Psych 105 – Flashcard
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In order for 5 year old Zane to learn to read Japanese, he must have an awareness that the language moves: a) top to bottom b) bottom to top c) left to right d) right to left
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top to bottom
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June is trying to read her psychology text, and finds that she cannot tune out background noise of the library, the way the chair is uncomfortable on various parts of her body, the hum of the heating vents, pencil scribbles on the desk, the light on the computer plug that flashes, the whir of her laptop fan, and her own breathing. It could be said that June lacks _____________ that would allow her to only attend to the information she needs for decision making and minimize the rest. a) bottom up processing b) schemas c) cognitive economy d) disconfirmation strategies
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cognitive economy
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Many people drew faulty conclusions about the relative safety of air travel compared to automobile travel in the wake of the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks. Such poor reasoning was the result of: a) hindsight bias b) mental sets c) the availability heuristic d) thin slicing
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The availability heuristic
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All of the following are true about children's use of language except: a) Language is innate in children b) Children are born with a predisposition for language c) Language acquisition in children is purely biologically based d) Children are reinforced for their language behaviour
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Language acquisition in children is purely biologically based
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By the end of the first year of life, an infant will generally: a) speak in two-word "sentences" b) be in the cooing stage of vocalization c) have a vocabulary of approximately 100 words d) use only the phonemes of the native language of his or her caregiver
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Use only the phonemes of the native language of his or her caregiver
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Which two animal species demonstrate language learning that resembles human learning the most? a) Bonobos and African Grey Parrots b) Vervet Monkeys and Chimpanzees c) Squirrels and Canaries d) Finches and Bonobos
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Bonobos and African Grey Parrots
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The communication between honeybees would not be classified as language because: a) bees are not animals b) bee communication seems to be instinctual c) bees do not use a spoken or auditory communication system d) their communication lacks semanticity
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Bee communication seems to be instinctual
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Helen Keller's writings suggest support for: a) the imitation approach b) linguistic relativity c) critical periods d) linguistic determinism
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Linguistic Determinism
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Studies that have demonstrated the ability of infants to engage in cognitive performance tests (such as looking and sucking procedures) provide evidence that: a) infants do not appear to show any ability to engage in cognition prior to acquiring language b) thought processes in infants are reflective of a linguistic determinism view c) linguistic determinism does not accurately reflect our language or cognitive abilities d) infants can engage in basic forms of cognition, but this delays language development
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Linguistic determinism does not accurately reflect our language or cognitive abilities
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A key difficulty in explaining how language evolved is the _________ phonemes, words, and rules of syntax. a) rigidness and uniformity of b) consistency of c) resemblance of meaning to d) arbitrariness of
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arbitrariness of
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The system of rules that governs how we combine words to form grammatical sentences is called a) semantics b) syntax c) phonology d) regularization
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Syntax
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Which of the following words would present the most difficult when using phonetic decomposition? a) Pleasure b) Bit c) Livid d) Tight
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Pleasure
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Although extralinguistic information is not a formal part of language, it does serve the purpose of: a) generally providing entertainment value, which captures our attention b) assisting in interpretation c) distracting us from the emotional aspects of communication d) providing literal and factual information
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assisting in interpretation
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The linguistic relativity hypothesis suggests that: a) one's language determines the pattern of one's thinking and view of the world b) one's thinking and view of the world determines the structure of one's language c) we decide which objects belong to a concept according to what is most probable or sensible, given the facts at hand d) perception of surface structure precedes deep structure in understanding a sentence
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one's language determines the pattern of one's thinking and view of the world
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All children must learn how language moves in order to be able to read. For a child learning to read Hebrew, there must be an awareness that language moves: a) top to bottom b) bottom to top c) left to right d) right to left
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Right to left
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One of the key difficulties in studying how deaf infants acquire language is: a) the small population size b) having similar learning conditions between deaf and hearing babies c) differences in how babies babble d) that deaf babies do not learn syntax
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Having similar learning conditions between deaf and hearing babies
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Your friend sends you a text message on your cell phone that says "This is just horrible!" In order to interpret what your friend is meaning, you often need ________ to help you understand what is going on. a) phonesthemes b) syntax c) extralinguistic information d) dialect
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extralinguistic information
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The Dani language has only two words for colour (Light and Dark) but the Dani are just as good at recognizing and remembering different colours as North Americans are. This is strong evidence against: a) the idea that artistic talent is genetically determined b) the belief that colour is an important cognitive process c) the racial prejudices against the Dani people d) the hypothesis that language determines thought
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the hypothesis that language determines thought
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Learning theories for the acquisition of language would agree with the importance of which of the following statements? a) No other animals can use a real language in any way b) The language we speak depends on what verbal skills are reinforced c) Humans have an inborn ability to learn and use language d) Children develop pragmatics without direct instruction
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The language we speak depends on what verbal skills are reinforced
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According to the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, a person's native language dictates: a) the understanding of syntax b) the speed with which the language is acquired c) the length of the critical period d) their thinking processes
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Their thinking processes
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Mild forms of intellectual disability are typically due to: a) genetic and environmental influences b) rare genetic mutations c) psychological and emotional factors d) accidents during birth
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Genetic and environmental influences
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Which of the following statements about heredity and intelligence is true? a) Similarities in intelligence between identical twins who were separated at birth and raised in different houses must be due to heredity. b) Differences in intelligence between identical twins must be due to differences in their environments. c) If identical twins are separated at birth and raised in different homes, yet still have similar intelligence scores, the similarity in their scores must be due to hereditary influences. d) Prenatal influences have little, if any, influence on intelligence and need not be taken into account when studying environmental influences.
