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psychotherapy

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psychological intervention designed to help people resolve emotional, behavioral, and interpersonal problems and improve the quality of their lives

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paraprofessional

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person with no professional training who provides mental health services

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insight therapies

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psychotherapies, including psychodynamic, humanistic, and group approaches with the goal of expanding awareness or insight - aim to cultivate insight - expanse self-awareness and knowledge

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humanistic therapies

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therapies that emphasize the development of human potential and the belief that human nature is basically positive - core concepts - meaning and self-actualization - stress the importance of assuming responsibility for decisions, not attributing our problems to the past and finding meaning in the PRESENT

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Psychodynamic therapists share these 3 approaches

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1) causes of abnormal behaviors stem from traumatic childhood experiences 2) strive to analyze distressing thoughts & feelings clients avoid, wishes and fantasies, recurring themes and life patterns, significant past events, and the therapeutic relationship 3) believe that when clients achieve insight into previously unconscious material, the causes and the significance of the symptoms will become evident, often causing the symptoms to disappear

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root of psychodynamic theory

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unconscious conflicts based on childhood issues/fixations

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goal of psychoanalysis

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decrease guilt and frustration and make the unconscious conscious by bringing to awareness previously repressed impulses, conflict, and memories - insight into unresolved unconscious conflicts

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6 primary approaches of psychoanalysis

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1) free association 2) interpretation 3) dream analysis 4) resistance 5) transference 6) working through

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free association

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technique in which clients express themselves without censorship of any source

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interpretation

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explanations - therapists formulate this of the unconscious bases of a client's dreams, emotions and behaviors

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resistance

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attempts to avoid confrontation and anxiety associated with uncovering previously repressed thoughts, emotions, and impulses

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transference

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act of projecting intense, unrealistic feelings and expectations from the past onto the therapist

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neo-Freudian tradition

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More concerned with - conscious aspects of the client's functioning (eg Jung - individuation) - cultural and interpersonal influences - more optimistic *interpersonal therapy

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interpersonal therapy (IPT)

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treatment that strengthens social skills and targets interpersonal problems, conflicts, and life transitions (Sullivan) - insight therapy (neo-Freudian) - originally used for depression - successful in treating substance abuse & eating disorders

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person-centered therapy

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therapy centered on the client's goals and ways of solving problems - Rogers - humanistic therapy - nondirective - clients take full control

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goal of person-centered therapy

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increase awareness and heightened self acceptance

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3 conditions for person-centered therapy, therapists must

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1) be authentic, genuine person who reveals his/her own reactions to what the client is communicating 2) express unconditional positive regard (nonjudgmental acceptance of all feelings the client expresses) - elicit more positive self concept 3) relate to clients with empathetic understanding - through reflection

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motivational interviewing

answer

- recognize that people are ambivalent about changing long-standing behaviors and is geared toward clarifying and bringing forth their reasons for changing and not changing their lives - person centered interviewing techniques - show warmths, empathy, & unconditional acceptance; using reflective listening; avoid confrontation - at heart of this - initially for treating alcohol related problems - now helpful in health-related behaviors such as exercise and diet

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gestalt

answer

organized whole/configuration

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Gestalt therapy

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therapy that aims to integrate different and sometimes opposing aspects of personality into a unified sense of self (PERLS) - key to personal growth is accepting responsibility for one's feelings and maintaining contact with the here and now - recognize importance of awareness, acceptance, and expression of feelings - two chair technique

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group therapy

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therapy that treats more than one person at a time

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self-help groups

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- composed of peers who share a similar problem - don't include a professional mental illness specialist

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relapse-prevention treatment

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- assume that people with alcoholism will at some point experience a lapse (slip) and resume drinking - teach people not to feel ashamed, guilty, or discouraged when they lapse - negative feelings about a slip can lead to continued drinking - abstinence violation effect

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abstinence violation effect

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when negative feelings about a slip can lead to continued drinking

