question

A procedure in which antecedents are manipulated to influence the target behavior. May involve manipulating a discriminative stimulus or cues, establishing operations or response effort for the target behavior or alternative behavior.

answer

antecedent control procedure

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Interventions (extinction, differential reinforcement, and antecedent control) that decrease problem behaviors without the use of punishment by modifying the antecedents and consequences that control the behaviors.

answer

functional, nonaversive interventions

question

Extinction, differential reinforcement, and antecedent control are three _____ interventions for problem behaviors.

answer

functional, nonaversive

question

What are three antecedent control procedures you could use to increase the likelihood of a desired response?

answer

1. present the SD or cues 2. present an establishing operation 3. decrease response effort

question

What are three antecedent control procedures you could use to decrease the likelihood of an undesirable behavior?

answer

1. remove the SD or cues 2. remove an establishing operation 3. increase response effort

question

_____ response effort for a behavior will make the behavior more likely, and _____ the response effort for a behavior will make the behavior less likely.

answer

decreasing, increasing

question

If a person engages in a problem behavior for attention, how could you eliminate the establishing operation for the behavior?

answer

providing attention noncontingently

question

Match the procedure to the description. -Remove the SD cues -Eliminate an establishing operation -Decrease response effort -Present the SD or cues -Increase response effort -Arrange an establishing operation _____ To eat less at supper, drink a lot of water before supper so you are not as hungry.

answer

eliminate an establishing operation

question

Match the procedure to the description. -Remove the SD cues -Eliminate an establishing operation -Decrease response effort -Present the SD or cues -Increase response effort -Arrange an establishing operation _____ To eat more vegetables, buy a dip for the vegetables that tastes great.

answer

Arrange an establishing operation

question

Match the procedure to the description. -Remove the SD cues -Eliminate an establishing operation -Decrease response effort -Present the SD or cues -Increase response effort -Arrange an establishing operation _____ To get yourself to floss regularly, leave the floss out on the bathroom counter where you can see it.

answer

decrease response effort OR present the SD or cues

question

Match the procedure to the description. -Remove the SD cues -Eliminate an establishing operation -Decrease response effort -Present the SD or cues -Increase response effort -Arrange an establishing operation _____ To recycle waste paper, put the recycle box on your desk instead of across the room.

answer

decrease response effort OR present the SD or cues

question

Match the procedure to the description. -Remove the SD cues -Eliminate an establishing operation -Decrease response effort -Present the SD or cues -Increase response effort -Arrange an establishing operation _____ To eat less candy, take the candy off the kitchen table and put the candy away in the cupboard where you won't see it

answer

remove the SD cues OR increase response effort

question

A type of nonexclusionary time-out in which, contingent on the occurrence of the problem behavior, the person is removed from a reinforcing activity for a brief time and required to sit and observe other people as they continue to engage in the activity.

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contingent observation

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A time-out procedure in which the person is briefly removed from the reinforcing environment--typically to another room-- contingent on the occurrence of a problem behavior.

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exclusionary time-out

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A type of time-out procedure in which, contingent on the problem behavior, the person is removed from all sources of reinforcement but is not removed from the room where the problem behavior occurred.

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nonexclusionary time-out

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A negative punishment procedure in which, contingent on a behavior, a specified amount of a reinforcer is removed.

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response cost

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The loss of access to positive reinforcers for a brief period contingent on the problem behavior.

answer

time-out

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A type of negative punishment in which, contingent on the occurrence of the problem behavior, the person loses access to positive reinforcers for a brief period. Typically, the person is removed from the reinforcing environment in this procedure.

answer

time-out from positive reinforcement

question

Time-out and response cost are examples of which type of punishment?

answer

negative

question

Punishment procedures are typically used in behavior modification only after what procedures have been used first?

answer

functional, nonaversive

question

If punishment is used in behavior modification, _____ (positive/negative) punishment is more likely to be used.

answer

negative

question

When Betty hit another child in the kindergarten classroom, she had to sit in a chair off to the side of the classroom for 2 minutes. As a result, she was less likely to hit other children. What type of time-out ill illustrated in this example?

answer

nonexcluisionary

question

When Betty hit another child in the kindergarten classroom, she had to sit in a chair in the hallway for 2 minutes. As a result she was less likely to hit other children. What type of time-out is illustrated in this example?

answer

exclusionary

question

What should you do if the child in time-out is engaging in problem behavior at the end of the time-out period?

answer

extend the time-out period until the child is calm for a brief period of time

question

_____ is defined as the removal of a specified amount of a reinforcer contingent on the occurrence of the problem behavior.

