Psych Ch15 - Flashcards | StudyHippo.com

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The class of disorders that are marked by delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, and deterioration of adaptive behavior is known as

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schizophrenic disorders.

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Distress-induced eating binges that are not accompanied by purging, fasting, and excessive exercise are characteristic of

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binge-eating disorder.

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The evidence available today suggests

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a moderately strong link between stress and the onset of mood disorders.

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Maria is afraid to leave her home to go shopping or even go to work; she avoids all public places. Maria suffers from a disorder known as

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agoraphobia.

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Using the DSM-IV, estimates of the current level of the patient's functioning would be recorded on

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Axis V.

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The rise of the medical model in the study of psychopathology brought about

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improvements in the treatment of individuals who exhibited abnormal behavior.

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Jazmine has just returned home after receiving treatment for schizophrenia. The clinician who is supervising her case is aware that Jazmine's family is high in expressed emotion. Under these conditions, Jazmine

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has a high risk of relapse.

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Tina has been extremely hyperactive for the past week and getting by with only three hours of sleep each night. Her thoughts seem to be racing out of control, and she is convinced that the novel she started last week will become a best seller and win a Pulitzer Prize, even though she has never had any of her writing published in the past. Tina's symptoms suggest that she is currently experiencing

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a manic episode.

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Conditioning theories of anxiety disorders are being revised to include more emphasis on

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cognitive factors.

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Alexia started a new job on Monday morning. For the first three days, she showed up in bright colors and was outgoing and extroverted. However, on Thursday, she showed up in a dark suit and appeared shy and introverted. She insisted that her name was Clara, and she couldn't understand why her coworkers kept calling her Alexia. In this example, Alexia is showing symptoms that are consistent with

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dissociative identity disorder.

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A person who checks his alarm clock 20 times before going to sleep is being

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compulsive.

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Scarlett has anorexia nervosa, and Bridget has bulimia nervosa. Based on the research into these two disorders, you should predict that

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Bridget will be more likely to recognize that her eating behavior is pathological.

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The concordance rate for mood disorders has been found to be about 67% among identical twins and 17% among fraternal twins. These data suggest that mood disorders

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are caused in part by genetic factors.

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Harold sits all day alone on a park bench, babbling incoherently and giggling to himself. Harold would MOST likely be diagnosed as having

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disorganized schizophrenia.

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The presence of structural abnormalities in the brain that are assumed to reflect deterioration of brain tissue has been associated with

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schizophrenic disorders.

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"Preparedness" is a term coined by Seligman that refers to

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a biological predisposition to be easily conditioned to fear certain things.

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The difference between a phobia and a normal fear is that a phobia

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interferes with everyday behavior.

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According to the stress-vulnerability models for mood disorders and schizophrenic disorders,

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these disorders emerge when high biological vulnerability combines with high stress.

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Which of the following is a mood disorder?

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Bipolar disorder

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Your friend's mother is afraid of squirrels. Although she knows squirrels are basically harmless, she cannot control her anxiety when she sees either a real squirrel or a picture of a squirrel. She never took your friend to the local park when he was a child because of the numerous squirrels. Your friend's mother has

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phobic disorder.

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Some researchers are investigating whether dysfunctions in neural circuits using ________ play a role in schizophrenia.

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glutamate

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Suicide rates are HIGHEST among people with which of the following specific disorders?

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Bipolar disorder

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Jenson's mother was severely malnourished during her pregnancy with him. According to recent research, Jenson

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has an increased vulnerability for the development of schizophrenia.

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Negative symptoms in schizophrenia include

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behavioral deficits such as flattened emotion, apathy, and poverty of speech.

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Which of the following is NOT an example of a culture-bound disorder?

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Bipolar disorder

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Which of the following is an example of a culture-bound disorder?

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Windingo Anorexia nervosa Koro

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Lukas does not trust anyone. He is convinced that no one around him is truthful and everything they say to him is a lie. He is extremely suspicious of other people's motives, and he often flies into a jealous rage when his wife speaks to other men. If Lukas has a personality disorder, his symptoms are MOST consistent with those associated with disorders in the

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odd/eccentric cluster.

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Psychogenic amnesia and fugue MOST likely result from

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extreme stress.

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Positive symptoms in schizophrenia include

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behavioral excesses such as hallucinations, delusions, and bizarre behavior.