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If identical twins are separated at birth and raised in different homes, yet still have similar intelligence scores, the similarity in their scores must be due to hereditary influences.
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What percentage of the population is described as gifted, according to IQ standards, and would qualify for membership in an organization called Mensa? a) .01 % b) 1 % c) 2 % d) 10 %
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2%
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If you track the frequency by which popcorn kernels pop, few kernels pop early or late; most pop around the same time. This frequency chart is a good example of a ________ frequency graph. a) flat b) positively skewed c) negatively skewed d) normal bell
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Normal bell
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Mr. Cutty is a businessman who is running intelligence tests on potential employees to determine which would be the best to hire and have the highest job performance. Which types of intelligence should Mr. Cutty be MOST interested in? a) Analytical and linguistic b) Practical and creative c) Specific and intrapersonal d) Crystallized and analytical
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Practical and creative
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Research has demonstrated that above a certain high level of IQ, intelligence is no longer predictive of important real-world accomplishments. Psychologists call this ________. a) the threshold effect b) a negatively skewed distribution c) deviation IQ d) a restriction of range
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The threshold effect
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Sternberg has found that _______ intelligence is a good predictor of success in life but has a low relationship to ______ intelligence. a) practical; analytical b) practical; creative c) analytical; practical d) academic; creative
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practical; analytical
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Charles Spearman believed that intelligence is composed of _______. a) verbal and mathematical abilities b) crystallized and visual-motor abilities c) general intelligence and specific abilities d) analytical, creative, and practical intelligence
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general intelligence and specific abilities
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According to Robert Sternberg, ________ is the ability to deal with new and different concepts and to come up with new ways of solving problems (divergent thinking, in other words). a) analytical intelligence b) creative intelligence c) practical intelligence d) exponential intelligence
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creative intelligence
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Sheldon is seeking a mating partner who is either at or above his own IQ of 147, as he feels that is he is going to invest in an offspring, the child must be highly intelligent. He is unwilling to consider individuals who have lower IQ scores because this may "taint" the gene pool. In this example, Sheldon is using principles of __________ to guide his selection of an appropriate mate. a) negative eugenics b) sterilization plans c) positive eugenics d) genetic stockholding
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positive eugenics
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Sonya is being administered the WAIS-IV, and is being assessed on her ability to perceive and analyze patterns in designs presented to her. She is most likely being tested on which of the following subtests? a) picture arrangement b) similarities c) block design d) picture completion
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block design
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A question asking why people pay taxes would fall under which subscale area of the WAIS? a) evaluation b) information c) vocabulary d) comprehension
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comprehension
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Jane is 22 years old. For her job, she needs to take an intelligence test. Which would be the most appropriate test for her age group? a) WAIS-IV b) WISC-III c) WPPSI-R d) DSM-IVR
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WAIS-IV
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IQ tests for children tend to measure ________ while adult IQ tests tend to measure _________. a) logical reasoning; abstract reasoning b) sensory skills; abstract reasoning c) memory skills; abstract reasoning d) comprehension; abstract reasoning
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sensory skills; abstract reasoning
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On a newly developed IQ test, an individual scores at the 110 level on the first half of the test, and 150 on the second half of the test. What does this test appear to lack? a) reliability b) standardization c) predictive validity d) appropriate norms
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reliability
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According to Robert Sternberg, which type of intelligence is least likely to predict success in an academic environment? a) analytical intelligence b) creative intelligence c) practical intelligence d) exponential intelligence
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practical intelligence
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Stephanie's friends describe her as someone who has the uncanny ability to say the right thing at the right time whenever someone is in need. According to Gardner, Stephanie's skills may reflect a type of ________ intelligence. a) interpersonal b) naturalistic c) intrapersonal d) emotional
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interpersonal
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Based on IQ score information, a student with an IQ score of 120 is likely to: a) answer IQ test questions like someone who is age 12 even though the student is only 10. b) answer IQ test questions like someone who is age 10 even though the student is only 8. c) answer IQ test questions like someone who is age 10, even though the student is 12. d) answer IQ test questions like someone who is age 12 even though the student is only 11.
