Psych Ch. 7 – Flashcards

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Conditioning is the process of
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learning associations
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In classical conditioning a stimulus is any event or situation that
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evokes a response
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Voluntary behaviors that produce rewarding or punishing outcomes are called
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operant behaviors
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Learning specific behaviors simply by watching others perform them is known as
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observational learning
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John B. Watson considered himself to be a(n)
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behaviorist
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In classical conditioning, a stimulus that elicits no response before conditioning is called a(n)
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neutral stimulus
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In Pavlov's experiments on the salivary conditioning of dogs, the US was
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the presentation of food in the dog's mouth
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A child's learned fear at the sight of a hypodermic needle is a(n)
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conditioned response
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Male Japanese quail became sexually aroused by a red light that was repeatedly associated with the presentation of a female quail. The sexual arousal triggered by the red light was a
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CR (conditioned response)
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The reappearance, after a time lapse, of an extinguished CR is called
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spontaneous recovery
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The ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus is called
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discrimination
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After learning to fear a white rat, Little Albert responded with fear to the sight of a rabbit. This best illustrates the process of
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generalization
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Shaping is a procedure in which reinforcers are
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used to guide actions closer and closer to a desired behavior
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Resistance to extinction is most strongly encouraged by ____________ reinforcement.
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intermittent
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Both classical and operant conditions are forms of
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associative learning
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The study of respondent behavior is to ____________ as the study of operant behavior is to _____________.
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Pavlov; Skinner
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Animals tend to revert from newly learned habits to their biologically predisposed behaviors. This is an example of
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instinctive drift
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The views of learning advanced by Ivan Pavlov and John B. Watson underestimated the importance of
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cognitive processes
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Learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it is called
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latent learning
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Our ability to learn by witnessing the behavior of others best illustrates
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observational learning
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Which of the following are most clearly activated both by picking up a spoon and by simply watching another person pick up a spoon?
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mirror neurons
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Alex learned to babysit and care for young children effectively by observing the many ways his mother carefully nurtured his own younger siblings. This best illustrates the value of observational learning for promoting
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prosocial behavior
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Desensitization and imitation are two factors that contribute to
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the violence-viewing effect
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Compared with nonabused children, those children who have experienced a history of abuse show a stronger brain-wave response to an unfamiliar but angry-looking face. This best illustrates
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generalization
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Watson and Rayner's study of Little Albert demonstrated how specific fears
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may be produced through classical conditioning
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B. F. Skinner's work elaborated what E. L. Thorndike had called
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the law of effect
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An event that strengthens the behavior it follows is a(n)
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reinforcement
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Five-year-old Trevor is emotionally disturbed and refuses to communicate with anyone. To get him to speak, his teacher initially gives him candy for any utterance, then only for a clearly spoken word, and finally only for a complete sentence. The teacher is using the method of
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shaping
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Positive reinforcers _____________ the rate of operant responding, and negative reinforcers ___________ the rate of operant responding.
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increase; increase
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An animal trainer is teaching a miniature poodle to balance on a ball. Initially, he gives the poodle a treat for approaching the ball, then only for placing its front paws on the ball, and finally only for climbing on the ball. The trainer is using the method of
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successive approximations
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Before learning painfully that the second sound of a buzzing bee signaled she was about to be stung, Sara felt no fear in response to the buzzing sound. At that time the sound of the buzzing bee was most clearly a(n)
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neutral stimulus
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In Pavlov's experiments, the sound of the tone triggered the dog's salivation. Salivation to the sound of a tone was a(n)
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conditioned response
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The fact that learning can occur without reinforcement is most clearly demonstrated by studies of
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latent learning
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Intrinsic motivation refers to a desire to perform an activity
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for the sake of its own enjoyment
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In a well-known experiment, preschool children pounded and kicked a large inflated Bobo doll that an adult had just beaten on. This experiment served to illustrate the importance of
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observational learning
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Children are especially likely to behave aggressively after viewing TV violence in which an attractive person commits
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justified violence that causes no visible pain or harm
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Children often learn to associate their pushing a vending machine button with the delivery of a candy bar. This best illustrates the process underlying
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operant conditioning
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Last year, Dr. Moritano cleaned Natacha's skin with rubbing alcohol prior to administering each a series of painful rabies vaccination shots. Which of the following processes accounts for the fact that Natacha currently becomes fearful every time she smells rubbing alcohol?
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classical conditioning
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Two-year-old Philip was recently clawed by the neighbor's cat. Philip now fears all small animals. His fear demonstrates the process of
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generalization
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Your heart may race when you are confronted by a lion but not when you are approached by a kitten. This best illustrates the adaptive value of
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discrimination
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Comedian-writer Mark Malkoff reported that his fear of flying faded after he faced his fear and lived on an airplane for 30 days. His reduction of fear best illustrated the process of
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extinction
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Psychologists define learning as the process of
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acquiring new information or relatively enduring behaviors
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