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response cost

question

A(n) _____ procedure should always be used in conjunction with response cost.

answer

reinforcement

question

In a(n) _____ procedure, the reinforcer for the problem behavior is withheld after the behavior, and in a (n) _____ procedure, a reinforcer the person already possesses is removed after the behavior.

answer

extinction, response cost

question

In response cost, if you cannot remove the reinforcer immediately after the problem behavior, what should you do immediately after the problem behavior occurs?

answer

tell the person about the loss of the reinforcer or provide a symbolic representation of the loss of the reinforcer

question

A positive punishment procedure in which, contingent on the undesirable behavior, the client is required to engage in an aversive activity (a low-probability behavior) to decrease the future probability of the undesirable behavior.

answer

application of aversive activities

question

...A positive punishment procedure in which an aversive stimulus is delivered contingent on the occurrence of the undesirable behavior to decrease future probability of the undesirable behavior.

answer

application of aversive stimulation

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A positive punishment procedure involving the application of aversive activities. Contingent on the problem behavior, the person is required to engage in some form of physical exercise.

answer

contingent exercise

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A positive punishment procedure used with a person who displays noncompliant behavior. When you make a request and the person refuses to comply, you physically prompt the person to engage in the behavior. the physical prompt is removed as the person complies with the request on his or her own. Guided compliance prevents escape from the requested behavior, and thus also serves as an extinction procedure when the noncompliant behavior is negatively reinforced by escape from the requested activity.

answer

guided compliance

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The process in which the client is informed of the behavior modification procedure to be used and agrees in writing to undergo the procedure. Necessary for the use of positive punishment procedures.

answer

informed consent

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A positive punishment procedure in which, contingent on the problem behavior, a person is required to engage in effortful activity for a brief period. Positive practice and restitution are two type of this procedure.

answer

overcorrection

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A type of positive punishment procedure in which, contingent on the occurrence of the problem behavior, the change agent holds immobile the part of the client's body that is involved in the problem behavior so the the client cannot continue to engage in the behavior.

answer

physical restraint

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A type of overcorrection procedure i which, contingent on the problem behavior, the client is required to engage in correct forms of the relevant behavior until the behavior has been repeated a number of times.

answer

positive practice

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A procedure in which the change agent physically blocks a problem behavior so that the client cannot complete the response. It is often used in conjunction with brief restraint.

answer

response blocking

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A type of overcorrection procedure in which, contingent on the occurrence of the problem behavior, the client is required to correct the environmental effect of the problem behavior and to bring the environmental condition better than that which existed before the problem behavior.

answer

restitution

question

Positive punishment involves the application of _____ or the application of _____.

answer

aversive activities, aversive stimulation

question

Restitution and positive practice are two types of ____ procedures.

answer

overcorrection

question

In the _____ procedure, the individual has to engage in physical exercise that is unrelated to the problem behavior each time the problem behavior occurs.

answer

contingent exercise

question

Guided compliance serves two functions: _____ for the problem behavior because physical guidance is applied and _____ for compliance because physical guidance is withdrawn.

answer

positive punishment, negative reinforcement

question

In the physical restraint procedure, what does the change agent do each time the problem behavior occurs?

answer

hold the body part involved in the problem immobile for a brief period of time

question

What are two examples of aversive stimuli that have been used in punishment by the application of aversive stimulation?