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The key symptoms of depression in Western cultures are often cognitive symptoms, such as guilt and self-blame. The key symptoms of depression in non-Western cultures are often somatic symptoms, such as headaches and fatigue. The fact that the same disorder can manifest itself in different ways in Western and non-Western cultures lends support to

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the relativistic view of psychological disorders.

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The subtype of schizophrenia marked by a striking impairment of psychomotor activity ranging from muscular rigidity to random motor activity is known as

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catatonic.

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The Featured Study "Does Negative Thinking Cause Depression?" found that participants who

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exhibited a negative cognitive style were more likely to develop depression.

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A person who maintains bizarre, false beliefs that have no basis in reality is said to have

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delusions.

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Abnormalities in neural circuits that use ____ have recently been implicated in panic and obsessive-compulsive disorders.

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serotonin

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Darla was fired from her most recent job. Based on Seligman's investigations into the cognitive factors that might contribute to depression, Darla will be MOST prone to depression if she attributes her firing to

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her lack of ability to do her job successfully.

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Jay has periods of elevated mood to the point of extreme euphoria and optimism that are followed by periods of depression. Jay is MOST likely to be diagnosised with a

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bipolar disorder.

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All of the following are considered anxiety disorders EXCEPT

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conversion disorder.

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All of the following are considered anxiety disorders

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generalized anxiety disorder phobic disorder obsessive-compulsive disorder

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One widely used rule to determine whether an individual accused of a crime qualifies as insane is if the individual

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has a mental disorder that makes the individual unable to distinguish right from wrong.

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Elise is so terrified of enclosed places that she had to quit her new job because her office had no windows. She knows that her fear is irrational, but she can't seem to control her anxiety. In this case, Elise's symptoms are MOST consistent with

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a phobic disorder.

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Which of the following symptoms is NOT associated with someone who has a bipolar disorder?

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Hallucinations

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Which of the following is NOT a common characteristic of the antisocial personality?

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Excessive guilt

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Ivy excitedly tells you that she has been invited to sing at the coronation of the new King of Cyprus. You find this difficult to believe, considering Ivy sings terribly and Cyprus has an elected government, not a monarchy. Ivy's statements are clearly out of touch with reality. It appears that Ivy is experiencing

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delusions of grandeur.

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Which of the following statements is NOT correct? The separate personalities that coexist in an individual with dissociative identity disorder

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are usually all aware of the existence of the other personalities.

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Psychological disorders that are recognized abnormal syndromes but only found in a few cultural groups are referred to as

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culture-bound disorders.

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People who are clearly schizophrenic but who cannot be placed into any of the three main categories for schizophrenic disorders are said to have

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undifferentiated schizophrenia.

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According to Seligman's concept of "preparedness," which of the following stimuli should one develop a phobia toward MOST easily?

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Heights

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The basic problem in the mood disorders is disturbed ____; the basic problem in the schizophrenic disorders is disturbed ____.

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emotion; thought

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Tony is very rigid and inflexible and has serious difficulties in his interactions with his family and coworkers. If Tony has a psychological disorder, he is MOST likely to be diagnosed as having a(n)

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personality disorder.

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What do the histrionic, narcissistic, borderline, and antisocial personality disorders have in common?

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Impulsivity and overdramatization

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Kim suffers from anhedonia, which means that she

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has difficulty experiencing pleasure.

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According to Mowrer, phobic responses are acquired through ____ conditioning and maintained through ____ conditioning.

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classical; operant

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Cooper is an auto mechanic at a local garage. However, he is convinced that his phone line is tapped and all the rooms in his house have listening devices planted, so that enemy agents can learn all his secret conversations. He never takes the same route to work two days in a row, to prevent the enemy agents from following him and learning where he works. In this case, it appears that Cooper is experiencing

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delusions of persecution.

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Paxton comes from a home where discipline was erratic, and he was physically abused by his parents. His parents were also self-centered and exploitive. Based on research, this home environment is likely to increase Paxton's risk for developing

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antisocial personality disorder.

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According to the medical model,

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abnormal behavior can be thought of as a disease.

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According to Susan Nolen-Hoeksema, depressed people who tend to ruminate about their depression

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remain depressed longer.

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The results of both twin and family studies suggest that for anxiety disorders,

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there is a moderate genetic predisposition to anxiety disorders.

