Psych 280 Quiz 7 & 8

question

Which of the following behaviors would a researcher be least likely to do to increase response rates when employing telephone or mail surveys?

answer

ask a respondent to call the researcher back

question

A survey researcher would be most likely to use a(n) _____ question when the dimensions of the variables are well defined.

answer

closed-ended

question

George wants to know what teenagers believe is the most significant social problem facing today's youth. Which type of question would be the most useful?

answer

open-ended

question

When researchers conduct a survey questioning all members of a population they are employing a _____. However, if the researchers question a subgroup of the population they are employing a _____.

answer

census; sample

question

The city council wants to examine citizens' opinions about allowing dogs on the city's beaches. They construct a list of all the blocks in the city and randomly select 20% of the blocks to sample. They then survey all residents of the selected city blocks. This sampling strategy is an example of which of the following sampling techniques?

answer

cluster

question

Closed-ended questions

answer

all of these

question

"Do you think it is important to decrease the extreme amount of money wasted on holiday decorations?" is an example of a _____ question.

answer

loaded

question

In question construction, writing questions that are easily understood illustrates

answer

simplicity

question

Which is NOT a potential problem with surveys?

answer

all are potential problems

question

In order to eliminate the problem of a person always agreeing or disagreeing on all items in a questionnaire, a researcher would

answer

word half the questions in a positive way and half the questions in a negative way

question

What are the two major sources of bias when using questionnaires or interviews?

answer

response sets and interviewer bias

question

When interviewing Al, Bill nods his head and smiles whenever Al responds with an answer that he likes. Bill's behavior is an example of

answer

interviewer bias.

question

"Residents of the city should spend more money on parks and road improvements" is an example of a ________ question.

answer

double-barreled

question

A _____ is a listing of all the elements in the population.

answer

sampling frame

question

When constructing a survey, it is a good idea to ask the most interesting and important questions ______ in order to capture the respondent's attention.

answer

first

question

Sarah stands outside of a grocery store on the west side of town and surveys exiting shoppers about their preference for frozen desserts. What type of sampling technique does Sarah's survey represent?

answer

nonprobability

question

Using a 95% confidence interval, Elmo reports that 48% to 52% of the population favors Proposition D. The difference between the 48% and the 52% reflects the

answer

sampling error

question

Which of the following statements is not true of Internet surveys?

answer

only closed-ended questions can be presented to the respondents

question

If you are asked to choose "yes or no" for the question "Are you a full-time student?", you have been asked a(n) _____ question.

answer

closed-ended

question

"Are you in favor of programs designed to help lower the unreasonably high rent in the county?" is an example of a _____ question.

answer

loaded

question

A researcher wants to study math achievement in sixth graders. The researcher obtains a list of all elementary school districts in the state, randomly selects 5 percent of the districts, and administers achievement tests to all sixth graders in these districts. This sampling method is called ________ sampling.

answer

cluster

question

A _____ sample size will _____ the size of the confidence interval.

answer

large; reduce

question

Which method of choosing a sample of 10 people from a population of 100 is least likely to result in a random sample?

answer

ask for 10 volunteers

question

Nonprobability sampling is most acceptable when studying

answer

the relationship between two variables.

question

It is important to use ________ sampling when you wish to learn about particular characteristics of a population.

answer

probability

question

Which of the following is an advantage of conducting Internet surveys?

answer

all of these

question

Sampling techniques are particularly important in which type of study?

answer

survey research

question

"Do you think that the Wayne city council members should not be allowed to vote on increases in their pay?" is an example of a _____ question.

answer

negative-wording

question

Political analysts are interested in perceptions of the current Democratic-Party candidates in New York City. The number of registered Democrats and Republicans in New York is known. To form a sample of 1000, the analysts send out a team to sample Democrats and Republicans in proportion to the numbers registered. The team goes to major shopping malls and stops people as they enter, asking whether they are registered with one of the two parties. If so, the person is asked to fill out a questionnaire. The sampling technique used here would best be described as

answer

quota sampling

question

Jack has a difficult time answering the question "Are you in favor of increasing tuition in order to increase the number of classes and parking spaces offered?" because it is a _____ question.

answer

double-barreled

question

On a survey, Gerald answers questions using a consistent pattern of answers, first A, and then B, followed by C. This pattern of answering questions is an example of

answer

a response set

question

In order to study changes in answers to survey questions over time, a researcher could use a(n)

answer

panel study

question

A person who tries to present himself or herself in a positive way on a questionnaire is showing a ________ response set.