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answer IQ test questions like someone who is age 12 even though the student is only 10. 120 = 12 mental / 10 actual * 100
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Lucy has been blind from birth, and is getting her intelligence tested through the school board to determine what resources she will need to succeed in school. According to Galton's original ideas about intelligence, Lucy would be expected to: a) demonstrate normal intelligence because intelligence is crystallized b) have limited intelligence because her sensory capabilities are limited c) demonstrate high intelligence because all her senses other than vision would be more specialized d) display advanced abilities for abstract thinking but difficulties with concrete thought
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have limited intelligence because her sensory capabilities are limited
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According to Robert Sternberg, __________ refers to the ability to break problems down into component parts, or analysis, for problem solving. This is the type of intelligence that is measured by intelligence tests and academic achievement tests. a) analytical INT b) creative INT c) practical INT d) exponential INT
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analytical intelligence
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Which of the following is not one of the intersections of nature and nurture in developmental psychology? a) gene expression b) gene-environment interactions c) natural selection of traits d) nature via nurture
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natural selection of traits
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According to theory assumptions, which of the following is true concerning Kohlberg and Piaget? a) Like Piaget's stage theory, Kohlberg's theory is comprised of foure distinctly separate stages b) Reaching the postconventional stage requires functioning at Piaget's preoperational stage c) Reaching the postconventional stage requires functioning at Piaget's formal operations stage d) Levels of moral development are unrelated to levels of cognitive development
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Reaching the postconventional stage requires functioning at Piaget's formal operations stage.
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According to Piaget's ideas regarding moral development, the __________ stage is to subjective responsibility as the __________ stage is to objective responsibility. a) concrete operations; formal operations b) formal operations; concrete operations c) preoperational; concrete operations d) formal operations; preoperational
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formal operations; concrete operations
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Jean Piaget is best known for his pioneering work in the area of _________ development. a) cognitive b) social c) identity d) psychosocial
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cognitive
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Dr. Aragio is a pediatrician and is constantly advising parents to carefully monitor the experiences their children have within the first three years of life, as these are the most crucial in their psychological and physical development. Which view of development is consistent with Dr. Aragio's advice? a) childhood fragility b) infant determinism c) resiliency hypothesis d) constructivism
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infant determinism
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The local health department of a small town has hired a research firm to study the development of cancer residents in the town due to a suspected cancer-causing agent and environment pollution. The research will compare data on participants at age 10, 20, 30, etc, to see if there are increasing rates of cancer in the town. This type of research study is called a: a) longitudinal design b) cross-sectional design c) cohort research design d) correlational research design
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longitudinal design
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Tameeka is at a point in her pregnancy during which she is experiencing muscle contractions and movement and kicks. Which period of prenatal development is Tameeka currently experiencing? a) blastocyst b) emryonic c) zygotic d) fetal
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Fetal
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Dr. Smith believes people who are very aggressive have become so because of their life experiences. Dr. Goldberg believes people are more or less aggressive from birth because of genetic factors. Which of the following terms best describes an issue in human development that is highlighted by their disagreement? a) nature versus nurture b) cognition versus emotion c) classical versus operant conditioning d) cross-sectional studies versus longitudinal studies
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nature vs nurture
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Frederica is an infant who is easily scared by unfamiliar faces, loud noises, or moving toys. Her temperament style would be classified as: a) slow to warm up b) difficult c) anxious d) behavioural inhibition
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behavioural inhibition
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Elementary school teachers from China would likely employ a(n) ________ style of teaching. a) permissive b) uninvolved c) authoritative d) authoritarian
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authoritarian
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Allison is a new mother, and notices that when she gently touches her daughter's cheek, she opens her mouth and tries to suck on Allison's finger. This reflex is called the a) sucking reflex b) rooting reflex c) babkin reflex d) moro reflex
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rooting reflex
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What was Mary Ainsworth trying to determine when she devised an experimental method called the Strange Situation? a) the nature of gestural communication between mothers and babies b) aspects of purposeful exploration as the baby investigates a strange environment c) parental discipline styles in the first year of life d) the nature of attachment between caregivers and babies
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the nature of attachment between caregivers and babies
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Brad is 17 and is looking into career options. He is currently deciding whether he wants to become a gourmet chef or a race car driver. Brad is at what stage of Erikson's psychosocial development? a) integrity vs despair b) intimacy vs isolation c) generativity vs stagnation d) identity vs role confusion
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identity versus role confusion
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Aaron is a middle-aged physician. He gives back to the community by acting as a mentor to teenagers interested in entering the medical profession. Erikson would say that Aaron is experiencing: a) intimacy b) identity c) generativity d) integrity
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generativity
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Obedience to rules because of the fear of punishment is a characteristic of____________. a) formal conventional morality b) postconventional morality c) conventional morality d) preconventional morality
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preconventional morality
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over the course of development, the absolute size of the head continues to ________, but grows at a ________ rate than the torso or legs. a) decrease; slower b) increase; slower c) decrease; faster d) increase; faster
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increase; slower
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Recent findings associated with aging and cognitive functioning show that older adults outscore younger adults on a) memory tests b) vocabulary tests c) auditory tests d) visual tests
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vocabulary tests
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According to Kohlberg, postconventional morality involves: a) behaviour motivated by doing what is best for the greatest number of people. b) behaviour motivated by doing what is best for the individual. c) behaviour motivated by doing what is expected of you by authority figures. d) behaviour motivated by doing what is expected of you by peers.