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Seligman found that people with a pessimistic explanatory style are especially vulnerable to depression. These individuals tend to attribute their setbacks to ____ and draw ____ conclusions about their personal inadequacies.

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personal flaws; global, far-reaching

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Dr. Underhill is reviewing the records from a patient who has just been referred for treatment. He is carefully considering the symptoms that have been documented and is attempting to identify the type of psychological disorder the individual is most likely to have. Dr. Underhill is currently focusing on

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diagnosis.

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Hope often sits for hours in extremely rigid positions; during these times, she seems to lose contact with the external world and does not respond to people who try to speak to her. At other times, she becomes extremely hyperactive and rambles on incoherently. Hope's symptoms are MOST consistent with those seen in

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catatonic schizophrenia.

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Kate constantly thinks about jumping in front of an oncoming car when she is walking. The only way she seems to be able to stop these self-destructive thoughts is to say Mother Goose nursery rhymes over and over to herself. In this case, Kate's symptoms are most consistent with

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obsessive-compulsive disorder.

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Use of which drug may help precipitate schizophrenia in young people with a genetic vulnerability to the disorder?

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Marijuana

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The disorder that is characterized by worry and fear, muscle tension, trembling, faintness, and difficulty in concentrating is known as a

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generalized anxiety disorder.

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It is MOST accurate to state that while an individual with a unipolar disorder experiences episodes of ____, a person with a bipolar disorder experiences episodes of ____.

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depression; both depression and mania

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A person is shy, timid, and wary of others. Research suggests such a temperament puts the person at risk for developing

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an anxiety disorder.

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Of the following, which is the MOST accurate statement regarding eating disorders?

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Anorexia nervosa is a more life-threatening condition than bulimia nervosa.

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While walking through a shopping center, you suddenly have an intense feeling of dread, notice your heart beating strongly, feel like you are suffocating, and find yourself running for the nearest exit. You would be exhibiting symptoms of

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panic disorder.

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Dissociative identity disorders have been suggested to result from

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extreme emotional trauma.

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Mario has just entered treatment for a major depressive episode. He is told that most patients respond to treatment within a month and many never experience a second depressive episode. This information represents

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a prognosis.

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Jerry's mother always dwelled on the dangers of roller coasters. She frequently reminded Jerry of the dangers and expressed fear anytime the family visited an amusement park. Because of his mother's behavior, Jerry would be MOST likely to develop

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phobic disorder.

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Of the major disorders, symptom patterns are probably MOST culturally variable for

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depression.

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Which of the following statements is MOST accurate concerning the onset of schizophrenia?

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The symptoms usually emerge during adolescence or early adulthood

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An individual gets sudden, paralyzing attacks of anxiety and fears leaving her house. Which anxiety disorder does this describe?

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Panic attack and agoraphobia

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Ali has a psychological disorder, and her doctor has prescribed a drug that affects the levels of GABA in her nervous system. Based on this information, it is MOST likely that Ali is being treated for

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an anxiety disorder.

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Behavior that does NOT coincide with cultural norms may be considered to be

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deviant.

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Kevin hears voices singing even though none are present. Kevin suffers from

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hallucinations

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Adam always expects special treatment and seems to be preoccupied with his own success. His interpersonal relationships are generally superficial because he seems to lack the ability to understand how others feel. Last week, Adam went in for a psychological assessment, and based on that assessment, he was told that he might have a personality disorder. Based on his behavior, it is MOST likely that Adam has

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narcissistic personality disorder.

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Fiona has been diagnosed with bulimia nervosa. Based on the physical symptoms listed in your text, you should expect that Fiona will show evidence of

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dental problems and cardiac arrhythmias.

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Carly has had intense feelings of sadness for the past several weeks. She has very little energy and has stopped going out with her friends. She has lost her appetite and rarely cooks. Carly feels her situation is hopeless and that she only has herself to blame. MOST likely, Carly has

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major depressive disorder.

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The likelihood a person would be declared legally incompetent would be HIGHEST for

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a schizophrenic disorder.

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Anorexia nervosa is associated with all of the following EXCEPT

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an awareness that the behavior is maladaptive.

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Which of the following has NOT been proposed as a factor associated with the development of schizophrenic disorders?

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Inadequate social skills

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Sophia has always been preoccupied with schedules, lists, and trivial details. She plans everything down to the last detail and becomes very upset if things don't work out the way she has planned. Last week, Sophia went in for a psychological assessment, and based on that assessment, she was told that she might have a personality disorder. Based on her behavior, it is MOST likely that Sophia has

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obsessive-compulsive personality disorder.