answer

social desirability

question

When respondents answer in agreement with all questions, this is referred to as _____. However, if respondents answer in disagreement to all questions this is referred to as _____.

answer

yea-saying; nay-saying

question

"Proposition Q is an increase in property tax to fund road improvement. Do you agree with this proposition?" This best illustrates which principle of question construction?

answer

simplicity

question

When Carl responds to the questions on a survey, he answers in a way that would reflect most favorably on him. Carl's behavior best illustrates

answer

social desirability

question

Which one of the following is a probability sampling technique?

answer

simple random sampling

question

Questionnaires, in contrast to interviews, are

answer

all of these

question

You read in the newspaper that Proposition Q is favored by 57% of those polled. The results of the survey are said to be accurate within 2 percentage points using the 95 percent confidence interval. You can assume that

answer

55 to 59 percent of the population favor Proposition Q

question

As people exit the voting booth, they are asked how they voted on the various propositions on the ballot in order to predict election outcomes. This sampling method is called _____ sampling.

answer

purposive

question

The survey method

answer

all of these

question

Using volunteers from an introductory psychology class, Emily is studying the effect of physical appearance on the likelihood of voting for a female candidate. Emily's approach best represents

answer

convenience sampling

question

James has constructed a 95% confidence interval and found the confidence limits to be 75 and 79. From this interval, James

answer

can be 95% confident that the interval 75 to 79 will contain the true population mean.

question

"Do you favor elected officials not be allowed to run for more than two consecutive terms in office?" is an example of which type of question?

answer

negative wording

question

Bob recently purchased a new car. He receives a questionnaire asking him to rate the quality of his new car compared with other cars that he has owned. This measure would represent what type of scale?

answer

comparative rating

question

Students are asked to evaluate the food sold in the university cafeteria on 7-point scales with bipolar adjectives such as poor-good, and inexpensive-expensive. These measures represent what type of scale?

answer

semantic differential

question

If you want to assess presidential candidate preferences of Maricopa-County registered voters classified by social class and age, you might randomly select voters from each subgroup according to their proportion in the entire county. This sampling technique is called ________ sampling.

answer

stratified random

question

The chair of the psychology department is interested in psychology majors' attitudes toward implementing an internship requirement for completion of the degree. She obtains a list of all students who are psychology majors, randomly selects 100, and surveys all of the selected students. What type of sampling technique has she employed?

answer

simple random sample

question

On a survey, Judd is asked to indicate his age, gender, and marital status. These items best represent which type of survey question?

answer

facts and demographics

question

The adequacy of your _____ will influence your ability to generalize your results.

answer

sampling frame

question

In general, the lower the response rate for a survey, the

answer

more likely biases exist to distort the findings

question

Your research methods instructor asks you to distribute a survey on cheating to a random sample of college students. To save time, you go to the cafeteria and distribute the surveys among the students who are there. This sampling method is called ________ sampling.

answer

haphazard

question

In survey research, when individuals tend to respond to all questions from a particular perspective rather than to the content of the question, they are displaying

answer

a response set

question

Probability sampling techniques are most important for

answer

generalization of results to a population.

question

_____ indicates the amount of deviation in results obtained from a sample compared to the true population value.

answer

sampling error

question

According to Jourard, the social desirability response set can be reduced by

answer

all of these

question

Which one of the following is a nonprobability sampling technique?

answer

quota sampling

question

Open-ended questions are more _____ than are closed-ended questions.

answer

all of these

question

With probability sampling techniques, each member of the population has a(n) ________ probability of being sampled.

answer

specifiable

question

With simple random sampling, each member of the population has a(n) ________ probability of being sampled.

answer

equal

question

A nonprobability sampling technique for choosing a sample that reflects the numerical composition of various subgroups in the population is called

answer

quota sampling

question

"Do you agree that male teenage drivers are more dangerous than female teenage drivers?" is an example of a _____ question.

answer

loaded

question

The sampling ________ is the actual set of people who might be included in the sample after the population is defined.

answer

frame

question

To test the hypothesis that younger people are more opposed to the use of nuclear energy than older people, the best method would be a(n)

answer

survey

question

A researcher wants to find out whether gross motor coordination is better in the morning or in the afternoon. To measure coordination, participants balance a book on their heads first in the morning and then in the afternoon. What is confounded with the independent variable?