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behaviour motivated by doing what is best for the greatest number of people
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Piaget acknowledged that some children progressed more in one cognitive domain than another, a phenomenon he called ________. a) cross-stage progression b) perioperational c) horizontal decalage d) multimodal cognition
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horizontal decalage
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Researchers are testing 3 groups of children aged 2.5, 3.5, and 4.5 years old. In order to determine whether they have attained theory of mind, they give each group of children the ____________ task, which examines children's ability to understand that someone else believes something they know to be wrong. a) conservation b) object permanence c) self-concept d) false belief
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false belief
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What hormone helps to counter stress and promotes the tend and befriend response? a) cortisol b) oxytocin c) adrenaline d) serotonin
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oxytocin
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A person who is ambitious, time conscious, extremely hardworking, easily annoyed, and tends to have high levels of hostility and anger is said to be exhibiting a _______ personality. a) type A b) type B c) type T d) type D
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Type A
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_________ is the search for the sacred, which may or may not extend to belief in God a) spirituality b) atheism c) optimism d) humanism
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spirituality
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________ is also known as "recycling mental garbage" a) pessimism b) rumination c) cynicism d) self doubt
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rumination
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An assessment that measures the amount of stress in a person's life resulting from major life events over one year is called the: a) secondary appraisal b) primary appraisal c) social readjustment rating scale d) college undergraduate stress scale
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Social Readjustment Rating Scale
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In comparison to nonreligious people, religious individuals have: - lower mortality rates and lower blood pressure - higher mortality rates and higher blood pressure - lower mortality rates and higher blood pressure - higher mortality rates and lower blood pressure
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Lower mortality rates and lower blood pressure
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Which of the following is NOT one of the outcomes that optimism is associated with? - better surgical outcomes - less distress during pregnancy for women - more vigorous immune responses - lower mortality rate
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Less distress during pregnancy for women
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In which stage of the general adaptation syndrome has the body reached the limits of its ability to adapt to stress, which may result in the development of stress-related diseases? - collapse - alarm - exhaustion - resistance
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exhaustion
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__________ help predict who will and won't thrive in the face of potentially stressful circumstances. - the ways in which people appraise stressful situations - coping abilities and strategies in specific situations - goals and availability of social support - all of the above
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all of the above
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Which of the following promotes a healthy lifestyle? - stop smoking - lose weight - curb alcohol consumption - all
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all
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Which Type A personality characteristic is the key trait that is linked to heart disease? - competitiveness - compulsiveness - hostility - chronic irritability
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hostility
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The type A behaviour pattern is a significant predictor of: - cancer - respiratory illnesses - coronary heart disease - mental illness
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coronary heart disease
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Vanna's mother is ill and Vanna is feeling overwhelmed and sad. To cope with this stress of her mother's illness, Vanna has been writing her feelings down in a journal. Vanna is using ___________. - distraction - problem-focused coping - emotion-focused coping - reappraisal
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emotion-focused coping
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"Like cures like" is an example of: - traditional medicine - alternative medicine - complementary medicine - homeopathic medicine
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homeopathic medicine
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Jayci lost her husband, daughter, and home in a widespread wildfire. To overcome this ordeal, she turns to old friends and support groups set up in the community for emotional comfort, information, companionship, advice, and financial assistance. This relationship is known as: - coping - social support - camaraderie - networking
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social support
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Adelaida haers a rattling sound as she hikes through the desert. Her muscles tense and her blood pressure rises. According to Hans Selye, she is in the - chronic stress phase - alarm phase - exhaustion phase - resistance phase
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alarm phase
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Which of the following is one of the ways in which religion helps people reduce or cope with stress? - religion isolates people from those who are different - most religions promote psychological defence mechanisms - religion can provide a strong social support system - religion includes rituals that get people to dwell of their failings
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religion can provide a strong social support system
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A stressor that is so severe that is produces long-term psychological or health consequences is considered __________ - a hassle - a primary appraisal - stressful - traumatic
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traumatic
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Sven has developed a method for coping with his test anxiety in his college courses. His next step in his problem-focused coping strategy is to: - implement the plan - identify the stressor - evaluate the success of the implemented plan - discuss the nature of the stressors with others
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implement the plan
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___________ is the term used to describe the physical, emotional, cognitive, and behavioural responses to events that are threatening or challenging. - burnout - distress - eustress - stress
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stress
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The Robber's Cave experiment showed that: - playing athletic games, such as football and baseball, reduces us-them hostility - watching movies together, and similar quiet interactions, reduces us-them hostility. - engaging in mutually exciting activities, such as tug-of-war, reduces us-them hostility. - interdependence in solving crises together reduces us-them hostility.