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Which temperament is characterized by shyness, timidity, and wariness?

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Inhibited

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Insanity is a legal status indicating that

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a person cannot be held responsible for his or her actions because of mental illness.

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Personality disorders are characterized by

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extreme, inflexible personality traits.

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In determining the probabilities associated with comorbidity (the coexistence of two or more psychological disorders), epidemiologists would need to work with

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conjunctive probabilities.

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An eating disorder characterized by out-of-control overeating followed by unhealthy compensatory efforts such as self-induced vomiting is

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bulimia nervosa.

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Researchers have found that bipolar disorder occurs

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with equal frequency in women and in men.

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A person who perceives stimuli that aren't there is said to have

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hallucinations.

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Which of the following is NOT one of the three most common types of psychological disorders?

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Schizophrenia

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The most recent research on biological factors in depression has focused on

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hormones.

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Recent research has revealed that depressed patients have elevated levels of

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cortisol

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Several studies have found an elevated incidence of schizophrenia among individuals whose mothers

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were exposed to influenza during the second trimester of their pregnancy.

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About what percentage of people who complete suicide suffered from some type of psychological disorder?

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90%

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Insanity is a

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legal status indicating that a person cannot be held responsible for his or her actions because of mental illness.

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The primary characteristic of paranoid schizophrenia is

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the presence of delusions of persecution and grandeur.

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Earlier age of onset of depression is associated with

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greater comorbidity.

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A person who does NOT conform to the accepted norms of morality and behavior and is impulsive, callous, and manipulative is referred to as having

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antisocial personality disorder.

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The DSM classification system is said to be "multiaxial." This means that the system

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asks for judgments about individuals on numerous separate dimensions.

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Who would be MOST likely to worry about driving home from work while it is snowing because he recalls "the last time I drove home in the snow, I skidded and almost had an accident?"

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Alan, who has an anxiety disorder

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Alvin suffers from both major depression and generalized anxiety disrder. Alvin's diagnoses illustrate that mental disorders can be

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comorbid

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The anxiety disorder characterized by persistent, uncontrollable intrusions of unwanted thoughts and urges to engage in senseless rituals or behaviors is

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obsessive-compulsive disorder.

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Using the DSM-IV listings and lifetime prevalence, it is estimated that ____ of the population will experience a psychological disorder at some time in their lives.

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approximately 44%

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Bipolar disorders occur in ____ of the population.

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about 1 or 2%

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Which of the following disorders is seen ONLY in affluent Western cultures?

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Anorexia nervosa

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Renata recently had a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan done. The results showed that her brain has enlarged ventricles. If Renata has a psychological disorder, the results of her MRI scan would suggest that the disorder is MOST likely

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schizophrenia.

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An individual thinks he is Jesus Christ. He also believes that, because he is Christ, people are trying to kill him. Assume that this individual is not correct he is not Christ, and people are not trying to kill him. Which of the following would be the MOST likely diagnosis?

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Schizophrenia

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The study of the incidence and distribution of mental or physical disorders within a population defines the discipline known as

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epidemiology

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Tony believes that he is Thomas Edison and that his neighbors are spies who are trying to steal his inventions. He thinks the neighbors break into his house and search for plans for new inventions when he is not home. Tony's symptoms are MOST consistent with those seen in

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paranoid schizophrenia.

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Insanity is a

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legal status indicating that a person cannot be held responsible for his or her actions because of mental illness.

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Correlations between mood disorders and a variety of structural abnormalities in the brain suggest that reduced volume in the ____ is related to depression.

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hippocampus

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Of the individuals who develop either anorexia nervosa or bulimia nervosa, approximately ____ are females.

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90-95%

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A college student faced with upcoming exams and term papers responds to his resulting feelings of anxiety by reorganizing his notes, rearranging his bookshelves, cleaning out his desk drawer, and straightening up his closet. He would be showing symptoms of

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obsessive-compulsive disorder.

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Brain-imaging studies of people with schizophrenia show all of the following EXCEPT

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increased myelinization.

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Brain-imaging studies of people with schizophrenia show all of the following

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reduced white matter. reduced gray matter. enlarged vertricles.

