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The central idea of toilet training a cat is breaking down the process into a series of small stages. This is an example of:

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Shaping

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Research suggests that once people learn something:

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it is always present in someones memory

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One-year-old baby Jesse could not walk two months ago, but now he can. What is this an example of?

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Maturation

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Bandura concluded that there were _____ elements of observational learning

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four

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Seligman connects learned helplessness to

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depression

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he determined that insight cannot be gained through trial-and-error learning alone insight learning through experiment with chimpanzees

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Köhler

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believed that cognition was an important part of behavior theory of learned helplessness

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Martin Seligman

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A police car is a ___________ for slowing down.

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discriminative stimulus

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Animals' tendency to revert to genetically controlled patterns is called

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instinctive drift

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In operant conditioning, responses are _______, whereas in classical conditioning, responses are _______.

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voluntary; involuntary

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A recent study suggests a link between spanking and

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aggression in children

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This scientist conducted research to establish the explanation for classical conditioning known as the cognitive perspective.

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Robert Rescorla

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When Pavlov stopped giving the dogs food after the real CS, they stopped salivating to the sound of the ticking. This is called:

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extinction

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is the classical conditioning of a reflex response or emotion by watching the reaction of another person

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Vicarious conditioning

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Without the _____, higher-order conditioning would be difficult to maintain and would gradually fade away.

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unconditioned stimulus

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occurs when an organism learns to respond to different stimuli in different ways.

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stimulus discrimination

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Responses in classical conditioning are

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elicited

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Blinking because of a bright light is an example of an

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unconditioned response

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Delayed and trace are types of

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CS-UCS interval trials

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CS-UCS pairing is called

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acquisition

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this is an operant training technique

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shaping

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Providing a reward for approximately 6 correct responses would be depicted as

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VR6

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negative reinforcement is _____ and positive reinforcement is ________

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pleasent

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Because the kids wouldn't stop talking the teacher took away recess, the teacher was employing

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negative punishment

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Which CS-UCS interval trail was Pavlov's experiment with the dogs

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Trace

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this is the most effective CS-UCS interval trail it takes the longest to reach extinction

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Delayed

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Following a response with the removal of something unpleasant is called

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negative reinforcement

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Voluntary behavior, to Skinner, was ______ behavior.

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operant

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Pavlov believed that the CS, due to its association close in time with the UCS, came to activate the same place in the brain originally activated by the UCS. What is this process called?

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stimulus substitution

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occurs when an organism learns to respond to different stimuli in different ways

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stimulus discrimination

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this is the classical conditioning of a reflex response or emotion by watching the reaction of another person.

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Vicarious conditioning

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An unlearned, involuntary response, such as salivating when presented with food, is:

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a reflex

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In his later studies, Bandura added the condition of _____ into his studies of children and the Bobo doll.

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reward

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According to Bandura, to learn anything through observation, the learner must first:

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pay attention

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The four elements of observational learning are

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Attention Memory (retention) Imitation (production process) Desire (motivation) (AMID)

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Tolman and Köhler were:

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Gestalt psychologists

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pioneered the empirical study of the basic principles of classical conditioning

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Ivan Pavlov

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A response that receives _________ reinforcement is more resistant to extinction than a response that receives _______ reinforcement

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partial; continuous

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Ama slows down her car after seeing a police officer on the side of the road. What is this an example of?

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learning

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a relatively permanent change in behavior brought about by experience or practice

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Learning

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Learning to elicit an involuntary response to a stimulus other than the original natural stimulus that normally causes the response

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classical conditioning

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a naturally occurring stimulus that leads to an involuntary response

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unconditioned stimulus (UCS)

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an involuntary response to a naturally occurring or unconditioned stimulus

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unconditioned response (UCR)

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stimulus that has no effect on the desired outcome/response

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neutral stimulus

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stimulus that becomes able to produce a learned response by being paired with the original unconditioned stimulus

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conditioned stimulus

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"unconditioned"

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unlearned

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"conditioned"

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learned

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learned response to a conditioned stimulus (CS)

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conditioned response (CR)

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the disappearance/weakening of a learned response following the removal or absence of the UCS

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extinction

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the reappearance of a learned response after extinction has occurred

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spontaneous recovery

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occurs when a strong CS is paired with a NS to become a 2nd conditioned stimulus

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higher order conditioning

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emotional response that has become classically conditioned to occur to a learned stimuli EX: fear of dogs

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Conditioned emotional response (CER)

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The learning of voluntary behavior through the effects of pleasant and unpleasant consequences to responses Automatic learning without processing Thorndike and Skinner

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operant conditioning

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if an action is followed by a pleasurable consequence it will be repeated, and if followed by an unpleasant consequence it will not tend to be repeated Thorndike

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law of effect

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any behavior that is voluntary Skinner

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operant

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a response by the addition or experience of an unpleasant stimulus

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punishment by application

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removal of a pleasurable stimulus EX: timeout, grounding

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punishment by removal

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a certain # of responses are required before reinforcement is given EX: in a video game where you need a certain amount of coins to advance

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fixed ratio schedule

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reinforcement follows the first correct response made after an interval of time that changes for each reinforcement opportunity EX: when checking your email there is a variation in how many emails you will receive at any given time

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variable interval schedule

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reinforcement that at least one correct response must be made within a set interval of time to obtain reinforcement EX: being payed weekly at a fixed interval

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fixed interval schedule

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a varying # of responses are required before reinforcement is given will take the longest to reach extinction EX: putting money into a slot machine (chance)

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variable ratio schedule

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anything that increases the likelihood of the occurrence of a correct response or behavior

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reinforcement

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anything that decreases the likelihood of the occurrence of an incorrect behavior or response

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punishment

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the reinforcement of a response by the addition or experience of a pleasurable stimulus

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positive reinforcement

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the reinforcement of each and every correct response EX: soda machine will always give you soda when you put money in it

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continuous reinforcement

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the tendency for a response that is reinforced after some, but not all, correct responses very resistant to extinction

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partial reinforcement

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small steps in behavior, one after the other, that lead to a particular goal in behavior shaping by Skinner

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successive approximations

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learning that remains hidden until its application becomes useful

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latent learning

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demonstrated that phobia could be learned through classical conditioning by exposing a baby to a white rat and a loud noice, producing conditioned fear of the rat in the baby

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Watson

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occur when an organism becomes nauseated some time after eating a certain food, which then becomes aversive to the organism

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Conditioned taste aversions

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shaping extinction generalization discrimination spontaneous recovery All concepts in...

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operant conditioning

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Modeling of behavior of someone elses behavior Bandura's concept

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Observational learning

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observational learning introduces a _______

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cognitive component

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Caitlin works in the psychology department's rat lab. In her studies, she found that many of her lab rats would develop a conditioned taste aversion to certain foods after as little as one trial. Caitlin's psychology professor refers to this as a classic example of:

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biological preparedness

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Blake finds that if he cleans his car the more his friends will want to ride with him. What theory would best describe why Blake is more willing to clean his car before going out?

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Thorndike's law of effect

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In classical conditioning, behavior is mostly________, whereas with operant conditioning behavior is typically______________

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involuntary; voluntary

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Positive reinforcement results in an ____________ in the target behavior and negative reinforcement results in an __________ in the target behavior

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increase; increase

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Jose was lying in bed when he suddenly realized how he might deal with a fast approaching deadline at work. When his coworkers asked how he came up with the idea he said "it just came to me out of nowhere" psychologists would call this:

answer

insight learning

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