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interdependence in solving crises together reduces us-them hostility
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What type of task was used in the Milgram shock study paradigm? - paired-associate task - staged emergency task - autokinetic task - line length judgments
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paired-associate task
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A social psychologist has been invited to give a community lecture on the important of Milgram's research. He asks a social psychology class for suggested titles. Which of the following titles might they suggest as the most appropriate? - "Obedience and aggression are inborn" - "do not underestimate the power of perceived authority" - "training in ethics can overcome the pull of obedience" - "make a small request first and the world can be yours"
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"Do Not Underestimate the Power of Perceived Authority"
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Which social psychology theory best explains the fact taht the majority of the riots that took place following the trial of the police officers accused of beating Rodney King did not take place in white neighbourhoods, but rather in the neighbourhoods of Asian Americans and Asians who had recently immigrated to the US? - scapegoating - social diffusion - the bystander effect - prejudice
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scapegoating
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Which of the following activities will NOT reduce cognitive dissonance? - changing the behaviour to match the attitude - changing the thought to justify the behaviour - developing new thoughts to justify the behaviour - continuing the behaviour in spite of the conflicting thoughts
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continuing the behaviour in spite of the conflicting thoughts
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If you walk into a classroom talking with a friend, and the rest of the members of the class are not talking, you are likely to be quiet and stop your conversation. Your behaviour is an example of ________. - obedience - compliance - conformity - persuasion
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conformity
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Social psychology is best defined as the scientific study of: - deviant behaviour - sociology - social influence - groups
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Groups
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Imagine 100 individuals are asked to take part in a replication of Milgram's famous study on obedience. How are these 100 people likely to respond? - The majority would administer 450 volts as instructed. - The majority would immediately realize the use of deception and leave - Most of the women would refuse to obey, whereas almost all of the men would obey. - Most of the participants would work together to force the experimenter to end the experiment
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the majority would administer 450 as instructed
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Who is least likely to be aggressive? - Cody, an American Southerner who has just been insulted by a neighbour - Juan, who just watched a daylong marathon of slasher movies - Jeff, who has been drinking heavily at a bar because his girlfriend dumped him - Shoshone, who lives in the Yukon and likes to curl up with a good book and read
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Shoshone, who lives in the Yukon and likes to curl up with a good book and read
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Faroud is walking across campus and sees a man who is slumped over on the ground beside one of the buildings. He looks around and noticed that no one else is responding, so he assumes that he must be the only one who thinks that the man may need help and that he is wrong. Faroud continues on his way and does not stop to help the man. Faroud's behaviour can be explained by _____________. - diffusion of responsibility - social loafing - pluralistic ignorance - deindividuation
answer
pluralistic ignorance
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Amos is the only survivor of a plane crash, and is stranded in the wilderness all alone. As the days pass without rescue, he begins to feel extremely lonely and isolated, and begins talking to himself, the trees, and the nearby animals. Which of the following best explains Amos' behaviour? - Attributional theory - Social comparison theory - Cognitive dissonance theory - The need to belong theory
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The need to belong theory
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Cults are to _________ as Abu Ghraib is to ___________. - deindividuation; groupthink - group polarization; conformity - groupthink; deindividuation - conformity; group polarization
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groupthink; deindividuation
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The launch and subsequent explosion of the space shuttle Challenger in 1986, despite warnings of danger from NASA engineers that parts might malfunction due to weather conditions, demonstrates the concept of _________. - conformity - groupthink - obedience - group polarization
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groupthink
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In which variation on Milgram's classic study of obedience did they find compliance to 450 volts reached over 90%? - The teacher has to direct a different subject to administer shock - Less prestigious location - Experimenter gives orders by phone - The teacher has to hold the learner's hand on the shock plate
answer
The teacher has to direct a different subject to administer shock
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Sherif's "Robbers" experiment demonstrated that prejudice can be reduced by: - engaging all members in competitive play - engaging each team against each other in a tournament - getting boys within each group to form strong bonds within the group - engaging the groups in activities that required them to cooperate to achieve a goal
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engaging the groups in activities that required them to cooperate to achieve a goal
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Which of the following methods can be used to test for implicit stereotypes? - A survey about your beliefs - The scapegoat hypothesis - Affective priming - The just-world hypothesis
answer
Affective priming
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You are in the market for a new car. You go from dealer to dealer and find they all follow the same procedure: every salesperson offers you a soda and asks you to take a test drive. Which psychological technique is behind the offer of the soda and the test drive? - Foot in the door technique - door in the face technique - low ball technique - bait and switch technique
answer
foot in the door technique
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The advice to "keep it simple stupid" suggests that political and other messages should be simple so that the audience will understand the content without distractions. This is an example of which type of processing suggested by the dual process model of persuasion? - central route - peripheral route - afferent route - efferent route
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central route
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___________ involves asking for an unreasonably large request before asking for the small request you are hoping to have granted. - foot in the door - door in the face - low ball - bait and switch
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door in the face
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When Same went looking for a new car, he met a beautiful saleswoman who described the beauty of the car and the flashiness, and how good Sam would look driving it instead of the poor gas mileage, the exorbitant price, and poor road performance. Sam made a snap decision to buy the car from the persuasive saleswoman. Sam was using which alternative pathway in making a decision? - central route - peripheral route - afferent route - efferent route
answer
peripheral route
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Toilet training takes place during which of Freud's psychosexual stages? - phallic - oral - latency - anal
answer
anal lel
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Jessie becomes furious when her fav hockey player is intentionally hurt by an opponent. According to Freud's model of the mind, her id would unconsciously say: - "thou shalt not kill" - "im going to tear this program in half!" - "what, me angry? I never get angry." - "I'm so angry I could kill that player."