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Dave washes his hands at least 50 times per day, even though his hands are rarely dirty. Dave's behavior is an example of

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a compulsion.

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Explanations concerning the etiology of which dissociative disorder are MOST controversial?

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Dissociative identity disorder

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The study of the incidence and distribution of mental or physical disorders within a population defines the discipline known as

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epidemiology.

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Behavior that causes anxiety or concern for the affected individual may be considered to be

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personally distressing.

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Studies that have evaluated concordance rates for various mood disorders have found

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the influence of genetic factors appears to be stronger for bipolar disorders than for unipolar disorders.

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The stress-vulnerability models that have been developed for mood disorders and schizophrenic disorders illustrate which of your text's unifying themes?

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Heredity and environment jointly influence behavior.

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According to Seligman, people who exhibit a ____ explanatory style are especially vulnerable to depression.

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pessimistic

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In regard to psychological disorders, prevalence refers to

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the percentage of a population that exhibits a disorder during a specified time period.

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Thomas Szasz would be MOST critical of the commonly used criterion to diagnose psychological disorders that relates to

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deviance.

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Schizophrenia is characterized by

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a disturbance of thought processes.

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Epidemiology is the study of

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the distribution of mental or physical disorders in a population.

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A concordance rate indicates

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the percentage of twin pairs or other pairs of relatives who exhibit the same disorder.

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When a psychologist compares the symptoms an individual is experiencing to the symptoms of various disorders to determine the specific disorder the individual has, the psychologist is concerned with

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diagnosis

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Theorists who believe that dissociative identity disorder is an authentic disorder argue that cases of the disorder are rooted in

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a severe emotional trauma that occurred in childhood.

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Cliff has been diagnosed with bipolar disorder. Currently, he is very optimistic about his life. Even though he is only sleeping three hours a night, he is very energetic. He has turned his basement into a workshop where he plans to mass produce his new "banana computer" that will revolutionize the computer market. Cliff is experiencing

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a manic episode.

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Use of marijuana may precipitate schizophrenia in young people who use it by amplifying neurotransmitter activity in the

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dopamine circuits.

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Which of the following is a common stereotype about psychological disorders?

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People with psychological disorders are violent and dangerous.

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Individuals with antisocial personality disorder exhibit all of the following behaviors EXCEPT

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they typically avoid social interactions.

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Individuals with antisocial personality disorder exhibit all of the following behaviors

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they are irresponsible and impulsive, and can tolerate little frustration. they rarely experience genuine affection for others. they chronically violate the rights of others and rarely feel guilty.

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With regard to age, suicides peak in the

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age group over 75 years old.

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Which of the following statements is MOST accurate concerning the onset of bipolar disorder?

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The peak age of onset is in the late teenage years

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Jacqueline has been diagnosed with bulimia nervosa. If Jacqueline were to complete a personality assessment, it is likely that her personality profile would list her as

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impulsive, overly sensitive, and low in self-esteem.

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Recent research into the possibility of a neurochemical basis for anxiety disorders has generated evidence that suggests anxiety disorders may result from

answer

disturbances in the neural circuits using GABA.

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If a psychological disorder results in an individual having difficulty completing routine or necessary everyday activities, the individual's behavior would MOST likely be considered

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maladaptive

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Lenny is diagnosed with schizophrenia. He will often remain completely motionless for long periods of time. He almost looks as if he is imitating a store mannequin or a statue. Lenny's behavior is MOST consistent with

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catatonic schizophrenia.

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An anxiety disorder that typically follows a very painful event and is characterized by a reliving of that event, avoidance of stimuli associated with the event, or numbing of general responsiveness is

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posttraumatic stress disorder.

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Susan has withdrawn from social contact with others. She spends most of her time alone in her bedroom. She has stopped going to her job and no longer talks to her family on the phone. Additionally, Susan neglects her personal hygiene and rarely bathes, brushes her teeth, or changes clothes. Susan's behavior BEST illustrates which symptom of schizophrenia?

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Deterioration of adaptive behavior

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MOST authentic cases of dissociative identity disorder have in common a background of

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a traumatic childhood characterized by physical, emotional, or sexual abuse.

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A person who checks his alarm clock 20 times before going to sleep is being

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compulsive.

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Children born to two schizophrenic parents have what likelihood of developing the disorder themselves?

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About a 46% chance

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A concordance rate indicates

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the percentage of twin pairs or other pairs of relatives who exhibit the same disorder.