answer

Practice is confounded with time of day.

question

A researcher wants to know if a new sports drink improves physical performance. Participants are first measured on the number of sit-ups they can complete in one minute. The participants are then given eight ounces of the new sports drink and the number of sit-ups completed in one minute is again measured. The researcher finds that the participants complete fewer sit-ups after consuming the new sports drink than they completed before consuming the new sports drink. This finding is likely the result of a(n) _____ effect.

answer

fatigue

question

A researcher wants to find out how much fins increase swimming speed. This hypothesis could be tested with a counterbalanced repeated-measures design by

answer

having half the swimmers first swim without fins and then with fins, and having the other half swim first with fins and then without fins.

question

Which of the following statements is least likely to be true of using Latin Squares?

answer

It results in complete counterbalancing.

question

In order to examine environmental factors that influence alcohol consumption, Henry asks participants to come to the laboratory and fill out a questionnaire before drinking any alcohol. Henry finds that over time, fewer and fewer participants show up to fill out the questionnaire. This lack of participant involvement is an example of a _____ problem.

answer

mortality

question

Mortality refers to the fact that participants sometimes

answer

drop out of an experiment.

question

One problem with the pretest-posttest design is that

answer

the pretest may sensitize participants to the true purpose of the experiment.

question

An experiment can be assumed to have internal validity if

answer

the experimenter employed random assignment and experimental control

question

A design that has two conditions with different participants in each condition is a(n) ______ design.

answer

independent-groups

question

Which of the following is likely to be the most important consideration for a repeated-measures design using alcohol or drugs?

answer

time interval between treatments

question

When a confounding variable is present in an experiment, one cannot tell whether the results were due to the

answer

independent variable or the confounding variable.

question

A Latin Square design is used when

answer

complete counterbalancing requires too many conditions.

question

If a greater percentage of heart surgeons than skin doctors are sued for malpractice, can it be concluded that heart surgeons are less competent than skin doctors?

answer

No, because being sued is confounded with the potential risk of the doctor's work.

question

A psychologist is interested in which of two sorting techniques leads to better memory performance in 6-year-olds. Each participant first sorts a set of pictures any way he or she would like. Recall is then tested. After this, each participant is required to sort an equivalent set of pictures into five predetermined categories. Recall for the items in this test is then tested. What procedure does this study represent?

answer

repeated measures

question

When individuals participate in only one condition it is a _____ design. When individuals participate in all conditions it is a _____ design.

answer

independent-groups; repeated-measures

question

Which of the following is true of using repeated-measure designs versus independent-group designs?

answer

The researcher has greater control over participant differences.

question

A researcher wants to find out whether campers prefer cotton or nylon sleeping bags. A troop of boy campers tried cotton and a troop of girl campers tried nylon sleeping bags. The sleeping bags were rated for softness and warmth. The confounding variable is

answer

gender of camper.

question

Which one of the following is NOT a type of order effect?

answer

reactive effect

question

Which of the following statements is least likely to be correct? A researcher might employ a pretest-posttest design when

answer

there is an extraneous variable.

question

To study the effect of type of stimulus on memory recall, Hayden presents participants with either an auditory or a visual presentation of a poem. After the presentation, participants are asked to answer several questions about the poem. Hayden has employed which type of experimental design?

answer

posttest only

question

Which one of the following accurately describes the advantage of using a pretest?

answer

all of these

question

In a Latin square design, each condition

answer

all of these

question

In testing the effect of noise on performance of a task, Ernie tests half of the participants in a cool, comfortable, quiet room, and the other half in a hot, noisy room. Ernie's failure to control for temperature of the room may result in a(n)

answer

confound

question

Gabriel measures participants on a variable of interest and rank orders them according to their scores. He then places them in pairs in which each member has approximately the same score as the other member in the pair. The members of each pair are then randomly assigned to the conditions in the experiment. Gabriel's method of participant assignment is an example of a(n) _____ design.

answer

matched-pairs

question

A researcher wants to know whether wearing certain brands of designer jeans enhances a woman's perceived physical attractiveness. He asks male participants to attend a campus "fashion show" sponsored by one of the sorority houses. Members of the sorority have volunteered to model various new fashion lines. The first model is wearing a pair of Brand A jeans. The second model is dressed in jeans by Brand B, whereas the third model wears Brand C jeans. After each model leaves the stage, the participants rate her attractiveness on a 10-point scale. What type of design is this?

