Psych 110 Ch. 1 – Flashcards
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Psychology is formally described as the scientific:
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study of behavior and mental processes
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Which of the following people played a key role in establishing psychology as a scientific discipline in the US?
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William James
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You are a subject in an experiment you are told: "look at this apple very carefully and tell me your exact sensations and feelings as you experience them." The experimenter in this study probably believes in what school of psychology?
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structuralism
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Which early school of psychology relied on a method called introspection? (by Edward Titchner)
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structuralism
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The early school of psychology called behaviorism:
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came from Pavlov's research in which he conditioned dogs to salivate to the sound of a bell
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Key figures in the development of behaviorism include
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Watson, Pavlov, and Skinner
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Which school of psychology would agree that "psychology should stress the study of how behavior and mental processes allow people and animals to adapt to their environments"? (William James)
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functionalism
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Which of the following approaches is referred to as the "third force" in American psychology?
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humanistic psychology
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Humanistic psychology is associated with what?
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free will, self-determination, and the importance of choice in human behavior
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Dr. Smith used a relatively new technique called the fMRI scan to examine changes in the brain that occur with age. Dr. Smith most likely subscribes to the ____ perspective of psychology
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biological
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A ____ is a specific question or prediction to be tested, whereas a ____ tries to integrate and summarize a large number of findings
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hypothesis; theory
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group of participants that closely parallels the larger group to be studied on all relevant characteristics, such as age, sex, and race
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representative sample
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Which of the following correlation coefficients represents the strongest relationship between two factors? a. -.15 b. +.03 c. +.38 d. -.80
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d. -.80
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Your instructor notices than in many of his classes, the longer he lectures, the more student yawn he see. This represents:
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negative correlation
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In an experiment, the independent variable is the variable that is:
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deliberately manipulated by the researcher
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In an experiment, the factor that is observed and measured for change and is thought to be influenced by the independent variable called the _____ variable
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dependent
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Dr. Martinez is studying the effects of diet on mental alertness. Each morning for two weeks, participants in his study eat a breakfast that is either high in carbs or high in protein. He then measures their abilities to solve geometric problems. What is the dependent variable?
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ability to solve geometry problems
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Who wrote "On the Origin of Species"? This was about evolution through natural selection
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Charles Darwin
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a tentative statement that describes the relationship between two or more variables
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hypothesis
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defines the variable in very specific terms as to how it will be measured, manipulated, or changed
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operational definition
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what is the goal of an experiment?
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to demonstrate/call a relationship between one variable and another
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If a guy and two friends are recording something at the wellness center, but all he is doing is observing the behavior, what kind of studying is he doing?
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descriptive research
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a tentative explanation that tries to integrate and account for the relationship of various findings and observations
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theory
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a process that produces knowledge due to past experiences
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learning
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the process of learning associations between environmental events and behavioral responses. Deals with behaviors elicited automatically by some stimulus (doesn't produce new behavior, but causes an existing to occur)
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conditioning
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explains how stimuli can trigger a reflexive, automatic response
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classical conditioning
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in this kind of conditioning, the reinforcement is defined by the effect that it produces- increasing or strengthening behavior
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operant conditioning
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the natural stimulus that reflexively produces a response without prior learning
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unconditioned stimulus (UCS)
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the unlearned, reflexive response
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unconditioned response (UCR)
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the stimulus that is originally neutral but comes to elicit a reflexive response
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conditioned stimulus (CS)
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the learned reflexive response to a previously neutral stimulus
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conditioned response (CR)
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when stimuli that are similar to the original conditioned stimulus also illicit the conditioned response, even though they have never been paired with the unconditioned stimulus
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generalization
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when a particular conditioned response is made to one stimulus but to other, similar stimuli
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discrimination
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the process of decline and eventual disappearance of the conditioned response
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extinction
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the reappearance of a previously extinguished conditioned response after a period of time without exposure to the conditioned stimulus (demonstrates that extinction is not unlearning)
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spontaneous recovery
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Little Albert: unconditioned response?
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fear (him crying)
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Little Albert: unconditioned stimulus?
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steel bar hit with a hammer
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Little Albert: conditioned stimulus?
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white rat
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Little Albert: conditioned response?
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fear (extreme crying)
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Biological preparedness: rats can most easily be trained to learn between which stimulus?
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taste cues with illness (bad taste and discomfort)
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formulated by Edward Thorndyke; responses followed by a "satisfying state of affairs" are "strengthened" and more likely to occur again in the same situation
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Law of Effect
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any active behavior that operates upon the environment to generate consequences
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operant (how Skinner coined this word)
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a process in which a behavior is followed by an aversive consequence that decreases the likelihood of the behaviors being repeated
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punishment
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A _______ _______ is one that is naturally reinforcing for a given species. A _______ _______ is one that has acquired reinforcing value while being associated with a primary reinforcer
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primary reinforcer; conditioned reinforcer (aka secondary reinforcer)
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behaviors that are _______ are more difficult to get rid of
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intermittently reinforced
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Who conducted the BoBo doll experiment and what kind of learning is this?
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Bandura; observational learning
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the specific stimulus in the presence of which a particular operant is more likely to be reinforced
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discriminative stimulus
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if you successfully reinforce something and the desired behavior is displayed
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shaping
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explains learning as a process in which behavior is shaped and maintained by its consequences
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operant conditioning
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a phenomenon in which exposure to inescapable and uncontrollable aversive events produces passive behavior
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learned helplessness (Martin Seligman)
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a process in which a behavior is followed by an aversive consequence that decreases the likelihood of the behaviors being repeated
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punishment
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involves following an operant with he addition of reinforcing stimulus. In this situation, a response is strengthened because something is added or presented
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positive reinforcement
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involves an operant that is followed by the removal of an aversive stimulus. In these situations, a response is strengthened because something is being subtracted or removed
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negative reinforcement