answer

shock, lemon juice squirted in the mouth, aromatic ammonia, spray mist facial screening, noise and reprimands

question

Positive punishment involves the ______ of an aversive stimulus after a behavior to be decreased, and negative reinforcement involves the _____ of an aversive stimulus after the behavior to be increased.

answer

application, removal

question

Match the following procedure to the description: -restitution -positive practice -contingent exercise -guided compliance -physical restraint -response blocking _____ When a teenager curses at home, he parents make him wash windows for 10 minutes.

answer

contingent exercise

question

Match the following procedure to the description: -restitution -positive practice -contingent exercise -guided compliance -physical restraint -response blocking _____ Sally screams and cries when her parent asks her to put down her toy and come to the kitchen for supper. In response, her parent takes her hand and physically prompts her to put down the toy and then leads her by the hand to the kitchen.

answer

guided compliance

question

Match the following procedure to the description: -restitution -positive practice -contingent exercise -guided compliance -physical restraint -response blocking _____ When sally tries to hit her sister, her dad puts his hand in front of Sally's had to prevent her from hitting.

answer

response blocking

question

A response that results in the same reinforcing outcome as an alternative response. The response serves the same function as the alternative response.

answer

functionally equivalent response

question

A strategy for promoting generalization that involves the use of multiple training examples (stimulus exemplars) that sample the range of stimulus situations and response variations.

answer

general case programming

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A process in which the behavior occurs in the presence of antecedent stimuli that are similar in some way to the discriminative stimulus present when the behavior was reinforced. This is also defined as the occurrence of a target behavior in a nontraining situation after training.

answer

generalization

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The reinforcement contingency for the behavior of a particular person in the normal course of the person's life.

answer

natural contingencies of reinforcement

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A behavior that makes it more likely that one will perform the target behavior at the right time.A self-instruction that is used to cue the appropriate behavior at the appropriate time ins an example.

answer

self-generated mediator of generalization

question

Stimuli that represent the range of relevant stimulus situations in which the response is to occur after training. One strategy for prompting generalization is to train sufficient stimulus exemplars.

answer

stimulus exemplars

question

In behavior modification, _____ is defined as the occurrence of the behavior in the presence of all relevant stimuli outside of training.

answer

generalization

question

One way to promote generalization is to _____ the behavior when generalization occurs.

answer

reinforce

question

In the technique of incorporating common stimuli, stimuli fro the _____ environment are incorporated into the training situation to promote generalization.

answer

natural or target

question

General case programming is defined as using multiple training examples that sample the range of _____ and ______.

answer

relevant stimulus situations, relevant responses

question

What generalization strategy is being used when a trainer teaches the learner a number of different ways to make a correct response?

answer

teaching a range of functionally equivalent responses

question

Match the strategy to the example. -reinforce instances of generalization -train skills that contact natural contingencies of reinforcement -modify natural contingencies of reinforcement and punishment -incorporate a wide range of relevant stimulus situations in training. -incorporate common stimuli -teach a range of functionally equivalent responses -incorporate self-generated mediators of generalization _____ In an attempt to get parents to use the parenting skills they learned in parent training class, the instructor asks the one parent to praise the other when he or she uses the parenting skills correctly at home

answer

modify natural contingencies of reinforcement and punishment

question

Match the strategy to the example. -reinforce instances of generalization -train skills that contact natural contingencies of reinforcement -modify natural contingencies of reinforcement and punishment -incorporate a wide range of relevant stimulus situations in training. -incorporate common stimuli -teach a range of functionally equivalent responses -incorporate self-generated mediators of generalization _____ In an attempt to get parents to use the parenting skills they learned in parent training class, the instructor teaches the parent a simple self-instruction to use at home to prompt the correct use of the parenting skills.

