question

Microsystem level

answer

everyday environment; home,caregivers, teachers parents

question

Mesosystem level

answer

connection between various aspects of microsystem; connections across Microsystems; schools affect relationships w/family; friends influence academic success, family processes, +peer relationships

question

Exosystem

answer

broader influence; societal institutions; local gov't, the community, media; parent's work policies can have an influence on the ado

question

Macrosystem level

answer

larger cultural influences; society in general; religious +political value system; culture-ethnic group or nation

question

Chronosystem level

answer

sociohistorical circumstances; passage of time can affect ado dev; digital age + access to info, working mothers, divorced parents, step parents +modern families; even though parent-child relationships can vary considerably; researchers have found the relationships are both: 1) very important aspects of dev, 2) more positive than once thought

question

Bronfenbrenner's Bioecological Model

answer

multiple influences on the indiv; levels vary on how immediate their effects are; microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, macrosystem, chronosystem

question

unidirectional view of parent-child relationship

answer

I have influenced on my child and my child reacts to things I tell them to do

question

bidirectional view of parent-child relationship

answer

parent has influence on child and child on parent

question

reciprocal socialization

answer

process by which children +ados socialize parents; just as parents socialize ados

question

important findings about parent-parent relationship

answer

consistent findings: happily married parents are more sensitive, responsive, warm, +affectionate toward children +ados

question

parents as managers

answer

to help ados reach their full potential, parents must serve as effective managers by: finding info, making contacts, helping structure choices, providing guidance, regulate opportunities for the ado's social contacts w/ peers, friends, +adults Researchers have found that family management practices are positively related to: student grades, self-responsibility, +negatively correlated to school-related problems

question

Diana Baumrind

answer

researcher that created 4 parenting styles (authoritarian, authoritative, indulgent, neglectful)

question

Authoritarian parenting style

answer

highly demanding, controlling unresponsive, rejecting, cold restrictive, punitive style power orientation establish rules, strictly enforced

question

Ados w/ authoritarian parents are:

answer

withdrawn discontent distrustful of others tend to be followers

question

Authoritative parenting style

answer

highly demanding, controlling highly accepting, responsive, warm encourage independence place limits +controls on their actions establish +enforce rules

question

Ados w/ authoritative parents are:

answer

independent, socially responsive self-controlled, explorative self-reliant have an appropriate balance between control +autonomy verbal give +take the warmth makes ados more receptive to parental influences

question

Indulgent parenting style

answer

low demanding/controlling high accepting/responsive/warm parents highly involved place few demands or controls on their ados Regina's "cool mom"

question

Ados w/ indulgent parents are:

answer

impulsive lacking in self-reliance lack of self-control aggressive acting out

question

Neglectful parenting style

answer

low demanding (low control) unresponsive/rejecting parent is very uninvolved in ados life usually too concerned with self

question

Ados w/ neglectful parents are:

answer

poor self-control, don't handle independence well behavioral problems such as: drug use, sexual promiscuity, antisocial behavior internalizing problems: depression

question

Ethnic research: Authoritarian parenting style used more by:

answer

AA, Latino, and Asian pops

question

Order of most to least conflict in ados lives

answer

mother >friends >romantic partners >siblings >fathers >other adults >peers

question

Research show that about _____ to_____% of families, parents, +ados engage in prolonged, intense, repeated, unhealthy conflict

answer

20-25%

question

autonomy

answer

a complex concept that connotes self-direction +independence often interpreted as rebellion second period of independence (Erikson's 2nd stage is autonomy vs doubt+shame) push for autonomy has little to do with feelings toward parents

question

emotional autonomy

answer

relinquishing childlike dependence on parents de-idealized view of parents parents are people

question

gender differences in autonomy: independence

answer

more to ado boys than girls Latino girls are protected +monitored more closely than non-Latino white families

question

ethnic differences in autonomy

answer

appropriate timing for ado autonomy vary across cultures, parents,+ados U.S. ados seek autonomy earlier than Japanese Japanese less likely to live outside home in emerging adulthood

question

Emerging adults and autonomy

answer

many experience a major transition in autonomy when they leave home+go away to college some become homesick, while others enjoy immensely their new found freedom

question

Ado runaways

answer

estimated 1.6 million youth run away from home or are homeless each year(U.S.)

