PSYCH 104 Exam 1
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The first psychological laboratory was founded in Germany by...
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Wilhem Wundt
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If you were an early psychologist and were interest in understanding how experiences helped individuals adapt, you would be taking the____approach
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Functional
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The psychodynamic perspective was developed originally by...
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John B. Watson
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The basic notion of the psychodynamic approach is that behaviors are the result of...
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Unconscious thoughts
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Which psychological perspective suggests that humans strive for self-fulfillment and are motivated by a basic goodness
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Humanistic perspective...Carl Rogers
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The notion that our actions are learned (conditioned) is called...
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Behaviorism...John B. Watson
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Psychologists following the Gestalt approach argue that...
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Experience is best understood when the parts are considered as a unified whole
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Industrial-Organizational psychologists work on all of the following issues expect
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Organization of brain structures
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Hippocrates suggested that differences in behavior were caused by...
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Levels of bodily humors
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Which of the following methods was used by early psychologists to study mental processes
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Introspection
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Psychologists who do research on the factors that influence interactions among people are called
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Social psychologists
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Psychologist who focus primarily on research on how people change over an entire life span are called
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Developmental psychologists
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A ____ is a statement about an expected relationship; which is often starting
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Hypothesis
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In controlled experiments, the condition in which the independent variable is manipulated is called the...
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Experimental condition
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What is the biggest problem with correlation research
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Correlations do not allow us to draw conclusions regarding cause and effect
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The condition in an experiment in which the independent variable is NOT manipulated is...
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Control condition
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Bill is convinced that Introduction to Chemistry is a really difficult course because his friend failed it last semester. Bill is basing his conclusion on a
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Case study
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Dr. Wu measures the intelligence of the same group f college professors every five years for thirty years. What research strategy is she using
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Longitudinal
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In controlled experiments, changes in the_____ are influenced by the _______
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dependent variable, independent variable
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Dr. Maxwell will measure sexual activity of students who are currently college freshmen, sophomore, juniors, and seniors. Then she will compare the levels of sexual activity across those groups. What research strategy is she using
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cross-sectional
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Which of the following research strategies can be used to separate the effects of genetic and environmental factors: a. studies of families b. studies of twins c. correlational studies d. observational research
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b. studies of twins
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Which of the following research strategies can be used to determine cause and effect
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Controlled experiments
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Correlations can range from
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-1 to 1
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Which of the following pairs of variables would probably be negatively correlated: a. age and height in children b. temperature and water consumption c. hours spent studying and scores on exam d. temperature and layers of clothing worn
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Temperature and layers of clothing worn
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A confound is a variable that
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Changes systematically with the independent variable
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Placebos have an effect because
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the participants expectancies
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An experiment is considered valid when
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the procedures justify the conclusion that is drawn about the effect of the independent variable
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Which confound can be also be referred to as the placebo effect
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participant expectancies
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Which of these is NOT a reason people do animal research: a. it is practical and ethical alternative to research on humans b. animal behavior is of scientific interest c. it is okay to do anything you want to do to animals in the name of science d. some research on animal behavior can be applicable to human behavior
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c. it is okay to do anything you want to do to animals in the name of science
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Analogue research involves
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experimental manipulations that are not as extreme as what we really interested in
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What experimental design does no involve randomly assigning participants to experimental and control conditions
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quasi-experimental research
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One way to determine whether a finding is reliable is to do the experiment a number of times to see if you continue to get the same results. What is this called
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replicating
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If findings of research do not provide support for a hypothesis, we can co conclude that the hypothesis is wrong? t/f
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false
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The two major system that make up the nervous system include the
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central nervous system and the peripheral system
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The brain and the spinal cord are the major parts of the
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central nervous system
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The primary function of the central nervous system is to
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receive information, intimate responses, and interpret information
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The primary function of the peripheral nervous system is to
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carry information to and from the central nervous system
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The fact that different parts of the brain controls different behaviors is referred to as
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localization of function
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The___ works to increase one's arousal, while the______ works to decrease arousal
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sympathetic branch; parasympathetic branch
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The brain is organized in way that the _____ structures are responsible for more complex activities; while the ________ structures are responsible for more primitive functions
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higher; lower
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The practice of identifying an individual's characteristics by measuring lumps on his/her skull was called
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phrenology
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Which of the following is not part of of the brain stem: a. reticular activating systems b. cerebellum c. medulla d. pons
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cerebellum
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The ____ generates arousal and the ___ carries that arousal to the higher levels of the brain
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amygdala; ascending reticular activation system
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The primary function of the cerebellum is to
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coordinate movement
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Damage to your cerebellum most results in
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inaccurate movements
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Which of the following is NOT part of the limbic system: a. thalamus b. hippocampus c. hypothalamus d. amygdala
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thalamus
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What disease was specifically is a result of deterioration of the hippocampus: a. Multiple Sclerosis b. Huntington's Disease c. Parkinson's Disease d. Alzheimer's Disease
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Alzheimer's Disease
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Deterioration of the myelin sheath results in which disorder: a. Multiple Sclerosis b. Huntington's Disease c. Parkinson's Disease d. Alzheimer's Disease