answer

incorporate self-generated mediators of generalization

question

Match the strategy to the example. -reinforce instances of generalization -train skills that contact natural contingencies of reinforcement -modify natural contingencies of reinforcement and punishment -incorporate a wide range of relevant stimulus situations in training. -incorporate common stimuli -teach a range of functionally equivalent responses -incorporate self-generated mediators of generalization _____ In an attempt to get parents to use the parenting skills they learned in parent training class, the instructor visits the parents' homes and praises them when they use the skills correctly

answer

reinforce instances of generalization

question

Match the strategy to the example. -reinforce instances of generalization -train skills that contact natural contingencies of reinforcement -modify natural contingencies of reinforcement and punishment -incorporate a wide range of relevant stimulus situations in training. -incorporate common stimuli -teach a range of functionally equivalent responses -incorporate self-generated mediators of generalization _____ In an attempt to get parents to use the parenting skills they learned in parent training class, the instructor teaches the parents skills to which their children will naturally respond favorably.

answer

train skills that contact natural contingencies of reinforcement

question

Match the strategy to the example. -reinforce instances of generalization -train skills that contact natural contingencies of reinforcement -modify natural contingencies of reinforcement and punishment -incorporate a wide range of relevant stimulus situations in training. -incorporate common stimuli -teach a range of functionally equivalent responses -incorporate self-generated mediators of generalization _____ In an attempt to get parents to use the parenting skills they learned in parent training class, the instructor has the parents bring their children to the session and practice the skills with their children in the session.

answer

incorporate common stimuli

question

A written document that specifies a particular target behavior for a client and the consequences that will be contingent on the occurrence or nonoccurrence of the behavior in a stated period of time.

answer

behavioral contract

question

The target behavior that is influenced in a self-management project.

answer

controlled behavior

question

The use of self-management strategies in which the antecedents and consequences of a target behavior and/or alternative behaviors are modified.

answer

controlling behavior

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A self management strategy in which the person decides on and writes down the desired level of the target behavior he or she hopes to achieve as a result of self-management procedures.

answer

goal-setting

question

Self-statements that make it more likely that a target behavior will occur in a specific situation.

answer

self-instruction

question

Behavior modification procedures used by a person to change his or her own behavior. In this type of situation, the person engages in a behavior that alters an antecedent or consequence of the target behavior or alternative behavior.

answer

self-management

question

Making positive statements to yourself or providing positive evaluations of your own behavior after engaging in an appropriate behavior.

answer

self-praise

question

Occurs when a person arranges a reinforcer for a target behavior in a self management project, but then takes the reinforcer without first engaging in the target behavior. May also occur when a person arranges a punisher for a target behavior but does not implement the punisher after engaging in the target behavior.

answer

short-circuiting the contingency

question

A component of the habit reversal procedure in which a significant other praises the client for correct use of the competing response and prompts the client to use the competing response when the habit behavior occurs. In general, it occurs when significant others are involved in implementing contingencies in the natural environment to help a persona reach a self-management tool.

answer

social support

question

_____ is the process of using behavior modification to change your own behavior.

answer

self-management

question

A person may use self-management procedures to ______ a behavioral deficit or ______ a behavioral excess.

answer

increase, decrease

question

A behavioral excess typically occurs because it is immediately _____, whereas a behavioral deficit typically does not occur immediately because it is not immediately _____.

answer

reinforced, reinforced

question

If you want to increase the likelihood of a target behavior, you could _____ an SD or establishing operation for the behavior or _____ response effort for the behavior.

answer

present or arrange, decrease

question

_____ is said to occur when you fail to implement the contingencies that you have written into your behavioral contract.

answer

short-circuiting the contingencies

question

If you arrange a contingency to increase the amount of homework you do, and you have to do 2 hours of homework or you will lose $10, doing homework is _____ by avoiding the loss of money.

answer

negatively reinforced

question

If you arrange a contingency in which you lose $10 every time you smoke a cigarette in order to stop smoking, smoking is ______ by the loss of the money.

answer

punished

question

If you want to ______ a target behavior, you can provide reinforcers for the behavior or eliminate punishers for the behavior.

answer

increase

question

If you want to _____ a target behavior, you can provide punishers for the behavior or eliminate reinforcers for the behavior.

answer

decrease

question

What is likely to happen to the target behavior once you start self-monitoring the behavior?