answer

repeated measures

question

An investigator wanted to determine whether packaging information affects the way teenagers rate the effectiveness of soap. The same soap was put in three packages: (a) a pink wrapper that says "For Keeping Your Skin Baby Soft," (b) a red wrapper that says "For Eliminating Acne," and (c) a white wrapper that says nothing. Each teenager was asked to rub his or her face with dirt and wash with soap A; the same procedure was followed for soaps B and then C. The time it took to get the face clean was recorded each time. What is most likely the intended independent variable?

answer

packaging information

question

A researcher wants to know whether wearing sunglasses improves driving performance. If an independent-groups design is used, the researcher would manipulate the variable by

answer

randomly assigning half the drivers to a sunglasses condition and half to a no-sunglasses condition.

question

To make sure that participants in all conditions of an experiment are equivalent, the researcher may

answer

all of these

question

A matched-pairs design is used when

answer

a researcher wants to ensure that independent groups are equivalent on some participant characteristic.

question

McKenna designs a study in which she has two control and two experimental groups. In her design, one control group receives a pretest whereas the other does not, and one experimental group receives a pretest whereas the other does not. McKenna's design is an example of a _____ design.

answer

Solomon four-group design

question

At the end of a three-year study, Susan finds that 12 percent of her participants did not take part in the final survey because they moved away. In research terms, Susan is experiencing a _____ problem.

answer

mortality

question

Internal validity means that

answer

the results are valid within the confines of the experimental situation.

question

Which one of the following accurately describes a disadvantage of using a pretest-posttest design?

answer

A pretest can sensitize the participants to the manipulation.

question

A confounding variable is devastating to an experimental design because it

answer

allows for possible alternative explanations for the results

question

A design that has two conditions with the same participants in each condition is a(n) ________ design.

answer

repeated-measures

question

A researcher wants to know whether wearing sunglasses improves driving performance. In a counterbalanced repeated-measures design, presence or absence of sunglasses would be varied by

answer

having half the drivers first drive without sunglasses and then with sunglasses and having the other half first drive with sunglasses and then without sunglasses.

question

Which one of the following accurately describes an advantage of using a pretest-posttest design over using a posttest-only design? With a pretest-posttest design, one can

answer

demonstrate the equivalence of the groups.

question

Improvement of performance as a result of repeated exposure to a task is referred to as a _____ effect. However, deterioration of performance as a result of repeated exposure to a task is referred to as a _____ effect.

answer

practice; fatigue

question

To help reduce order effects, a researcher should

answer

all of these

question

A developmental psychologist measures aggressive behavior in a group of second-grade children before and after they view an aggressive cartoon. This design would best represent a(n) _______ design.

answer

repeated-measures

question

In a Solomon four-group design, if there is no effect of the pretest,

answer

The two control groups will not differ from each other on the posttest scores and the two experimental groups will not differ from each other on the posttest scores.

question

Participants in a concept learning study solve several anagram puzzles over the course of 30 minutes. Even though the puzzles are known to be of equal difficulty, participants solve the puzzles in less and less time as the 30-minute period progressed. This is likely the result of a(n) _____ effect.

answer

practice

question

When a confound is discovered in an experiment

answer

internal validity is challenged.

question

A technique that controls statistically for the correlation between a participant variable and the dependent variable in the experiment is

answer

analysis of covariance

question

Random assignment of half of the participants to group one and the other half to group two is an example of

answer

simple random assignment.

question

Failure of the experimenter to control some extraneous variable may result in a(n)

answer

confound.

question

Under which of the following circumstances is a matched-pairs design likely to be used?

answer

all of these

question

A researcher is interested in factors that influence perceptions of others. She presents participants with photographs of female super models and asks them to rate the attractiveness of each woman. She then presents participants with photographs of women of average attractiveness and again asks participants to rate the attractiveness of each woman. Surprisingly, she finds that participants rate the women of average attractiveness much lower than she expected. What effect may be responsible for the lower ratings?

answer

contrast

question

In a _____ design, half of the participants receive only a posttest, and the other half receive both a pretest and a posttest.

answer

Solomon four-group

question

Jesse states that in his experiment, he has completely counterbalanced his conditions. What does this mean?

answer

All possible orders of presentation of conditions are presented.

question

A matched-pairs design involves

answer

matching pairs of participants on a variable and then randomly assigning one member of each pair to each group.

