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All of the thoughts and feeling we have when we are awake and reasonably alert are called

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waking consciousness

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Daydreaming, meditation, intoxication, sleep, and hypnosis are all types of

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altered states of consciousness

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The naturally occurring chemical _____ appear to trigger sleepiness

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adenosine

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A biological cycle, or rhythm, that is approximately 24 hours long is a (n) _____ cycle.

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circadian

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The human biological clock is governed by a cluster of cells known as the

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suprachiasmatic nucleus

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A hormone that peaks during the night and promotes sleep is

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melatonin

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Stage 1 sleep last for

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only a few minutes

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A night-school student who falls asleep in class sleeps for about 10 minutes before his professor notices and tries to awaken him. At this point it is hard to awaken him and he does not readily respond to the teacher's voice. A brain scan would show his brain producing long, slow brain waves, but NOT delta waves. He is MOST likely in

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stage 2 sleep

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The initials REM stands for

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rapid eye movement

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A sleep disorder characterized by sudden nodding off during the day and losss of muscle tone following moments of emotional excitement is

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narcolepsy

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According to Freud, in sleep and dreams, people can express ideas free from

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conscious controls and moral rules

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According to Freud, the visible, or direclty observable, content of a dream is its _____ content.

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manifest

question

Chemical substances that changes people's moods and perceptions are known as _____ drugs.

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psychoactive

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Substance abuse is characterized by a pattern of repeated drug use that can lead to each of the following EXCEPT

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the development of tolerance to a recreational drug

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Unpleasant physical or psychological effects that follow the discontinuance of a dependence-producing substance is

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withdrawal

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To eliminate sources of error in drug research, the researchers use _____ in their research.

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the double-blind procedure

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Researchers have found that every addictive drug causes _____ levels in the brain to increase.

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dopamine

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_____ are chemicals that retard behavior by either speeding up or slowing down nerve impulses

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depressants

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Addictive drugs, such as heroin, that dull the senses and induce feelings of euphoria, well-being, and relaxation are

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opiates

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Drugs that activate the sympathetic nervous system and produce feelings of optimism and boundless energy are called

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stimulants

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Caffeine, nicotine, amphetamines, and cocaine are members of a class of drugs known as

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stimulants

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The most addictive and dangerous stimulant in use today is

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nicotine

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Amphetamines are

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stimulants

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Any number of drugs, such as LSD and mescaline, that distort visual and auditory perception are

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hallucinogens

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The active ingredient in marijuana is

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thc

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The phenomenon of "temporal disintegration" is most closely associated with the use of which of the following drugs?

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marijuana

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According to the _____ model, alcoholism is not a moral issue, but a medical one.

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disease

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Various methods of concentration, reflection, or focusing of thoughts that reduce activity of the sympathetic nervous system are

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meditation

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The process by which experience or practice results in a relatively permanent change in behavior or potential behavior is known as

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learning

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A type of learning that involves associating one event with another is called

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conditioning

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The process of learning to transfer a response from a natural stimulus to another, previously neutral stimulus, is called

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classical conditioning

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By pairing the ringing of a bell with the presentation of meat, Pavlov trained dogs to salivate to the sound of a bell even when no meat was presented. In this experiment, the presentation of the meat was the

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unconditioned stimulus

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By pairing the ringing of a bell with the presentation of meat, Pavlov trained dogs to salivate to the sound of a bell even when no meat was presented. In this experiment, the ringing of the bell was the

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conditioned stimulus

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By pairing the ringing of a bell with the presentation of meat, Pavlov trained dogs to salivate to the sound of a bell even when no meat was presented. In this experiment, salivation to the meat was the

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unconditioned response

question

By pairing the ringing of a bell with the presentation of meat, Pavlov trained dogs to salivate to the sound of a bell even when no meat was presented. In this experiment, salivation to the bell was the

answer

conditioned response

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Intense, irrational fears of particular things, activities, or situations are called

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phobias

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A kind of therapy closely related to classical conditioning that is designed to gradually reduce anxiety about a particular object or situation is known as _____ therapy.

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desensitization

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Conditioned taste aversions are typically learned after _____ between the aversive food and the nauseous reaction to it.

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only one pairing

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A child learns that whenever he eats all of his dinner he gets a cookie for dessert. This type of learning is BEST explained by

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operant conditioning

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Operant conditioning operates on the principle that behaviors occur more often when they are

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reinforced

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Any stimulus that follows a behavior and increases the likelihood that the behavior will be repeated is called a

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reinforcer

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Any stimulus that follows a behavior and decreases the likelihood that the behavior will be repeated is called a (n)

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punisher

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A box used in operant conditioning of animals, which limits the available responses and thus increases the likelihood that the desired response will occur, is called a

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skinner box

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A reinforcer that adds something rewarding to a situation is a (n)

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positive reinforcer

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A reinforcer that removes something unpleasant from a situation is a (n)

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negative reinforcer

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Positive reinforcement _____ the likelihood that the behavior preceding it will happen again; negative reinforment _____ the likelihood that the preceding behavior will happen again.

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increases; increases

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Presenting an aversive stimulus to eliminate undesired behavior is an example of

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punishment

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A relationship in which one event depends on another is known as a

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contingency

question

In classical conditioning, the most effective method is to present

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the CS just before the US

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Scott works at a job where he is paid a salary every two weeks. Scott is being reinforced on a _____ schedule.

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fixed-interval

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Lila doesn't like her psychology class because the instructor uses unannounced "pop" exams to test the class. As a result, she never knows when she will be tested. Her instructor is testing her on a _____ schedule.

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variable-interval

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Gambling behavior is very hard to extinguish because it is reinforced according to a _____ schedule of reinforcement.

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variable-ratio

question

A salesperson who gets an increase in salary for every 100 policies he or she sells is being reinforced according to what schedule of reinforcement?

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fixed-ratio

question

In classical conditioning, extinction occurs because the _____ is no longer paired with the

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CS; US

question

In operant conditioning, extinction occurs as a result of withholding

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reinforcement

question

A person is conditioned to fear white rats. Soon after, she also begins to fear white cats, white dogs, and white rabbits. Her new, unconditioned fears result from

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stimulus generalization

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The process of learning to respond only to a single specific object or event and inhibit the response to all other stimuli is called

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stimulus discrimination

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A reinforcer that is reinforcing in and of itself is called a

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primary reinforcer

question

A reinforcer that takes on its reinforcing properties only through association with other reinforcers is called a (n) _____ reinforcer.

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secondary

question

Which of the following is a secondary reinforcer?

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money

question

The view of learning that emphasizes the ability to learn by observing a model or receiving instructions, without firsthand experience by the learner, is called

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social learning theory

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A key to social learning theory is

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observational learning

question

In Bandura's classic (1965) study of children exposed to a film of an adult hitting a Bobo doll, BOTH the children who saw the model rewarded and the children who saw the model punished

answer

learned to imitate the adult's behavior equally well

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