answer

it is likely to change the desired direction

question

A component of the habit reversal procedure in which the person is taught to identify each instance of a particular habit behavior as it occurs.

answer

awareness training

question

An alternative behavior that occurs in place of another target behavior. Typically, the competing response is physically incompatible with the target behavior, so its occurrence competes with the occurrence of the target behavior.

answer

competing response

question

A component of the habit reversal procedure in which the client is taught to engage in a competing response contingent on the occurrence of the habit behavior on contingent on the urge to engage in the habit behavior.

answer

competing response training

question

A type of relaxation exercise in which one engages in slow, rhythmic breathing, using the diaphragm muscle to pull air deep into the lungs.

answer

diaphragmatic breathing

question

A repetitive behavior that is distressing to the person. Habit disorders include nervous habits, motor, and vocal tics, and stuttering.

answer

habit behavior

question

...A repetitive behavior that is distressing to the person. Habit disorders include nervous habits, motor and vocal tics, and stuttering.

answer

habit disorder

question

A procedure for treating its component procedures including awareness training, competing response training, social support, generalization strategies, and motivational strategies. Research has show that awareness training and competing response training are the most crucial components for treatment effectiveness.

answer

habit reversal

question

Part of the habit reversal procedure used to increase the likelihood that the client will use the competing response outside the treatment session to control the habit.

answer

motivation strategy

question

Repetitive, jerking movements of a particular treatment sessions to control the habit.

answer

motor tics

question

Repetitive, manipulative behaviors that are most likely to occur when a person experience heightened tension. Nervous habits do not typically serve any social function for the individual.

answer

nervous habit

question

The competing response that is used in the habit reversal treatment for stuttering.

answer

regulated breathing

question

A component of the habit reversal procedure in which a significant other praises the client for correct use of the competing response and prompts the client to use the competing response when the habit behavior occurs. In general, social support occurs when significant others are involved in implementing contingencies in the natural environment to help a person reach a self management goal.

answer

social support

question

A speech disfluency in which the individual repeats words or syllables, prolongs word sound and/or blocks on a word (makes no sound for a period of time when trying to say a word).

answer

stuttering

question

A tic disorder involving multiple motor and vocal tics that have occurred for at least one year.

answer

Tourette's disorder

question

A repetative vocal sound or word uttered by an individual that does not sureve any communicative function.

answer

vocal tic

question

Nervous habits, tics, and stuttering are three types of _____.

answer

habit behaviors

question

Provide an example of a vocal tic.

answer

throat clearing, coughing or other noises or words

question

What behaviors are involved in stuttering?

answer

word or syllable repetition, prolonging word sounds, or blocking when attempting to speak

question

In the habit reversal procedure, _____ is the treatment component in which the person learns to identify each occurrence of the habit behavior.

answer

awareness training

question

In the habit reversal procedure, _____ is the treatment component in which the person learns to engage in an incompatible behavior contingent on the occurrence of the habit.

answer

competing respo0nse training

question

In the habit reversal procedure, _____ is the treatment component in which significant others help the client use the competing response outside of the therapy session through reminders and reinforcement.

answer

social support

question

In habit reversal, what does the therapist do as a motivational strategy to increase the likelihood that the client will use the competing response outside the treatment session?

answer

review the inconveniences or embarrassment caused by the habit behavior

question

The use of the competing response in habit reversal serves two possible functions. One is to inhibit the habit and provide an alternative behavior to replace it. Alternatively, the competing response may serve as a(n) _____ for the habit behavior.

answer

punisher

question

Identify two procedures other than habit reversal that may be effective for treating habit disorders.

answer

DRO, response cost, contingent noise, response interruption, brief restraint

question

How might you use response prevention to treat hair-pulling exhibited by a young child while she is in bed at night?

answer

have her wear something on her hands such as mittens

question

Reinforcers used in a token economy. A client receives tokens for a desirable behaviors and exchanges a specified number of tokens for any variety of backup reinforcers.