answer
"I'm so angry I could kill that player" ... bitch please no you can't
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Many have compared Freud's idea of the mind to an iceberg. If that were the case and you were standing on the deck of ship in the Arctic, what part of the mind would you see above the water? - ego - superego - preconscious - id
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Ego
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In the metaphor the angel, the devil, and me, the devil is the - superego - ego - alter ego - id
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id
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____________ is a technique that involves the psychological interpretation of handwriting. - morphology - physiognomy - graphology - phrenology
answer
graphology
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High scores on what MMPI-2 validity scales can be indicative of malingering (making oneself appear psychologically disturbed)? - Lie scale (L) - Frequency scale (F) - Correction scale (K) - Response Set scale (R)
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Frequency Scale (F)
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According to Freud, the stage in which children develop a marked attachment to the parent of the opposite sex and become jealous of the same-sex parent is the _____ stage. - phallic - oral - genital - anal
answer
phallic
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The Freudian idea of "psychic determinism" implies that: - unconscious desires and urges drive human behaviour - any psychological event has an underlying cause - childhood experiences determine adult adjustment - no action is ever meaningless
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any psychological event has an underlying cause
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Ellen has been described as creative, imaginative, curious, artistic, and nonconforming. She is likely to obtain an elevated score on a questionnaire designed to measure: - openness - extraversion - neuroticism - agreeableness
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openness
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What theorist strongly disagreed with Freud's ideas about women and their feelings of inferiority and the Oedipus complex? - Jung - Horney - Klein - Adler
answer
Horney (Feminist, eZ)
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As you are preparing for your biology exam, you notice two of your classmates in the library. After going to talk with them you discover they are planning to use a cheat sheet during tomorrow's exam. What part of your personality would cause you to feel ashamed or guility if you too created a cheat sheet for the exam? - superego - actual self - ego - id
answer
superego
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B.F. Skinner's approach is the most open to criticism about its neglect of the importance of_______ in personality development. - thinking - the self - environmental contingencies - other people's behaviour
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thinking
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A theorist who believes that individuals of lower intelligence can be identified by a low brow line and protruding forehead is likely to endorse what method of personality assessment? - graphology - phrenology - physiognomy - projection
answer
phsyiognomy. physio, physical traits, ezZzzz
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The id is motivated by the desire for: - moral perfection - social acceptability - free will - immediate gratification
answer
immediate gratification
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A common criticism of Adler, Freud, and Jung's theories of personality development is that: - they are filled with unfalsifiable claims - they underestimate the human capacity for engaging in selfish and destructive actions - they place too much importance on adolescence and not enough on early childhood experiences - they overestimate the importance of the conscious mind in personality development
answer
They are filled with unfalsifiable claims
question
The fact that a general statement can be seen by five different individuals as being an insightful analysis of their personality is most likely due to the: - P.T. Barnum effect - reliability and validity of personality assessment tools - information given by the individuals - skills of the assessor
answer
P.T. Barnum effect (horoscopes)
question
In Sigmund Freud's theory, the _______ operates according to the pleasure principle: - ego - superego - alter ego - id
answer
id
question
Marley believes that she did poorly on her psychology exam because the test was too hard and her teacher is mean, whereas Jeff thinks that he did poorly on his psychology exam because he did not study hard enough. Based on this example, Jeff has an ________ locus of control and Marley has an ____________ locus of control. - internal; internal - external; external - internal; external - external; internal
answer
internal; external He blames himself (internal) she blames everything else (external)
question
Cramer and Imaike's study of personality and blood type found that participants with a(n) _____ blood type were more likely to be extraverted. - O - B - AB - none
answer
none
question
Which of the following statements is criticism that one might legitimately make about the humanistic perspective of personality? - It is missing a discussion on the influence of selfless motives in personality development - It paints too rosy a picture of humanity, ignoring negative aspects of human nature. - It underestimates the influence of external factors in personality development. - It is easy to falsify.
