Psych Chap 9 – Flashcards
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bisexuals
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with members of either sex
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assumptions
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are premises for which no proof or evidence is offered
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incentive
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is an external goal that has the capacity to motivate behavior
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argument
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consists of one or more premises that are used to provide support for a conclusion
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homeostasis
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a state of physiological equilibrium or stability
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homosexuals
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with members of the same sex
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polygraph
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lie detector, a device that records autonomic fluctuations while a subject is questioned
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hedonic adaptation
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occurs when the mental scale that people use to judge the pleasantness-unpleasantness of their experiences shifts so that their neutral point, or baseline for comparison, changes
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subjective well-being
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individuals' personal perceptions of their overall happiness and life satisfaction
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motivation
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involves goal-directed behavior
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heterosexuals
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seek emotional-sexual relationships with members of the other sex
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drive
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is a hypothetical, internal state of tension that motivates an organism to engage in activities that should reduce this tension
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affective forecasting
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efforts to predict one's emotional reactions to future events
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obesity
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the condition of being overweight
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achievement motive
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is the need to master difficult challenges, to outperform others, and to meet high standards of excellence
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display rules
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are norms that regulate the appropriate expression of emotions
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body mass index (BMI)
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weight (in kilograms) divided by height (in meters) squared (kg/m2)
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premises
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are the reasons that are presented to persuade someone that a conclusion is true or probably true
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galvanic skin response (GSR)
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is an increase in the electrical conductivity of the skin that occurs when sweat glands increase their activity
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parental investment
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refers to what each sex has to invest- in terms of time, energy, survival risk, and forgone opportunities (to pursue other goals)- to produce and nurture offspring
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sexual orientation
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refers to a person's preference for emotional and sexual relationships with individuals of the same sex, the other sex, or either sex
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emotion
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involves (1) a subjective experience (the cognitive component), accompanied by (2) bodily arousal (the physiological component), and (3) characteristic overt expressions (the behavioral component)
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which of the following behaviors is consistent with a drive theory of motivation?
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eating an apple when hungry
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according to certain theories of motivation, a bonus of $100 for completing a work assignment before a deadline is an example of...
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an incentive
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if, after brain damage suffered in a car accident, a person gained 50 pounds in two months, you would most likely suspect damage to the...
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ventromedial hypothalamus
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Janis knows that you have been studying eating behavior in your psychology class and asks you to explain why, in spite of her best interests, she always overeats on Thanksgiving day when she is at her parents' house. Which of the following would be the least likely claim you would tell her?
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She consumes more food because in the cooler months, gherlin levels tend to decrease, and when ghrelin levels decrease, people tend to eat more
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When Harvey was a child, the only time he ate turnips was when he was at his grandmother's house for Christmas dinner. Now, as an adult, Harvey loves the taste of turnips because he associates them with Christmas at his grandmother's house. In this example, Harvey's preference for the taste of turnips could BEST be explained by using principles of
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classical conditioning
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Mr. Knez is trying to get his seven-year-old daughter to eat some vegetable-fried rice for the first time. Mr. Knez should be MOST successful in getting his daughter to sample the new dish if he
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eats some of the fried rice and shows a favorable reaction while he eats it
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Which pair of individuals would be expected to be MOST similar in body mass index?
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two identical twins reared apart
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Evolutionary theory predicts that women should place more emphasis than men on all but which of the following partner characteristics?
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physical attractiveness
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Which of the following statements BEST describes the view of the behavioral theorists when it comes to explaining the origin of homosexuality?
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Homosexuality is a learned preference acquired when same-sex stimuli have been paired with sexual arousal
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Max has the need to master difficult challenges, outperform others, and meet high standards for excellence. According to researchers such as McClelland, Max MOST likely
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is high in achievement motivation
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Zoe has been struggling in her chemistry course and is concerned that she might fail. Her predictions about how distressed she will be if she fails are likely to
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exaggerate how badly she will feel
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Laura is about to take the certification exam that will qualify her as a licensed therapist. As she enters the testing room, she feels anxious and nervous. This reaction is part of the
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cognitive component in Laura's emotional experience
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Victoria is extremely upset because she has been falsely accused of stealing money from her employer. Her lawyer has suggested that Victoria take a polygraph test to prove her innocence. She asks you whether she should agree to the test. Based on the research into the accuracy of polygraphs, you should tell Victoria that polygraphs
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only measure overall arousal levels and are not reliable indicators of whether or not people are lying
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Imagine that your house is on fire and you are afraid. Which of the following explanations BEST represents the James-Lange theory?
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"I'm afraid because I'm shaking."
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The statement, "We need to control cyberporn because it currently is unregulated," is an example of which of the following?
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circular reasoning
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Walter Canon
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drive theory about homeostasis
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when individuals experience a drive, they're motivated to pursue actions that will lead to
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drive reduction
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incentive theory
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external stimuli regulate motivational states
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ghrelin
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causes stomach contractions and promotes hunger
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cck
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excessive eating
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leptin
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long term regulation of hunger
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insulin
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sensitive in fluctuations in body's fat stores
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palatability
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better the food tastes, the more of it people eat
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quantity available
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amount eaten is amount available
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variety
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increase consumptions when great variety is available
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sensory-specific satiety
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appeal declines quickly if a few foods are available, but shift around if many are available
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presence of others
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people eat more with others around
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stress
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people can increase food consumption in times of stress
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exposure to food cues
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exposure to food advertisements promotes hunger
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Stunkard's twin study
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identical twins reared apart had far more similar bmi than fraternal twins reared together
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William Masters and Virginia Johnson
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sexual response cycle: excitement, plateau, orgasm, resolution
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robert trivers
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parental investment theory
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Buss and Schmidt
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men more motivated to have a greater variety of sex partners
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Clark and Hatfield
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average looking men and women ask people if they would go have sex with them
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Kinsey
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studies about sexual orientation
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Bailey and Pillard theory
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there is a genetic predisposition to homosexuality
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David Mclelland theory
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achievement motivation is of utmost importance- ignites economic growth, scientific progress, inspirational leadership and masterpieces in creative arts
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John atkinson
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elaborated on mclellands theory: tendency to pursue achievement depends on strength of motivation, estimate of probability of success, and incentive value of success