answer

backup reinforcer

question

A conditioned reinforcer used in a token economy. The token is something that can be given to another person and accumulated by that person. The token is a conditioned reinforcer because it is given to the person after a desirable behavior and is exchanged for established reinforcers...called backup reinforcers.

answer

token

question

A reinforcement system in which conditioned reinforcers called tokens are delivered to people for desirable behaviors; the tokens are later exchanged for backup reinforcers

answer

token economy

question

A(n) _____ is something tangible that can be delivered after each instance of the desired behavior

answer

token

question

Clients use their tokens to pay for ______ in a token economy.

answer

back-up reinforcers

question

Identify three different items that could be used as tokens in a token economy.

answer

pokerr chips, coins, stamps, stickers, check marks, hole punches, etc.

question

In a(n) _____, a client earns tokens for desirable behaviors and later exchanges the tokens for backup reinforcers.

answer

token economy

question

How can you increase the reinforcing value of the backup reinforcers in a token economy?

answer

don't allow access to the reinforcers except when purchased with tokens

question

When a response cost procedure is used in a token economy, what happens when a undesirable behavior occurs?

answer

a specified number of tokens is taken away

question

Johnny is in a special education classroom. Whenever he answers questions correctly in class, his teacher puts a poker chip into a coffee can he keeps with him. He accumulates poker chips, and at the end of the school day, he uses his poker chips to buy items such as candy, small toys, stickers or time in preferred activities. In this example, what is the token?

answer

the poker chip

question

Johnny is in a special education classroom. Whenever he answers questions correctly in class, his teacher puts a poker chip into a coffee can he keeps with him. He accumulates poker chips, and at the end of the school day, he uses his poker chips to buy items such as candy, small toys, stickers or time in preferred activities. In this example, what are the backup reinforcers?

answer

candy, toys, stickers, preferred activities

question

Johnny is in a special education classroom. Whenever he answers questions correctly in class, his teacher puts a poker chip into a coffee can he keeps with him. He accumulates poker chips, and at the end of the school day, he uses his poker chips to buy items such as candy, small toys, stickers or time in preferred activities. In this example, what is the target behavior?

answer

answering questions correctly

question

Johnny is in a special education classroom. Whenever he answers questions correctly in class, his teacher puts a poker chip into a coffee can he keeps with him. He accumulates poker chips, and at the end of the school day, he uses his poker chips to buy items such as candy, small toys, stickers or time in preferred activities. In this example, What is the schedule of reinforcement illustrated?

answer

continuous reinforcement

question

A written document that specifies a particular target behavior for a client and the consequences that will be contingent on the occurrence or nonoccurence of the behavior in a stated period of time

answer

behavioral contract

question

A behavioral contract in which one person seeks to change a target behavior. The person arranges the contract with a contract manager, who implements the contingency.

answer

one-party contract

question

A two-party contract in which two people each seek behavior change. Both people specify their behavior to be changed and the consequence for their behavior. However, the contract behaviors and consequences for each party are independent of each other. Contrast the quid pro quo contract, in which the behavior of one party is the reinforcer for the behavior of the other party.

answer

parallel contract

question

A two-party contract in which two people each specify a behavior that they will change in return for the behavior change of the other person.

answer

quid pro quo contract

question

Behavior that is controlled by a verbal statement (a rule) about a contingency between the behavior and a consequence.

answer

rule-governed behavior

question

A type of behavioral contract in which two people both identify behaviors to change and the consequences for the behavior change.

answer

two-party contract

question

A behavioral contract identifies on or more target behaviors and the _____ for engaging in or not engaging in the target behavior(s).

answer

consequences

question

Identify two types of consequences you could implement in a behavioral contract to decrease a target behavior.

answer

1. positive punishment 2. negative punishment

question

In a on-party contract, who implements the contract contingency?

answer

the contract manager

question

A(n) _____ contract is a two-party contract in which the behavior change of one party serves as the reinforcer for the behavior change for the other party and vice versa.