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controlled drinking

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- drinking in moderation - controversy over whether effective - studies show that it's effective

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Alcoholics Anonymous

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Twelve-Step self-help program that provides social support for achieving sobriety

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strategic family intervention

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family therapy approach designed to remove barriers to effective communication

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structural family therapy

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treatment in which therapists deeply involve themselves in family activities to change how family members arrange and organize interactions

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behavior therapist

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therapist who focuses on specific problem behaviors and current variables that maintain problematic thoughts, feelings, and behaviors - assume that behavior change results from the application of basic principles of learning, especially classical conditioning, operant conditioning, & observational conditioning

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techniques of behavioral therapy

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systematic desensitization (exposure therapies) modeling operant learning

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systematic desensitization

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clients are taught to relax as they are gradually exposed to what they fear in a stepwise manner - treat phobias - form of classical conditioning - counterconditioning

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counterconditioning

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- pair incompatible relaxation response with anxiety - condition a more adaptive response to anxiety-arousing stimuli

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exposure therapy

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therapy that confronts clients with what they fear with the goal of reducing the fear - treat phobias

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how desensitization works

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- reciprocal inhibition: clients can't experience two conflicting responses at once (cant be both relaxed and anxious)

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why desensitization works

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- no single part is essential - possible strong placebo effect

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anxiety hierarchy

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ladder of situations that climbs up from least to most anxiety provoking

question

flooding therapy

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jump to top of anxiety hierarchy & expose clients to images of the stimuli they fear the most for prolonged periods - based on idea that fears are maintained through avoidance - helpful in anxiety disorders (OCD, social phobia, PTSD, agoraphobia)

question

flooding therapy is based on idea that fears are maintained through

answer

avoidance

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dismantling

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research procedure for examining the effectiveness of isolated components of a larger treatment

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response prevention

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technique in which therapists prevent clients from performing their typical avoidance behaviors

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participant modeling

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technique in which the therapist first models a problematic situation and then guides a client through steps to cope with it unassisted - help with schizophrenia, autism, depression, ADHD & social anxiety

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assertion training

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- primary goals - facilitate the expression and thought and feelings in a forthright and socially appropriate manner and to ensure that clients aren't taken advantage of, ignored, or denied their legitimate rights - participant modeling is an important component of this - help with schizophrenia, autism, depression, ADHD & social anxiety - teach clients to avoid extreme reaction to others' unreasonable demands

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behavioral rehearsal

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- part of assertion training - role-playing to learn and practice new skills

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token economy

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method in which desirable behaviors are rewarded with tokens that clients can exchange for tangible rewards - operant conditioning - helpful for ADHD & schozophrenia

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aversion therapy

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treatment that uses punishment to decrease the frequency of undesirable behaviors - classical conditioning - pair undesirable behaviors with stimuli that most people experience as painful or unpleasant

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cognitive-behavioral therapies

answer

treatments that attempt to replace irrational cognitions and maladaptive behaviors with more rational cognitions and adaptive behaviors

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according to cognitive-behavioral therapy, what is the root of disorders?

answer

negative, irrational thinking

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goal of cognitive-behavioral therapies

answer

substitute negative thinking with more positive thinking

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3 core assumptions of cognitive-behavioral therapies

answer

1) cognitions are identifiable and measurable 2) cognitions are the key players in both healthy and unhealthy psychological functioning 3) irrational beliefs or catastrophic thinking can be replaced with more rational and adaptive congnitions

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rational emotive behavior therapy (REBT)

answer

- Ellis (CBT) - our vulnerability to psychological disturbance is a product of the frequency and strength of our irrational beliefs - we respond to unpleasant activating event (A) with a range of emotional and behavioral consequences (C) - diff in how we respond to the same event stem from diff in belief system (B) - treatment: encourage clients to actively dispute (D) irrational beliefs & adopt more effective (E) and rational beliefs to increase adaptive responses