answer
It paints too rosy of a picture of humanity, ignoring negative aspects of human nature
question
When a psychologist or psychiatrist is using the DSM-IV-TR as a guide to evaluating a client, he or she would assess the client on each of five: - steps - phases - stages - axes
answer
axes
question
When Bob noticed a pain in his thigh, he was convinced it was a sign of bone cancer. Although X-rays revealed no sign of cancer, Bob sought the opinions of a dozen other physicians who agreed with the original opinion. What psychological disorder might Bob's behaviour indicate? - dissociative disorder - hypochondriasis - conversion disorder - schizo
answer
hypochondriasis
question
Randy has a grandiose sense of self, lacks empathy for others, and is dishonest, manipulative, and callous. What type of personality disorder is Randy most likely to have? - psychopathic - antisocial - borderline - depersonalized
answer
psychopathic
question
Research using ____________ has demonstrated that anxiety leads us to interpret ambiguous stimuli negatively. - homophones - inkblots - earworms - negative reinforcement
answer
homophones
question
For some people, their depression lasts only from December to Feb but returns at the same time each year. This is what psychologists call: - bipolar disorder - seasonal affective disorder - major depressive disorder - cyclothymia
answer
seasonal affective disorder
question
Feeling insects crawling on your skin (when none are really there) or hearing voices (when no one is around) would be examples of what symptom of schizo? - hallucinations - obsessions - compulsions - delusions
answer
hallucinations
question
Dissociative identity disorder is caused by a history of severe abuse according to the _______ model, and by expectancies and beliefs about the therapeutic process according to the _________ model. - posttraumatic; sociocognitive - behavioural; humanistic - psychoanalytic; behavioural - humanistic; behavioural
answer
posttraumatic;sociocognitive
question
Dr. Nwoambi is a psychologist who is currently evaluating a new client. Dr. Nwoambi would most likely refer to the __________ to assist her in diagnosing her client's psychological disorder. - Textbook of Mental Illness - Textbook of Psychological Disorders - Physician's Reference Checklist - Diagnostic and Statistical Manual
answer
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM)
question
Suppose that the treatment recommended for a patient at the mental health clinic is phototherapy. What is the likely diagnosis? - bipolar affective disorder - seasonal affective disorder - major depressive disorder - cyclothymia
answer
seasonal affective disorder
question
Maria is a retired factory worker who lives with anxiety. Due to the fear of having anxiety attacks, she does not leave her house. This makes her feel trapped in her home, which creates distress. Which criterion would be most appropriate in deciding whether Maria's case represents an example of abnormality? - societal disapproval - social context - subjective distress - statistical rarity
answer
subjective distress
question
Darcy is sitting at her desk in her office one day when, without warning, her heart begins racing rapidly, she has a sensation of being "out of her body" and she experiences dulled vision and hearing, rapid breathing, and sweating. She thinks she is having a heart attack. Nothing she is doing seems to have caused such an episode. Her symptoms most resemble: - obsessive-compulsive disorder - generalized anxiety disorder - those of a panic attack - posttraumatic stress disorder
answer
those of a panic attack
question
Suppose you are a psychologist who is evaluating the behaviour of a new client. The client tells you that he does not like to wear clothing and that he walks around nude most of the time. In addition, he tells you that he lives in a society in which clothing is required and nudity is seen as abnormal. Which of the following is not a criterion by which you evaluate your client's behaviour as abnormal? - societal disapproval - impairment - subjective distress - statistical rarity
answer
subjective distress
question
Kevan used to study diligently for exams in all of his highschool classes and began working on writing projects immediately after they were assigned. However, no matter what he did, he could never score higher than C or C+. What prediction would the behavioural model make about Kevan's behaviour today as a college student? - Kevan may begin to give up working so hard because of the lack of a payoff for his efforts - Kevan will eventually drop out of college because of his poor performance. - Kevan will continue to study diligently and work hard in his classes - Kevan's behaviour cannot be adequately predicted from his past experiences
answer
Kevan may begin to give up working so hard because of the lack of a payoff for his efforts
question
In a condition called _________, some residents in central canada report a morbid fear of becoming a cannibal. - windigo - latah - brain fog - mal de ojo
answer
windigo
question
Intruding thoughts that occur again and again are called: - obsessions - compulsions - checklists - rituals
answer
obsessions
question
Most people with ________ also develop agoraphobia - generalized anxiety disorder - ptsd - panic disorder - ocd
answer
panic disorder
question
The primary purpose of the DSM-IV is to: - help psychologists assess only normal human behaviour - keep the number of diagnostic categories of mental disorders to a minimum - describe the causes of common physiological disorders - help psychological professionals diagnose psychological disorders
answer
help psychological professionals diagnose psychological disorders
question
Which type of anxiety disorder is most commonly associated with malingering for some type of external gain? - phobias - ocd - ptsd - panic disorder
answer
ptsd
question
__________ is a culture-bound disorder whereas _______ is a disorder that has cultural universality. - kunlangeta; bulumia - mal de ojo; apotemnophilia - anorexia; psychopathy - schizo; windigo
answer
anorexia; psychopathy
question