answer

quid pro quo

question

A(n) _____ contract is a two-party contract in which both parties have separate contingencies for their target behaviors.

answer

parallel

question

What type of contract is illustrated in the following example? (one-party, quid pro quo or parallel) Martha agrees to mow the lawn each week; in return, Manny agrees to clean both bathrooms each week.

answer

quid pro quo

question

What type of contract is illustrated in the following example? (one-party, quid pro quo or parallel) Martha agrees to mow the lawn each week, and if she does, she gets to go bowling on Sunday. Many agrees to clean both bathrooms each week and if he does, he gets to go fishing on Sunday.

answer

parallel

question

What type of contract is illustrated in the following example? (one-party, quid pro quo or parallel) Maggie agrees to complete two practice tests each week while studying for the GRE, and if she does, she does not lose the $10 she gave the contract manager to hold.

answer

one-party

question

Match the following terms to the description of the contract contingency. -positive reinforcement -negative reinforcement -positive punishment -negative punishment _____ Sally agrees to lose 1 pound per week, and if she does, she avoids losing the $10 deposit she gave her weight-loss therapist.

answer

negative reinforcement

question

Match the following terms to the description of the contract contingency. -positive reinforcement -negative reinforcement -positive punishment -negative punishment _____ Sammy agrees to a contract in which she loses $10 each time she yells at her kids.

answer

negative punishment

question

A term used to describe respondent behavior involving the activation of the autonomic nervous system (including rapid heart rate, shallow rapid breathing, and increased muscle tension). Autonomic arousal is an establishing operation that increases the probability of operant behavior involving escape or avoidance responses. Typically, some event functions as a conditioned stimulus to elicit the autonomic arousal as a conditions=ed response. The operant behavior functions to escape from or avoid the CS.

answer

anxiety

question

A type of anxiety-reduction strategy in which one focuses attention on a pleasant or neutral stimulus to remove attention from the anxiety producing stimulus.

answer

attention-focusing exercises

question

A type of relaxation training in which one assumes a relaxed posture in all of the major muscle groups of the body to achieve relaxation.

answer

behavioral relaxation training

question

A form of in vivo desensitization in which the therapist provides reassuring physical contact, such as holding the client's hand or placing a hand on the clients back as the client progresses though the hierarchy.

answer

contact desensitization

question

A type of relaxation exercise in which one engages in slow, rhythmic breathing, using the diaphragm muscle to pull air deep into the lungs.

answer

diaphragmatic breathing

question

Occurs when a stimulus situation elicits autonomic system arousal and the individual engages in behavior to avoid or escape from the stimulus situation.

answer

fear

question

Used in systematic desensitization or in vivo desensitization procedures. In this technique, various fearful situations are listed in order from least to most fear-provoking. Each new situation in the hierarchy is only slightly more fear-provoking than the previous situation.

answer

fear hierarchy

question

A procedure for treating a fear or phobia. the client first learns relaxation. Next the client develops a fear hierarchy in which fear-producing situations are ordered from least to most fear-producing. Finally, the client makes actual contact with the fear-producing situation at each step in the hierarchy in turn while maintaining relaxation as a response that is incompatible with the fear response.

answer

in vivo desensitization

question

A fear in which the level anxiety of escape and avoidance behavior is severe enough to disrupt a person's life.

answer

phobia

question

A relaxation procedure in which the client learns to tense and relax each of the major muscle groups of the body By this means, the client decreases muscle tension and autonomic arousal in the body.

answer

progressive muscle relaxation (PMR)

question

A procedure for teaching a person the skills needed to decrease autonomic arousal (anxiety) by producing an incompatible state of relaxation. Progressive muscle relaxation, diaphragmatic breathing, attention-focused exercises and behavioral relaxation training are types of relaxation training procedures.

answer

relaxation training

question

A procedure used to treat a fear or phobia. the person first learns relaxation. Next, the person develops a hierarchy of fear=producing situations. Finally, the person uses the relaxation procedure as he or she imagines each situation in the hierarchy, starting with the least fear-producing situation and gradually working up to the most fear producing situation. this goal is to replace the fear response with the relaxation response as each situation is imagined.