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cognitive therapy

answer

emphasize identifying and modifying distorted thoughts and long-held negative core beliefs (Beck) - greater weight on behavioral procedures - helpful for depression, anxiety disorders, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, some personality disorder (borderline) CBT

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stress inoculation therapy

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therapists teach clients to prepare for and cope with future life events (CBT - Meichenbaum)

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self statement

answer

ongoing mental dialogue

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third wave therapies

answer

assist clients with accepting and being mindful of and attuned to all aspects of their experience (instead of trying to change maladaptive behaviors and negative thoughts like behavioral and cognitive methods) - eg acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT)

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acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT)

answer

- example of third wave therapy - teach clients that negative thoughts are just thoughts, not fact, while encouraging them to accept and tolerate the full range of their feelings and to act in keeping with their goals and values - meditation

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mindfulness-based cognitive therapy

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- treat relapse in depression & reduce anxiety

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dialectical behavior therapy (DBT)

answer

- treat borderline personality disorder - address dialectic - the apparent contradiction between opposing tendencies - of changing problematic behavior and accepting it - 3rd wave therapy

question

Psychotherapists believe that _______ is key to improvement, while behavior therapists focus on _____

answer

insight behavior

question

meta-analysis

answer

statistical method that helps researchers interpret large bodies of psychological literature - see patterns across a lot of studies - draw general conclusions

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empirically supported treatment (EST)

answer

intervention for specific disorders supported by high-quality scientific evidence - research supported treatments

question

behavior therapy and cognitive-behavioral therapy have emerged as ESTs for

answer

depression, anxiety disorders, obesity, marital problems, sexual dysfunction, and alcohol problems

question

interpersonal therapy has EST support for

answer

depressiona & bulimia

question

acceptance based approaches has EST support for

answer

borderline personality disorder

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psychopharmacotherapy

answer

use of medications to treat psychological problems

question

electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)

answer

treatment for serious psychological problems in which patients receive brief electrical pulses to the brain that produce a seizure - treat serious depression, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, & catatonia - only last resort

question

psychosurgery

answer

brain surgery to treat psychological problems

question

eclectic approaches

answer

treatments that integrate techniques and theories from more that one existing approach

question

behavioral activation

answer

get clients to participate in reinforcing activities - key component of third wave and cognitive-behavioral approaches

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common factors

answer

those that cut across many or most therapies - responsible for improvement across diverse treatments

question

specific factors

answer

characterize only certain therapies

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spontaneous remission

answer

improve without professional help

question

scientist practitioner gap

answer

cleft between psychologists who view psychotherapy as more an art than a science and those who believe that clinical practice should primarily reflect well-replicated scientific findings

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antianxiety drugs

answer

anxiety disorder

question

antidepressants

answer

depression

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mood stabilizers

answer

bipolar disorder

question

neuroleptics/antipsychotics or major tranquilizers

answer

psychotic conditions

question

psychostimulants

answer

attention problems (ADHD)

question

tardive dyskinesia

answer

- side effect of older antipsychotic medication that used to treat schizophrenia - symptoms: grotesque involuntary movement

question

vagus nerve

answer

stimulate to treat severe depression - stimulate serotonin - increase blood flow to brain

question

individuation

answer

according to neo-freudian Carl Jung - goal of this is the integration of opposing aspects of the personality, like passive versus aggressive tendencies, into a harmonious "whole," namely, the self

question

Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA)

answer

procedure to treat autistic children - intensive, lots or repetition

question

Exposure & Response Prevention Therapy (ERP)

answer

expose to something then prevent them from engaging in compulsion - very effective for many anxiety disorders (eg phobias, OCD)

question

Thought Action Fusion (TAFFY)

answer

action influenced by thought - if think something will happen - more likely to happen

question

interoceptive exposure

answer

carrying out exercises that bring about the physical sensations of a panic attack in order to remove fear

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