question

A researcher wants to find out how much fins increase swimming speed. If an independent-groups design is used, the researcher would manipulate the variable by

answer

randomly assigning half the swimmers to the no-fin condition and half to the fin condition.

question

Madison wants to examine the effect of a defendant's appearance on judgment of guilt for a crime. She has participants read accounts of a crime that are identical except for the defendant's appearance. A group of high school students receives a description of an attractive defendant while a group of senior citizens receives a description of an unattractive defendant. Both groups are then asked to rate the defendant's guilt on a 7-point scale. A major confound in Madison's experiment is

answer

the age of the participants.

question

An experiment has internal validity when

answer

only the independent variable could have caused the results.

question

A graduate student randomly assigns students in a class to taste either Coke or Pepsi. Students rate their liking for the soda on a scale from 1 to 10. This is an example of a ________ design.

answer

posttest-only

question

In an experimental design, if awareness of a pretest poses a problem, which of the following would a researcher be least likely to do?

answer

tell the participant not to pay attention to the pretest

question

Which of the following is least important for the internal validity of a study?

answer

use of a pretest

question

Lauren usually receives excellent ratings of her performance on the basketball court. However, her coach rates her performance in today's game much lower than normal because her teammates had an exceptionally good game. What effect may be responsible for today's lower rating?

answer

contrast

question

An investigator wanted to see whether packaging information affects the way teenagers rate the effectiveness of soap. The same soap was put in three packages: (a) a pink wrapper that says "For Keeping Your Skin Baby Soft," (b) a red wrapper that says "For Eliminating Acne," and (c) a white wrapper that says nothing. Each teenager was asked to rub his or her face with dirt and wash with soap A; the same procedure was followed for soaps B and then C. The time it took to get the face clean was recorded each time. What factors in addition to the intended independent variable might influence the results?

answer

color of wrapper

question

Which of the following is not a step in the posttest only design?

answer

implementation of selection differences

question

Jeff woke up with a headache. He took two orange-flavored aspirins. When he still had the headache an hour later, he then took two cherry-flavored aspirins and his headache was gone in 45 minutes. What factor might have been responsible for alleviating John's headache?

answer

all of these

question

The two kinds of order effects are

answer

practice and fatigue effects.

question

A researcher wants to know whether wearing certain brands of designer jeans enhances a woman's perceived physical attractiveness. He asks male participants to attend a campus "fashion show" sponsored by one of the sorority houses. Members of the sorority have volunteered to model various new fashion lines. The first model is wearing a pair of Brand A jeans, he second one is wearing a pair of Brand B jeans, and the third is wearing a pair of Brand C jeans. After each model leaves the stage, the participants rate her attractiveness on a 10-point scale. What factor(s) might influence the results?

answer

all of these

question

Which of the following statements is most accurate? In an experimental design, mortality refers to the

answer

length of time the individual participates.

question

To control for order effects in a repeated measures design, a researcher should use

answer

counterbalancing techniques.

question

A research psychologist has participants serve as their own control group by having them take part in every condition of his study. This experimental approach is an example of a (n)

answer

repeated-measures design.

question

A researcher wants to examine the effect of room temperature on task performance. She places one group of participants in a room that is 54 degrees, a second group in a room that is 72 degrees, and a third in a room that is 90 degrees. She then measures the amount of time it takes each group to complete an identical task. This design would best represent a(n) _______ design.

answer

independent-groups

question

An investigator wants to determine whether packaging information affects the way people rate breakfast cereal. The same cereal is put in three packages: (a) a brown box that says, "To start your day off with a smile"; (b) a yellow box that says, "For extra energy all day"; and (c) a white box that says, "Fortified with B complex and iron." In this study the

answer

package information is confounded with color of the box.

question

If you cannot use all possible orders in a repeated-measures design, the best alternative is to use

answer

a Latin square

question

The next three questions are based on this experiment: An investigator wanted to see whether packaging information affects the way teenagers rate the effectiveness of soap. The same soap was put in three packages: (a) a pink wrapper that says "For Keeping Your Skin Baby Soft," (b) a red wrapper that says "For Eliminating Acne," and (c) a white wrapper that says nothing. Each teenager was asked to rub his or her face with dirt and wash with soap A; the same procedure was followed for soaps B and then C. The time it took to get the face clean was recorded each time. What type of design is this?

answer

repeated measures

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