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CHAPTER 14

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CHAPTER 14

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The DSM-IV-TR contains all of the following EXCEPT

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a description of how to perform such procedures as trepanning to treat the disorders.

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The frequency of ______ personality disorder in women is nearly two to three times greater that in men, leading researchers to believe that hormonal influences, childhood experiences with incest or drug abuse, and a poor mother-infant relationship can cause the disorder.

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borderline

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The term that refers to the need to consider the unique characteristics of the culture in which the person with the disorder was nurtured in order to correctly diagnose and treat the disorder is

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cultural relativity.

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There are ___ different categories of recognized types of personality disorders in the DSM-IV-TR.

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three

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Severe depression that comes on suddenly and seems to have no external causal factor is called

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major depression.

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_____ disorders involve a break in consciousness, memory, or a person's sense of identity.

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Dissociative

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The study of abnormal behavior is called

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psychopathology.

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_____ is a mood disorder that is caused by the body's reaction to low levels of light present in the winter months.

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Seasonal affective disorder

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During the Middle Ages, mental disorders were thought to be caused by

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spirit possession.

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_______ is the most commonly diagnosed mood disorder.

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Major depression

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Anorexia nervosa is a condition in which a person reduces eating to the point that a weight loss of _____ percent below expected body weight occurs.

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15%

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In which Axis of the DSM-IV-TR are personality disorders diagnosed?

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Axis II

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An irrational and often persistent fear of an object, situation, or activity is called

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a phobia.

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The term ____ means that the person is unable to distinguish between reality and fantasy and has disturbances in thinking, emotions, and behavior.

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psychotic

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A man with a paralyzing fear of heights has become unable to go upstairs or ride in an elevator. This is an example of

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subjective discomfort.

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Matthew, a psychology major, is worried that he and his family have the mental disorders he is reading about. Matthew is experiencing

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psychology student's syndrome.

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Maria is a college student and is generally anxious. She can not identify any one thing in particular that is bothersome but feels anxious most of the time. Maria is exhibiting

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free-floating anxiety.

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Bill is extremely vain and winds up steering all conversations towards himself. When evaluating situations, he can only see how they affect him. Bill may have which type of personality disorder?

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narcissistic

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A person who finds it difficult to function on a day-to-day basis may be displaying ______ behaviors.

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maladaptive

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The ____ model explains disordered behavior as the result of repressing one's threatening thoughts, memories, and concerns in the unconscious mind.

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psychodynamic

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In the ______ model, abnormal behavior is seen as the result of the combined and interacting forces of biological, psychological, social, and cultural influences.

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biopsychosocial

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This is apparent when there is a sudden onset of intense panic in which there can be multiple physical symptoms of stress occurring.

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a panic attack

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_______ is when a person believes that his or her behavior must be perfect or the result will be a total failure.

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All-or-nothing

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The dissociative disorder that occurs when a person travels away from home and then cannot remember the trip or personal information such as identity is

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dissociative fugue.

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The ______ theory explains dissociative disorders as the result of "thought avoidance" to avoid or decrease the pain of guilt, shame, or anxiety produced from disturbing thoughts and experiences.

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cognitive/behavioral

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_______ psychologists see anxiety disorders as a result of illogical, irrational thought processes.

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Cognitive

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The ______ model of abnormality explains disorders such as anxiety, depression, and schizophrenia as caused by chemical imbalances, genetic disorders, and brain damage.

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biological

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Of the delusions, a delusion of reference best characterizes disordered thinking when an individual with schizophrenia believes

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other people, television characters, and books are speaking directly to them.

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An individual who uses _____ takes one negative event and interprets it as a never-ending pattern of defeat.

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overgeneralization

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An individual with _______ schizophrenia would display symptoms of bizarre, childish behavior, confused speech, vivid hallucinations, inappropriate or flat affect, and may neglect cleanliness.

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disorganized

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Someone who has difficulty forming social relationships, odd and eccentric behavior, and a tendency to hold magical beliefs would most likely be diagnosed with ______ personality disorder.

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schizotypal

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Bulimia nervosa is a condition in which a person develops a cycle of binging on enormous amounts of food and then using inappropriate methods to avoid weight gain. What causes a person to binge when he or she is so worried about weight gain?

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prompts such as an anxious or depressed mood, social stressors, or intense hunger after extreme diet attempts

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A woman who had been raped cannot recall the experience itself and also cannot recall anything that happened in the two weeks following the event. She remembers everything leading up to the event. The woman is suffering from

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dissociative amnesia.

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Lois seems to have it all. She has a stable job that pays well with great benefits, she is well-liked and receives promotions, and her company is going strong. She also has a stable family life and is in great physical health. She cannot identify any one thing she is worried about yet she cannot sleep at night because she feels extremely anxious. Lois is suffering from

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free-floating anxiety.

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Todd has been struggling with _____ characterized by the intruding thought that his hands are covered in germs. He cannot pursue daily tasks unless he completes a ritualistic routine to wash his hands until he feels clean. These rituals have taken up so much of his time that he rarely manages to finish a task or complete his work at his job.

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obsessive-compulsive disorder

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Scott experiences vast mood swings ranging from depression on one end of the spectrum to episodes when he feels euphoric and has so much energy that he can't sleep. Scott is suffering from

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bipolar disorder.

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Bill is extremely vain and winds up steering all conversations towards himself. When evaluating situations, he can only see how they affect him. Bill may have which type of personality disorder?

answer

narcissistic

question

_______ is the most-commonly diagnosed mood disorder and is twice as common in women as it is in men.

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Major depression

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Trepanning was the surgery that was performed during ancient times in order to release _______ from the brain.

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demons

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In a panic disorder, a person may interpret a racing heart as a heart attack. This form of irrational thinking is

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magnification.