answer

systemic desensitization

question

In a fear of public speaking, being in front of an audience elicits autonomic arousal. In this example, the conditioned stimulus is _____ and the conditioned response is _____.

answer

being in front of an audience, autonomic arousal

question

What bodily responses are involved in anxiety?

answer

increased heart rate and respiration, muscle tension, sweating, queasy stomach

question

Autonomic nervous system arousal involved in fear is a(n) _____.

answer

establishing operation

question

Escape and avoidance behavior in a feared situation is _____ (positively/negatively) reinforced.

answer

negatively

question

_____ procedures are strategies that people use to decrease the autonomic arousal they experience as a component of fear and anxiety problems.

answer

relaxation

question

What does the person do during the progressive muscle relation procedure to achieve relaxation?

answer

tense and relax each muscle group in the body

question

What does the person do during the behavioral relaxation procedure to achieve relaxation?

answer

assume relaxed postures

question

What three steps are involved in the use of systematic desensitization?

answer

1. learn relaxation 2. develop the fear hierarchy 3. progress through the hierarchy (relaxing at each step)

question

In which type of desensitization does the person have exposure to the actual feared stimulus?

answer

in vivo

question

What happens during flooding?

answer

the person is exposed to the full intensity of the feared stimulus

question

Covert verbal or imaginal behavior. Examples include thinking, talking to yourself, imagining specific behaviors or situations, and recalling events of the past. Cognitive behavior is influence by the same environmental variables that influence over behavior.

answer

cognitive behavior

question

Procedures used to help people change some aspect of their cognitive behavior. Includes procedures to help people eliminate undesirable cognitive behaviors (i.e., cognitive restructuring) and procedures to teach people more desirable cognitive behaviors (i.e., cognitive coping skills training)

answer

cognitive behavior modification

question

A cognitive behavior modification procedure in which the person learns specific self-statements for use tn a problem situation to improve his or her performance on influence his or her behavior. An example is self-instructional training

answer

cognitive coping skills training

question

A cognitive behavior modification procedure in which the client learns to identify thoughts that are distressing and then learns to eliminate those thoughts or to replace them with more desirable thoughts.

answer

cognitive restructuring

question

A type of cognitive restructuring, originally developed y Beck, in which the therapist teaches the client to identify and change his or her distorted thought or self-talk.

answer

cognitive therapy

question

A type of cognitive behavior modification procedure in which the client learns to make specific self-statements that increase the likelihood that a target behavior will occur in a specific situation.

answer

self-instructional training

question

A cognitive behavior may consist of _____ or _____ responses.

answer

verbal, imaginal

question

A cognitive behavior functions as a(n) _____ when it elicits an unpleasant conditioned response.

answer

conditioned stimulus

question

Cognitive _____ (restructuring/coping skills training) procedures are used in the case of a behavioral deficit, when a person does not have the cognitive behaviors that are needed to deal with a problem situation.

answer

coping skills training

question

Identify two possible antecedent functions of cognitive behavior.

answer

1.conditioned stimulus 2. discriminatory stimulus 3. establishing operation

question

Self-instructional training is a type of cognitive _____ (restructuring/coping skills training) procedure.

answer

coping skills training

question

The three steps involved in cognitive restructuring are: (1) to identify the distressing thoughts and situations, (2) identify emotional responses or behaviors that follow the thoughts, and (3) _____.

answer

helping the client stop thinking the distressing thoughts or start thinking more rational or desirable thoughts

question

All-or-nothing thinking, overgeneralization, and disqualifying the positive are examples of _____.

answer

cognitive distortions

question

Identify two of the three questions the therapist asks the client to challenge the client's distorted thinking during cognitive therapy.

answer

1. Where is the evidence? 2. Are there any alternative explanations? 3. What are the implications?

question

The goal of acceptance-based therapies is for clients to _____ their negative thoughts and feelings rather than to change them.

answer

accept

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