Psych 2600 Ch. 3 – Social Cognition – Flashcards
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how people think about themselves and the social world; how people select, interpret, remember and use social information to make judgments and decisions
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social cognition
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thinking that is non-conscious, unintentional, involuntary and effortless
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automatic thinking
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mental structures people use to organize their knowledge about the social world around themes or subjects that influence the information people notice, think about and remember
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schemas
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the extent to which schemas and concepts are at the forefront of people's minds and are therefore likely to be used when making judgments about the social world
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accessibility
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process by which recent experiences increase the accessibility of a schema, trait, or concept
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priming
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case whereby people have an expectation about what another person is like, which influences how they act toward that person, which causes that person to behave consistently with people's original expectations, making those expectations come true
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self-fulfilling prophecy
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mental shortcuts people use to make judgment quickly and efficiently
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judgmental heuristics
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mental rule of thumb whereby people base a judgment on the ease with which they can bring something to mind ** joint probability always lower than single probability**
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availability heuristics
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mental shortcut whereby people classify something according to how similar it is to a typical case
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representativeness heuristic
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information about the frequency of members of different categories in the population
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base rate information
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type of thinking in which people focus on the properties of objects without considering their surrounding context; common in Western cultures
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analytic thinking style
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type of thinking in which people focus on the overall context, particularly the ways in which objects relate to each other; common in East Asian cultures
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holistic thinking style
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thinking that is conscious, intentional, voluntary and effortful
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controlled thinking
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mentally changing some aspect of the past as a way of imagining what might have been
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counterfactual thinking
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the attempt to avoid thinking about something we would prefer to forget
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thought suppression
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the fact that people usually have too much confidence in the accuracy of their judgments
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overconfidence barrier
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availability heuristic
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1) Your parents ask you to come up with 12 reasons why your school is better than your rivals. You struggle to come up with that many, and end up thinking "maybe the schools aren't that different." Which of the following mental strategies did you probably use to reach this conclusion?
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engage in counterfactual thinking
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2) Sam plays carnival game where he's supposed to pick the cup which has ball hidden under it, but guesses wrong by one cup to the left. According to social psychological research, he is most likely to ___
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are especially bad at suppressing thoughts when we are under cognitive load
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3) According to research on thought suppression, we __
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c. Studies have shown that people have free will over almost everything they do.
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Question #3 from newest version: Which of the following is FALSE about research on free will?
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Priming
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4) You just saw a scary movie about a hitchhiker / murderer. You drive home and see people talking loudly and assume you're about to witness a fight. This is an example of ___
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the holistic style of thinking probably has a genetic basis
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5) Which of the following is LEAST true of the holistic thinking style?
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Self-fulfilling prophecy
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6) Rob is not the most attractive but is very confident and gets dates with women out of his league. What's the best explanation for his success?
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Sarah is worried that her son is not gifted in music, but he does better than she expected at his piano lessons.
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7) Which of the following is the worst example of a self-fulfilling prophecy?
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People are flawed scientists
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8) According to this chapter, which is the best analogy to describe people's thinking abilities?
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cognitively busy
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9) You're trying to lose weight by reducing your consumption of desserts. To help you avoid the desserts that you love, you try not to think about them. According to thought suppression, if you are ___, you will actually be more likely to think about desserts.
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Although schemas can lead to errors, they are a very useful way of organizing information about the world and filling in gaps in our knowledge.
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Question #9 from newest edition: Which of the following is MOST TRUE about the use of schemas?
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Automatic thinking is vital to survival, but it is not perfect and can produce mistaken judgments that have important consequences
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10) Which of the following is the best summary of research on automatic thinking?
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self-fulfilling prophecy; told teachers about (random) gifted students and saw results of greater performance due to the teacher's knowledge of their potential
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Robert Rosenthal & Lenore Jacobson experiment
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Reign of error - people can cite course of events as proof that they were right from the beginning
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Robert Merton theory
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Listening to Mozart increased performance on IQ test; studies showed mixed results --> meta-analysis = effect was negligible
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Mozart effect
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Bovine spongiform encephalopathy; Mad cow disease --> beef consumption only went down after being called mad cow disease
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BSE
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positive vs. negative wording that alters the viewers perception; ex: beef (20% fat vs. 80% lean)
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Framing effect
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1. forming an expectancy - category based 2. perceptual confirmation - we see what we expect to see 3. behavioral confirmation - you perceive a person's actions to be what you expected
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Power of expectancy (3 steps)
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stereotypes; expectations of attractive college women through "blind" conversation
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Snyder, Tanke & Berscheid study
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Construal level theory; near future = narrow, concrete distant future = broad, abstract
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Trope & Liberman theory
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competency of CEO's based on head shots; perceived competency related to company profits
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Nalini Ambady experiment
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low price - no way, higher; high price - no way, lower --> point: we never adjust quite enough
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anchoring & adjusting heuristic
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Guest lecturer; one class told "cold," one told "warm" --> reviews were consistent with description
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Harold Kelley college experiment