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Multiple Sclerosis
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The primary role of the hippocampus is the
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processing information for storage in long-term memory
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What brain structure is involved in the processing of memories of emotional events
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amygdala
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If you ingest a stimulant such as caffeine and you hands start shaking, it is possible that the stimulant is having an effect on your
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basal ganglia
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Which of the functional areas of the brain is more developed in human than in other animals: a. Motor b. Association c. Sex d. Auditory
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Association
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The auditory sensory area is located in the
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temporal lobe
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Vision is located primarly in the ____ lobe
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occipital
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Motor area is located in the
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frontal lobe
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The two hemispheres of the brain are connected by the ______, and that structure tends to be larger in
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corpus callosum; women
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Jane can't identify her friends from their faces, and she is also emotionally flat. It is most likely that she has had a stroke in her
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right hemisphere (emotion, recognition)
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Mark is chronically anxious despite the fact that there is nothing in his environment that should be causing anxiety. It is likely that Mark has a problem with the functioning of his
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inhibitory neurons
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In your somatosensory area, which of the following structures has the largest representation
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fingers
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Transmission of the nerve impulse down the axon is a(n) ____ process and the transmission of the impulse across he synapse is a(n) ___ process
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electrical, chemical
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The structures that receive stimulation from other neurons are the
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dendrites
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The nerve impulse will travel as much as 12 times faster in an axon that __ than an axon that ___
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has a myelin sheath, does not have a myelin sheath
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If a cat has one covered and therefore cannot see with that eye, over time
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the axons associated with that eye will be pruned back
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After a stroke, individuals may regain functions that were originally lost due to the death of neurons. That occurs because of
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brain plasticity
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When you learn your brain
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develops new dendrites
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A ___ is a neuron in the spinal cord that plays a role in reflexive behavior
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interneuron
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The _____ is much more developed in humans than any other animal: a. amygdale b. frontal lobe c. occipital lover d. cortex
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cortex
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Most the antidepressants are effective because they increase the level of
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serotonin
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One interesting side effect of drugs that increase levels of dopamine is a. muscle dysfunction b. compulsive gambling c. reduced sexual activity d. depression
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...
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The side effect of an increase of dopamine occurs because dopamine is a neurotransmitter in the a. hypothalamus b. basal ganglia c. pleasure center d. cortex
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...
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The role of the middle ear is to
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convert sound waves into mechanical vibrations
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Which of the following is NOT an ossicle a. hammer b. anvil c. tympanic d. stirrup
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tympanic
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Conduction deafness results from problems with
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bones in the ear
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The inner ear is also known as the
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cochlea
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In the inner ear, waves of fluid cause ___ to move
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hair cells
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______ sounds are detected in the first part of the cochlea
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high pitched
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If you hear a low pitched sound, it means that
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hair cells at the far end of you cochlea are moving
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Nerve deafness results from problems with
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hair cells
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A cochlear implant essentially is a substitute for
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the hair cells
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In adolescents, the area of the brain that has not yet developed fully is the
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prefrontal cortex
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Your little sister sees dinner cooking on the stove and reaches for the pan. Her hand suddenly retracts as she winces in pain. Her reaction is due to activity in the ___ division of the nervous system and information processing by the _____
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somatic; interneurons
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As soon as the sympathetic branch of your nervous system is aroused, your parasympathetic branch becomes activated so you are not overly stimulated. Which is the mechanism responsible for the phenomenon
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feedback lops
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What is NOT one of the functions of the medulla: a. respiration b. heart rate regulation c. homeostasis d. neurological arousal
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homeostasis
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One common side effect of drugs taken by patients with schizophrenia is involuntary and repetitive movements of the face know as tardive dyskinesia. What area of the brain is being affected by the medication
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basal ganglia
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What brain structure is last to evolve
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cortex
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Structuralism
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study of the content of mind
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Functionalism
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study of function of mind
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Behaviorism
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study of observable behavior
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Psychodynamics
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study of unconscious
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cognitive psychology
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study of the brain
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humanistic psychology
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focus on strengths of person
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Characteristics of a theory
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General, Parsimonious, Fruitful, and Falsifiable
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Research hypothesis
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Precise statement about pieces of a theory Specific and falsifiable prediction about the relationship among variables identifies variables, describes direction of relationship, and MUST be testable
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Conceptual Variable
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abstract
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Measured variables
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numbers
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Operational definition
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Concrete, easy to replicate by other researchers; reliable Important to psychology because are specific, quantifiable, and can be built upon at anytime following the study as well help define exactly it is that you are studying
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Advantages/Disadvantages of research designs (descriptive)
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Case Study: Pro-lots of really good data Con: not necessarily generalizable Naturalistic Observation: Pro-external validity (not in lab) Con-observer bias and observer effect Survey: Pro-can get lots of data Con-self0report data is subject to many biases and inconsistencies
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Advantages/Disadvantages of research designs (experiment and quasi experiment)
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Experiment: Pro-causality con-not always possible to meet criteria for true experiment Quasi (lacks random assignment): Pro-able to study topics that cannot be studied experimentally con- no causality
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Threats to validity
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Threats to internal validity: problems with equipments, confounding variables, experimenter bias Threats to external validity Does this lab research apply to the real world?
