Predispositions

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Research participants formed more gut-level liking for PokÉmon characters associated with positive rather than negative images. This best illustrates the impact of

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Classical conditioning

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Caroline loves to read and enjoys looking up the meanings of words she does not know. In school her teacher promises a gold star to students each time the learn a new word. the teachers behavior is likely to undermine

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intrinsic motivation

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children who are promised a payoff for playing with an interesting toy have later been observed to play with the toy less than those who arent not promised the reward. This provides evidence for the role of _____ in operant behavior

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cognitive processes

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which pioneering learning researcher highlighted the antisocial effects of aggressive models on childrens behavior>

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Albert Bandura

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