question

Psychologists ____ agree on a definition of intelligence.

answer

do not

question

To regard an abstract concept as a concrete entity is to commit the error known as ____. By doing this, we are viewing intelligence as something a person has, rather than a score obtained on an ____.

answer

reification intelligence test

question

Intelligence is a ____ constructed concept.

answer

socially

question

In any context, intelligence can be defined as ___.

answer

a mental quality consisting of the ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations

question

One controversy regarding the nature of intelligence centers on whether intelligence is one of ___ ability or several ____ abilities.

answer

overall (general) specific

question

The statistical procedure used to identify groups of items that appear to measure a common ability is called _____.

answer

factor analysis

question

Charles Spearman, one of the developers of this technique, believed that a factor called g, or ____ runs through the more specific aspects of intelligence.

answer

general intelligence

question

Opposing Spearman, ____ identified seven clusters of ____.

answer

Thurstone primary mental abilities

question

One psychologist believes that general intelligence evolved as a means of helping people solve ____.

answer

novel problems

question

People with ____ score at the low end of intelligence tests but possess extraordinary specific skills.

answer

savant syndrome

question

Howard Gardner proposes that there are ____, each independent of the others. However, critics point out that the world is not so just: General intelligence scores ____ predict performance on various complex tasks and in various jobs.

answer

multiple intelligences do

question

Sternberg's ____ theory distinguishes three types of intelligence: ____ intelligence, ____ intelligence, and ____ intelligence.

answer

triarchic analytical (academic problem solving) practical creative

question

The ability to produce ideas that are both novel and valuable is called ____. The relationship between intelligence and creativity holds only up to a certain point--an intelligence score of about ____.

answer

creativity 120

question

Standard intelligence tests, which demand single correct answers to questions, measure ____ thinking. Tests that allow multiple possible answers to problems measure ___ thinking.

answer

convergent divergent

question

The know-how involved in comprehending social situations and managing oneself successfully differs from ___ intelligence and is referred to as ____ intelligence.

answer

academic social

question

A critical part of social intelligence is ____--the ability to ____, ____, ____ and ____ emotions.

answer

emotional intelligence perceive understand manage use

question

More specifically, the four components of emotional intelligence are as follows: the ability to ____ emotions in faces, the ability to ___ them and how they change and blend, the ability to ____ them correctly in varied situations, and the ability to use them to enable ____ or creative thinking.

answer

recognize predict express adaptive

question

Some scholars believe that the concept of ____ intelligence stretches the idea of multiple intelligences too far.

answer

emotional

question

Earlier studies ____ reveal a clear cut correlation between head size (relative to body size) and intelligence score.

answer

did not

question

Newer studies that measure brain ____ using ____ scans reveal a ____ significant correlation between brain size (adjusted for body size) and intelligence score. The cause of this could be differing ____, nutrition, ____ or some combination of these.

answer

volume MRI more genes environmental stimulation

question

A study of Einstein's brain revealed that it was 15% larger in the lower ___ lobe--known to be an important neural center for processing ___ and ___ information.

answer

parietal mathematical spatial

question

Postmortem analyses reveal that the brains of highly educated people have more ___ than do those of of people with less education. Other evidence suggests that highly intelligent people differ in their neural ___. Higher intelligence scores have also been linked with more ____ in brain areas known to be involved in ___, ___ and ____.

answer

synapses plasticity gray matter memory attention language

question

When people ponder intelligence test questions, for example, an area in the brain's _____ becomes especially active in the ___ brain for verbal questions and ____ for spatial questions. People who are able to more quickly retrieve information from memory tend to score high in ___ ability.

answer

frontal lobe left on both sides of the brain verbal

question

Studies looking at a range of tasks have found that people with high intelligence scores tend to process and retrieve information ____ than people with low intelligence scores.

answer

faster

question

Other studies have found that the brain waves of highly intelligent people register simple stimuli more ___ and with greater ____.

answer

quicly complexity

question

The early Greek philosopher ____ concluded that individuals differed in their natural endowments.

answer

Plato

question

Although Francis Galton's search for a simple intelligence measure failed, he gave us some ___ techniques that we still use, as well as the terms ___ and ____.

answer

statistical nature nurture

question

The French psychologist who devised a test to predict the success of children in school was ___. Predictions were made by comparing children's chronological ages with their ___ ages, which were determined by the test. This test ___ designed to measure inborn intelligence; Binet leaned toward an ___ explanation of intelligence.

answer

Binet mental was not

question

Lewis Terman's revision of Binet's test is referred to as the _____. This test enables one to derive a(n) ___ for an individual.

answer

Stanford-Binet intelligence quotient

question

Today's tests compute ____ by comparing the individual's performance to the average performance of people of ____ age(s). These tests are designed so that a score of ____ is considered average.

answer

an intelligence test score the same 100

question

The misguided movement called ___ proposed measuring human traits and using the results to determine who should be allowed to reproduce.

answer

eugenics

question

When given intelligence tests in the early 1900s, immigrants arriving in the United States often scored ____ average. This is because the tests were based on particular ___ background.

answer

below cultural

question

Tests designed to measure what you already have learned are called ___ tests. Tests designed to predict your ability to learn something new are called ___ tests.

answer

achievement aptitude

question

The most widely used intelligence test is the ____. Consisting of 11 subtests, it provides not only a general intelligence score but also separate scores for ____, ____, ____ and ____.

answer

Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale verbal comprehension perceptual organization working memory processing speed

question

One requirement of a good test is the process of defining meaningful scores relative to a pretested comparison group, which is called ____.

answer

standardization

question

When scores on a test are compiled, they generally result in a bell-shaped pattern or ___ distribution.