question

Reasons for ados running away

answer

parenting style thought processes cry for attention

question

Research on ado runaways

answer

many are from families that are abusive, beaten or sexually exploited, or neglected running away often a gradual process:begin to spend less time at home, more time on the streets or w/peer group Recent longitudinal study on more than 4,000 youth from 14-21 yrs found running away is linked to: lack of parental support, school disengagement, depressive symptoms, substance use in grade 9

question

attachment

answer

positive, enduring, emotional bond between 2 people

question

Ainsworth's "strange situation" attachment experiment

answer

scenario to assess infant's reaction+type of attachment

question

Secure attachment

answer

infants use the caregiver as base for which to explore env become upset when mother leaves them greeted warmly upon her return important concept in ados' (+emerging adults') relationships w/their parents research shows: positive peer relationships, positive regulation of emotion, young adults in secure romantic relationships describe their early relationship w/ their parents as securely attached

question

insecure-avoidant attachment

answer

shows little distress when mother leaves avoids contact when she returns usually not wariness of strangers ados+parents mutually distance themselves

question

insecure-avoidant/ resistant attachment

answer

appears anxious w/mother tends not to explore much very distressed when mother leaves displays anger when she returns resists her attempts at contact/while wanting contact conflict w/ parents can be too high for healthy dev

question

insecure-disorganized/disoriented attachment

answer

couldn't fit some into Ainsworth's classification system shows patterns of both other types initially thought to be troublesome babies from high risk families hasn't turned out to be true see this type develop from traumatic experiences-death of parent or abuse

question

Ados/emerging adults who are insecurely attached

answer

have difficulties in relationships and problems in later dev

question

Research findings on insecurely attached ados +emerging adults

answer

1)recent study of 15-20yr olds-insecure attachment to mothers linked to becoming +remaining depressed 2)ados who were securely attached at 14 were more likely to report at age 21 that they were in exclusive relationships +achieving increasing financial independence 3)ados who have attempted suicide were less securely attached to their mothers+fathers 4)avoidant attachment predicted suicidal behavior in ado

question

____% of American ados have 1+ siblings

answer

80%

question

positive dimensions to sibling relationships

answer

helping, sharing, teaching, playing, emotional support, +communication siblings can be more influential in socializing ados than parents In dealing w/ peers, coping w/ difficult teachers, +discussing taboo subjects (sex)

question

First borns

answer

found to be most intelligent, high achieving, +conscientious domineering older children feeling more resentful of attention +treatment given to younger children

question

second/later children

answer

later borns were the most rebellious, liberal, +agreeable found that birth order plays a role in siblings' relationships w/ eachother

question

only child

answer

actually not "spoiled brats" research actually presents a more positive portrayal of the only child high achieving, desirable personality

question

Divorced families:trends

answer

U.S. divorce rates-increased dramatically in the 60s+70s Declined since 1980s Increased from 1990-2008 For those over 35-divorce rate has doubled in the last 2 decades For younger couples- recent research show divorce rates are stable or declining Expected to decline in next several decades Estimated 40% of U.S. children born to married parents will experience their parents' divorce Most researchers agree that children of divorced parents show poorer attachment than their counterparts

question

Hetherington's research on divorce

answer

20% of emerging adults from divorced families were characterized by impulsive, irresponsible, antisocial behavior as well as depressed Despite emotional problems some experience, most commonly cope w/ parents' divorce Majority don't have significant problems adjusting Divorced parents' relationship is important Ados are better adjusted if there is a harmonious relationship between the divorced parents + the parents use authoritative parenting style

question

Divorces occur at ____% higher rate in remarriages than in first marriages

answer

10%, usually due to adjustment issues

question

boundary ambiguities

answer

uncertainties in stepfamilies about who is in or out of the family + who is performing or responsible for certain tasks in the family system

question

Research on step families

answer

1)children's relationship w/ custodial parent is often better than w/ stepparents 2)one issue for stepparents is how to handle issues of discipline:recommended biological parent discipline in the beginning 3)Early ado is an especially difficult time for the formation of a step family

question

More than ___of every ___U.S. mothers w/a child under the age of 5 is in the labor force

answer

1 of every 2 (50%)

question

___ of every___ mothers w/ children between 6-17 are employed

answer

2 of every 3

question

Research on working parents

answer

For ado dev, it's the nature of the work that matters Consistent finding is the children of working mothers engage in less gender stereotyping Have a more egalitarian view of gender, especially true of girls

question

Latchkey Adolescent

answer

They are called "latchkey" b/c hey carry a key to their home +let themselves into the home while the parents are still at work Don't see parents for a long time B/c they are w/o limits +parental supervision, often find their way into trouble more easily, possibly stealing, vandalizing,or abusing a sibling Vulnerable to problems, but great variations in their experiences

question

Competent +well-adjusted ados have parents who:

answer

1)show warmth +respect 2)demonstrate sustained interest in their ado's lives 3) communicate expectations for high standards of conduct +achievement 4)display authoritative, constructive ways of dealing w/ problems +conflict

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