____________ are concerned with the possibility that psychiatric diagnoses exert powerful negative effects on people's perceptions and behaviour, and can lead them to act differently and be treated differently by others. - psychoanalysts - humanists - behaviourists - labelling theorists
answer
labelling theorists
question
Bart is asked by his psychotherapist to close his eyes. After a few minutes of relaxing, the therapist asks Bart to discuss whatever comes to mind and to continue without censoring any of the ideas or thoughts he experiences. Bart is experiencing the therapeutic technique of: - systematic desensitization - active confrontation - free association - empathy
answer
free association
question
Person-centred therapy is a type of ______ therapy. - insight - behavioural - cognitive - reality
answer
insight
question
A frequently prescribed drug therapy for managing one's depression is: - adderall - lithium - thorazine - prozac
answer
prozac
question
In order for flooding to be effective, therapists must apply ______ techniques. - in vivo - thought field therapy - response prevention - virtual reality
answer
response prevention
question
According to Albert Ellis, many psychological problems result from: - an unintegrated set of Gestalts - catastrophic thinking about oneself or one's life conditions - unconscious motivational conflicts - conditions of worth that are imposed on us by others
answer
catastrophic thinking about oneself or one's life conditions
question
A strategic family therapist who instructs a family to have dinner together each night and discuss their everyday activities openly with each other has used a(n) __________ as a therapeutic approach - paradoxical request - directive - immersion method - exposure technique
answer
directive
question
What treatment for schizo was once considered effective, but is no longer accepted in the therapeutic community as a viable type of psychotherapy? - Electroconvulsive shock therapy - direct analysis - psychodynamic therapy - exposure therapy
answer
direct analysis
question
Techniques used in the systematic desensitization are based on which of the following principles? - anxiety hierarchies - reciprocal inhibition - observational learning - flooding
answer
reciprocal inhibition
question
Judy's therapist listens to her without interruption and judgment. She provides Judy with warmth and respect, without any conditions attached. Her therapist is demonstrating: - unconditional positive regard - genuineness - reflection - nondirective counter-transference
answer
unconditional positive regard
question
Which of the following is a therapy based on the principles of operant conditioning? - aversion therapy - flooding - systematic desensitization - token economy
answer
token economy
question
The Freudian idea of working through was most important _____ insight had been achieved. - exactly as - immediately before - long before - after
answer
after
question
Hiram has watched his older brother receive attention for hitting and biting others. When Hiram imitates this inappropriate behaviour so that he also can receive attention, Hiram's behaviour has resulted from __________. - reinforcement - modelling - extinction - token economy
answer
modelling
question
Cognitive-behavioural therapies share all of the following core assumptions except: - cognitions are key players in both healthy and unhealthy psychological functioning - some irrational beliefs are necessary to help us cope with stressful experiences - cognitions can be identified and measured - irrational beliefs can be replaced by more rational and adaptive cognitions
answer
some irrational beliefs are necessary to help us cope with stressful experiences
question
Electroconvulsive therapy is often: - used as a last resort for persons who suffer from severe depression or schizophrenia - used to treat people who are phobic, suffer from anxiety disorders, or experience sleep disorders. - used to control people's behaviour rather than serving as any form of useful treatment for psychological disorders. - the first step in a longer biomedical treatment management of mood and schizophrenic disorders.
answer
used as a last resort for persons who suffer from severe depression or schizophrenia
question
Behavioural and cognitive-behavioural therapies consistently outperform other types of psychotherapies for what type of disorder? - mood - anxiety - schizo - dissociative
answer
anxiety
question
Aaron Beck and Albert Ellis were especially concerned with helping a patient: - understand his or her past shortcomings in the context of the present - identify and modify distorted thoughts about him- or herself, others, and/or the world - to discontinue maladaptive negative reinforcement that led to avoidance of certain people or situations. - to gain better insight into the underlying cause of one's psychological difficulties.
answer
identify and modify distorted thoughts about him- or herself, others, and/or the world
question
In which form of therapy does the therapist take a directive role, challenging clients when they make "my way or nothing" statements? - behaviour therapy - insight - person-centred - rational-emotive therapy
answer
rational-emotive therapy
question
_______ refers to a lapse in sobriety that can lead to continued drinking if people feel ashamed, guilty, or discouraged when they lapse. - relapse prevention - counter-intuitive relapse - counter-productive relapse - the abstinence violation effect
answer
the abstinence violation effect
question
Svetlana is afraid of flying and has sought out therapeutic help to try to overcome her fear. The therapist gradually exposes Svetlana to flying-related stimuli in real life, such as sitting on an airplace and conducting anxiety reduction techniques. What type of therapeutic technique is Svetlana's therapist using? - assertion training - in vivo desensitization - response prevention - implosive therapy
answer
in vovo desensitization
question
which therapeutic technique is associated with the potential for a heightened risk of ptsd symptoms? - crisis debriefing - recovered memory techniques - rage reduction therapy - faciliated communication
answer
crisis debriefing
