Question 1

Conditioning is the process of

Accepted Answer

learning associations

Question 2

In classical conditioning a stimulus is any event or situation that

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evokes a response

Question 3

Voluntary behaviors that produce rewarding or punishing outcomes are called

Accepted Answer

operant behaviors

Question 4

Learning specific behaviors simply by watching others perform them is known as

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observational learning

Question 5

John B. Watson considered himself to be a(n)

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behaviorist

Question 6

In classical conditioning, a stimulus that elicits no response before conditioning is called a(n)

Accepted Answer

neutral stimulus

Question 7

In Pavlov\'s experiments on the salivary conditioning of dogs, the US was

Accepted Answer

the presentation of food in the dog\'s mouth

Question 8

A child\'s learned fear at the sight of a hypodermic needle is a(n)

Accepted Answer

conditioned response

Question 9

Male Japanese quail became sexually aroused by a red light that was repeatedly associated with the presentation of a female quail. The sexual arousal triggered by the red light was a

Accepted Answer

CR (conditioned response)

Question 10

The reappearance, after a time lapse, of an extinguished CR is called

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spontaneous recovery

Question 11

The ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus is called

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discrimination

Question 12

After learning to fear a white rat, Little Albert responded with fear to the sight of a rabbit. This best illustrates the process of

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generalization

Question 13

Shaping is a procedure in which reinforcers are

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used to guide actions closer and closer to a desired behavior

Question 14

Resistance to extinction is most strongly encouraged by ____________ reinforcement.

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intermittent

Question 15

Both classical and operant conditions are forms of

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associative learning

Question 16

The study of respondent behavior is to ____________ as the study of operant behavior is to _____________.

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Pavlov; Skinner

Question 17

Animals tend to revert from newly learned habits to their biologically predisposed behaviors. This is an example of

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instinctive drift

Question 18

The views of learning advanced by Ivan Pavlov and John B. Watson underestimated the importance of

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cognitive processes

Question 19

Learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it is called

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latent learning

Question 20

Our ability to learn by witnessing the behavior of others best illustrates

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observational learning

Question 21

Which of the following are most clearly activated both by picking up a spoon and by simply watching another person pick up a spoon?

Accepted Answer

mirror neurons

Question 22

Alex learned to babysit and care for young children effectively by observing the many ways his mother carefully nurtured his own younger siblings. This best illustrates the value of observational learning for promoting

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prosocial behavior

Question 23

Desensitization and imitation are two factors that contribute to

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the violence-viewing effect

Question 24

Compared with nonabused children, those children who have experienced a history of abuse show a stronger brain-wave response to an unfamiliar but angry-looking face. This best illustrates

Accepted Answer

generalization

Question 25

Watson and Rayner\'s study of Little Albert demonstrated how specific fears

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may be produced through classical conditioning

Question 26

B. F. Skinner\'s work elaborated what E. L. Thorndike had called

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the law of effect

Question 27

An event that strengthens the behavior it follows is a(n)

Accepted Answer

reinforcement

Question 28

Five-year-old Trevor is emotionally disturbed and refuses to communicate with anyone. To get him to speak, his teacher initially gives him candy for any utterance, then only for a clearly spoken word, and finally only for a complete sentence. The teacher is using the method of

Accepted Answer

shaping

Question 29

Positive reinforcers _____________ the rate of operant responding, and negative reinforcers ___________ the rate of operant responding.

Accepted Answer

increase; increase

Question 30

An animal trainer is teaching a miniature poodle to balance on a ball. Initially, he gives the poodle a treat for approaching the ball, then only for placing its front paws on the ball, and finally only for climbing on the ball. The trainer is using the method of

Accepted Answer

successive approximations

Question 31

Before learning painfully that the second sound of a buzzing bee signaled she was about to be stung, Sara felt no fear in response to the buzzing sound. At that time the sound of the buzzing bee was most clearly a(n)

Accepted Answer

neutral stimulus

Question 32

In Pavlov\'s experiments, the sound of the tone triggered the dog\'s salivation. Salivation to the sound of a tone was a(n)

Accepted Answer

conditioned response

Question 33

The fact that learning can occur without reinforcement is most clearly demonstrated by studies of

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latent learning

Question 34

Intrinsic motivation refers to a desire to perform an activity

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for the sake of its own enjoyment

Question 35

In a well-known experiment, preschool children pounded and kicked a large inflated Bobo doll that an adult had just beaten on. This experiment served to illustrate the importance of

Accepted Answer

observational learning

Question 36

Children are especially likely to behave aggressively after viewing TV violence in which an attractive person commits

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justified violence that causes no visible pain or harm

Question 37

Children often learn to associate their pushing a vending machine button with the delivery of a candy bar. This best illustrates the process underlying

Accepted Answer

operant conditioning

Question 38

Last year, Dr. Moritano cleaned Natacha\'s skin with rubbing alcohol prior to administering each a series of painful rabies vaccination shots. Which of the following processes accounts for the fact that Natacha currently becomes fearful every time she smells rubbing alcohol?

Accepted Answer

classical conditioning

Question 39

Two-year-old Philip was recently clawed by the neighbor\'s cat. Philip now fears all small animals. His fear demonstrates the process of

Accepted Answer

generalization

Question 40

Your heart may race when you are confronted by a lion but not when you are approached by a kitten. This best illustrates the adaptive value of

Accepted Answer

discrimination

Question 41

Comedian-writer Mark Malkoff reported that his fear of flying faded after he faced his fear and lived on an airplane for 30 days. His reduction of fear best illustrated the process of

Accepted Answer

extinction

Question 42

Psychologists define learning as the process of

Accepted Answer

acquiring new information or relatively enduring behaviors

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