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The most dominant symptom of a(n) _______ disorder is excessive or unrealistic worrying and fearfulness.

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anxiety

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The term dementia praecox once referred to the disorder now known as

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schizophrenia.

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Researchers have found a connection between attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and the onset of ______ in adolescence.

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?

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Suggested causes of personality disorders include

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genetics, social relationships, and parenting.

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CHAPTER 15

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CHAPTER 15

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Anthony has difficulty playing with other children. He often gets angry and stomps off when things don't go his way. To help him learn to deal with his anger, his parents engage him in a game of Candy Land. They respond the way they would like to see Anthony respond when he loses a turn or is forced to move backward on the board. Anthony's parents are using a behavior modification technique called

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modleing.

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Joy earns a gumball sticker for every chore she completes. She puts the stickers on her gumball chart. When the gumball chart is filled, Joy gets to choose a prize out of the prize box. Joy's parents are using

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a token economy.

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Joshua's sister had a bad day at school. As a result, she doesn't want to play with him. Joshua assumes she is angry with him. Joshua is experiencing

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personalization.

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In person-centered therapy, most of the work is done by

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the client or patient.

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Who founded Gestalt therapy?

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Fritz Perls

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A therapy style in which the therapist remains relatively neutral is ______ therapy.

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nondirective

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The first organized effort to do something with mentally ill persons began in

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London.

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Who questioned whether psychotherapy really works?

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Hans Eysenck

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Using medical methods to treat psychological disorders is a form of

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biomedical therapy.

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Phillipe Pinel is known for

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personally unchaining the inmates at an asylum in Paris.

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Distortions of thinking in which a person blows a negative event out of proportion to its importance while ignoring relevant positive events is called

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magnification and minimization.

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Therapies that directly affect the biological functioning of the body and brain are known as

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biomedical therapies.

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The use of drugs to control or relieve the symptoms of psychological disorders is called

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psychopharmacology.

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The process in which an undesirable behavior is paired with an aversive stimulus to reduce the frequency of the behavior is

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aversion therapy.

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Individuals who suffer from severe mental illness along with psychosis are generally not good candidates for ______ treatment.

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psychodynamic

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A therapy technique in which the therapist restates what the client says rather than interpreting the statements is

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reflection.

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The main goal of _____ therapy is to change disordered or inappropriate behavior directly.

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action

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An insight therapy that emphasizes revealing unconscious conflicts, urges, and desires which may be causing mental disorders is

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psychoanalysis.

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______ is a technique in which the patient is encouraged to talk about anything that comes to mind without fear of negative evaluations.

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Free association

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When the therapist becomes a symbol of a parental authority figure from the past, the patient is experiencing

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transference.

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_______ therapies are action based rather than insight based.

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Behavior

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Rather than focusing on the behavior itself, _______ therapies focus on the distorted thinking and unrealistic beliefs that lead to maladaptive behavior.

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cognitive

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_______ seem(s) to work better in group settings than psychoanalysis and cognitive-behavioral therapies.

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Behavior therapies

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In behavior therapy, the reduction of the undesired behavior is

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easy to measure, but gaining insights, feelings of control, and self-worth are not easily evaluated.

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Unlike psychodynamic and humanistic therapies, behavior therapies are

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action based, rather than insight based.

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The two kinds of psychotherapy are ______, in which the main goal is helping people to gain insight with respect to their behavior, thoughts, and feelings, and _______, in which the main goal is to change disordered or inappropriate behavior directly.

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insight therapy; action therapy

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One of the key elements of person-centered therapy is _____, which is the genuine, open, and honest response of the therapist to the client.

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authenticity

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A token economy is an example of a(n) _____ therapy.

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reinforcement

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_______ is an insight therapy that emphasizes revealing the unconscious conflicts, urges, and desires that are assumed to cause disordered emotions and behavior.

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Psychotherapy

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The method of free association was developed by

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Josef Breuer.

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Electroconvulsive therapy is still used to treat

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severe depression.

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Daniel failed a math test. Upon receiving his grade, Daniel believed that he must be bad at math and therefore would fail the class, be unable to get into college, and would have to work in fast food for the rest of his life. Daniel is exhibiting

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overgeneralization.

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Carter has bitten his fingernails to the point where his finger tips are constantly red and swollen. After meeting with a therapist, Carter's parents have started putting a foul-tasting liquid on his fingernails several times a day. Carter's therapist is using

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aversion therapy.

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Marcia's therapist takes a modern psychodynamic approach. She actively interprets Marcia's statements and may suggest certain behaviors or actions. The therapist's approach is

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directive.

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While treating a child with a fear of swimming, the therapist first approaches the water, then touches the water, then stands in the water waist-deep, and finally floats in the water. The therapist then repeats the steps with the child. This is an example of

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participant modeling.

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Abhinov was told to stop knocking over his brother's block tower. After three warnings to stop this behavior, Abhinov's mom told him to go to his room. Abhinov's mom is using a form of extinction called

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time-out.

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Generally speaking, the longer the person stays in therapy, the greater the

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improvement.

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______ can be useful to treat disorders such as phobias, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and anxiety disorders by pairing a stimulus that normally causes an unwanted response with a neutral one, eventually creating desirable involuntary reactions.

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Classical conditioning

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Talking things out is a form of

answer

psychotherapy.

question

The goal of most psychotherapy is

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to help both mentally healthy and psychologically disordered persons understand themselves better.

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Rather than focusing on unconscious, hidden conflicts, humanistic theorists focus on

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conscious, subjective experiences of emotion and people's sense of self.

question

Which of the following is an advantage of group therapy?

answer

The opportunity for the therapist and the client to observe how the client interacts with others.

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