answer

normal

question

The Stanford-Binet and the Wechsler Scales ____ periodically re-standardized, thereby keeping the average score near ____.

answer

are 100

question

During the 1960s and 1970s, college entrance aptitude scores showed a steady ____. At the same time, intelligence test performance ____. This phenomenon is called the ____.

answer

decline improved Flynn effect

question

Although the actual cause of this effect is unknown, one explanation is that this is due to improved ___. The recent performance gains on the WAIS are greatest among people at the lowest ___ levels.

answer

nutrition economic

question

If a test yields consistent results, it is said to be ___.

answer

reliable

question

When a test is administered more than once to the same people, the psychologist is determining its _____ reliability.

answer

test-retest

question

When a person's scores for the odd and even numbered questions on a test are compared, ____ reliability is being assessed.

answer

split-half

question

The Stanford-Binet, WAIS, and WISC have reliabilities of about ____.

answer

+.9

question

The degree to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to is refereed to as the the test's ____.

answer

validity

question

The degree to which a test measures the behavior it was designed to measure is referred to as the test's ____.

answer

content validity

question

The degree to which a test predicts further performance of a particular behavior, called the test's ____ is referred to as the test's ___.

answer

criterion predictive validity

question

Generally speaking, the predictive validity of general aptitude tests ____ as high as their reliability. The predictive validity of these tests ___ as individuals move up the educational ladder.

answer

is not diminshes

question

Some studies have found that infants who quickly become bored when looking at a picture score ___ on tests of brain speed and intelligence up to 21 years later.

answer

higher

question

Traditional intelligence tests before age ____ predict future aptitudes only modestly.

answer

3

question

During childhood, the stability of intelligence scores ____ with age. After about age ____, intelligence scores stabilize. A long term study of mental ability in Scottish children revealed that this ____ through late adulthood.

answer

increases 7 holds

question

Individuals whose intelligence scores fall below 70 and who have difficulty adapting to life may be labeled ___. This label applies to approximately ____ percent of the population.

answer

mentally retarded 1

question

Mental retardation sometimes has a physical basis, such as ____, a genetic disorder caused by an extra chromosome.

answer

Down syndrome

question

The current view is that children with mild retardation should be integrated, or ____ into regular classrooms.

answer

mainstreamed

question

At the high extreme, Lewis Terman's "gifted children" turned out to be ____ well-____, and unusually successful ____.

answer

healthy adjusted academically

question

The intelligence scores of identical twins reared together are ____ similar than those of fraternal twins. Brain scans also reveal that identical twins have similar volume to their brain's ____, and those areas associated with ___ and ____ intelligence.

answer

more gray matter verbal spatial

question

Because intelligence is influenced by many genes, it is said to be ____.

answer

polygenic

question

The intelligence test scores of fraternal twins are ____ than the intelligence test scores of other siblings. This provides evidence of a(n) ____ effect because fraternal twins, being the same ____, are treated more alike.

answer

more alike environmental age

question

Studies of adopted children and their adoptive and biological families demonstrate that with age, genetic influences on intelligence become ____ apparent. Thus, children's intelligence scores are more like those of their ____ parents than their ____ parents.

answer

more biological adoptive

question

The amount of variation in a trait within a group that is attributed to genetic factors is called its ____. For intelligence, this has been estimated at ___ percent.

answer

heritability 50

question

If we know a trait has perfect heritability, this knowledge ____ enable us to rule out environmental factors in explaining differences between groups.

answer

does not

question

Studies indicate that neglected children ____ show signs of recovery in intelligence and behavior when placed in more nurturing environments. Although normal brain development can be retarded by ____, ____ deprivation and _____, there is no sure environment that will transform a normal baby into a genius.

answer

do malnutrition sensory social isolation

question

High-quality programs for disadvantaged children, such as the government-funded ____ program, increase children's school readiness; that is, they increase their ____, creating better attitudes toward learning.

answer

Head Start emotional intelligence

question

Girls tend to outscore boys on ____ tests and are more ___ fluent. They also have an edge in ____ and ____ objects, in sensation, and in ____ detecting ability.

answer

spelling verbally remembering locating emotion

question

Although girls have an edge in math ____, boys score higher in math _____. Boys tend to outscore girls on tests of _____.

answer

computation problem solving mental rotation

question

Working from an ____ perspective, some theorists speculate that these gender differences in spatial manipulation helped our ancestors survive.

answer

evolutionary

question

There is evidence that spatial abilities are enhanced by high levels of _____ during prenatal development.

answer

male sex hormones

question

According to many, boys' and girls' interests and abilities are shaped in large part by ____ and divergent opportunities. The mental ability scores of males tend to vary ____ than those of females.

answer

social expectations more

question

Group differences in intelligence scores ____ provide an accurate basis for judging individuals. Individual differences within a race are ___ between race differences.

answer

do not greater than

question

Under the skin, the races ___ alike. Race ____ a neatly defined biological category.

answer

are is not

question

Although Asian students on the average score ____ than North American students on math tests, this difference may be due to the fact that ____.

answer

higher Asian students have a longer school year and spend more time studying math

question

On an infant intelligence measure (preference for looking at novel stimuli), Black infants score _____ White infants.

answer

as well as

question

In the sense that they detect differences caused by cultural experiences, intelligence tests probably ____ biased.

answer

are

question

Most psychologists agree that, in terms of predictive validity, the major aptitude tests ____ racially biased.

answer

are not

question

When women and members of ethnic minorities are led to expect that they won't do well on a test, a ____ may result, and their scores may actually be lower.

answer

stereotype threat

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