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The psychological disorder that involves the coexistence in one person of two or more largely complete, and usually very different, personalities is

answer

dissociative identity disorder.

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Inadequate social skills, and therefore a decrease in sources of social support, have been suggested as factors that contribute to the development of

answer

depressive disorders.

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The conditioning and learning explanation for the etiology of anxiety disorders BEST accounts for the development and maintenance of

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phobic disorder.

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For people suffering from bipolar disorder, manic episodes usually

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do not last as long as depressive episodes.

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Killian lets her husband keep all the financial records for the family, and she expects him to make all the decisions that affect them. She refuses to make any decisions on her own, and if anything unexpected occurs, she calls her husband at work to ask for his advice. If Killian has a personality disorder, her symptoms are MOST consistent with those associated with disorders in the

answer

anxious/fearful cluster.

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According to Susan Nolen-Hoeksema, depressed people who tend to ruminate about their depression

answer

remain depressed longer.

question

Research concerning the etiology of schizophrenic disorders has implicated excessive activity of the neurotransmitter(s)

answer

dopamine.

question

Anorexia nervosa is an eating disorder that seems to occur only in Western cultures. The discovery of culture-bound disorders, such as anorexia nervosa, lends support to

answer

the relativistic view of psychological disorders.

question

Ann is so terrified of fire that she cannot light a match or even enjoy dinner by candlelight. Ann is MOST likely suffering from

answer

phobic disorder.

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At this time, one of the major neurotransmitters that has been linked to schizophrenia is

answer

dopamine.

question

In regard to psychological disorders, prevalence refers to

answer

the percentage of a population that exhibits a disorder during a specified time period.

question

Research concerning the etiology of schizophrenic disorders has implicated excessive activity of the neurotransmitter(s)

answer

dopamine. `

question

Insanity is a legal status indicating that Which of the following is NOT one of the factors that have been linked to the development of anorexia nervosa or bulimia nervosa in young women?

answer

Parents who are negligent or uninvolved in their children's lives

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Jefferson has gone in for a psychiatric assessment. He tells the clinician that he has been feeling detached from his surroundings since he started taking medication to control his high blood pressure. The clinician would use

answer

Axis III of the DSM-IV to record this medical information.

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Dr. Cummings believes that psychological disorders can be diagnosed, treated, and possibly cured, just like physical illnesses. Dr. Cummings' views reflect the point of view suggested by

answer

the medical model of abnormal behavior.

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Abby was watching a documentary on some of the horrors of the Vietnam War. Even when she saw soldiers being blown up after stepping on land mines, she showed no emotional reaction or response. In this case, Abby is displaying symptoms of

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blunted or flat affect.

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Which of the following is a common characteristic of the antisocial personality?

answer

Aggressiveness Manipulative behavior Social charm

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Epidemiology is the study of

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the distribution of mental or physical disorders in a population.

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Rick believes that his dog is really his sister who was given up for adoption by his mother 30 years ago. Rick's belief is

answer

a delusion.

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Which of the following is NOT an example of a culture-bound disorder?

answer

Bipolar disorder

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A major criticism of the medical model made by Thomas Szasz is that

answer

most abnormal behavior reflects a moral judgment about what is socially acceptable or unacceptable behavior.

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Carol finds she is no longer interested in things she used to do, is sad most of the time, and thinks she is a terrible person. Additionally, she has recently lost a lot of weight and doesn't sleep very much. Carol's behavior would be diagnosed as

answer

a mood disorder.

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Dr. Smith is a psychiatrist who argues that different diagnoses represent similar underlying psychological symptoms. Dr. Smith is therefore likely to argue for a(n) _________ approach to diagnosis.

answer

dimensional

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In the past nine months, Andrew has been fired by three different employers. He was unreliable and often missed work, and each employer finally let him go when they found he had been stealing money and materials. Andrew feels no remorse over his actions, but he has managed to convince each of his former employers that he is sorry for his actions and none of the employers plan to press any charges. In this case, Andrew's behavior is consistent with that seen in

answer

antisocial personality disorder.

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The Featured Study "Does Negative Thinking Cause Depression?" found that participants who

answer

exhibited a negative cognitive style were more likely to develop depression.

question

A person who maintains bizarre, false beliefs that have no basis in reality is said to have

answer

delusions.

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