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Hormones v. neurotransmitters
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Neurotransmitters- chemical messengers that travel across synapse, connect with other cells and trigger an electrical message Hormones-chemical messengers, slow(er) acting, widespread effect
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How do neurotransmitters function in the synapse? How do agonists and antagonists work in the synapse?
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Neurotransmitters- chemical messengers that travel across synapse, connect with other cells and trigger an electrical message Agonist-substance that mimics the effect of a neurotransmitter, blind receptor, block reuptake Antagonist-substance that blocks the effect of a neurotransmitter
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Myths about brain? Myths about right and left brain? Why might myths arise? Evidence for/against some of these myths?
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Someone who is logical is left brained and someone who is artsy and emotional is right brained. Hemispheres special in tasks (left-language, right-perceptual) BUT always using both sides of the brain
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Visual pathway
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Photons-> photoreceptors on retina (sensation)-> transduction (rods and cones to optic nerve)->thalamus visual cortex->temporal and parietal lobes (perception) Light travel thru eye (cornea to pupil to lens to retina) thru retina (rods and cones to bipolar cells to ganglion cells to optic nerve) thru brain (optic nerve to optic chasm to thalamus to visual cortex to what/where pathway)
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How do we distinguish between sensation and perception
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Sensation- botton-up processing, environment to brain Perception- top-down processing, brain's interpretation of environment; perception is governed by the pathway a message travels along in brain, depends on neural pathway NOT external stimuli or a specific type of action potential Gestalt theorists-whole is more than the sum or its parts
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Correlation
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Correlation=Relationship, b/t -1 and 1, closer to 0 the weaker the relationship Pro: suggest possibility of causality Con: cannot demonstrate causality does NOT mean that variable causes the other
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Independent v. Dependent Variable
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Independent-that variable that is manipulated Dependent- that variable that is measured
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What are the two necessary criteria for experiments
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Random assignment-(not quasi) participants have an equal chance of being in the experimental group or the control group; double blind Control group-the group whose medication is not manipulated, placebo
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Dendrites
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receive message
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Soma
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decides whether to send its own message
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Axon
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carries the (electrical) message toward other cells; myelin sheath helps send the message more quickly
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Terminal buttons
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releases (chemical) messengers to communicate with other cells
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Old Brain
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Brainstem (medulla and pons), cerebellum, thalamus
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Limbic System
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Amygdala-fear Hypothalamus-endocrine system Hippocampus-memory
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New Brain
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cerebral cortex
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Frontal Lobe
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Thinking, planning, judgement, memory
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Parietal Lobe (when damaged)
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touch sensation, body awareness (out of body experience, phantom limbs)
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Temporal Lobe (when damaged)
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hearing, speech (object recognition, language)
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Occipital lobe (when damaged)
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vision (conscious vision, blindsight)
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What are the parts of the nervous system
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Central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and peripheral nervous system (nerves and glands)
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Endocrine System
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Secretes hormones to influence emotions and behavior Glands-groups of cells that release hormones
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Advantages/disadvantages for methods that are studying the brain: Case Studies: Cadavers Lesions Imaging: EEG PET fMRI DTI TMS
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Cadaver studies: Pro-direct Con-not alive Lesion studies: Pro-identify Con-cannot create intentionally in humans EEG- Pro-great temporal resolution, movement okay Con-poor spatial resolution PET-resolution okay Con-invasive, radioactive fMRI- Pro-spatial resolution, non-invasive Con-temporal resolution, expensive DTI- Pro-image white matter and connectivity Con-analysis complications TMS-Pro-identify localized functions, spatial resolution Con-newer instrument, long term effects
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Spinal Cord
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bundle of neurons, ascending-sensory descending-motor
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What are the two branches of the peripheral nervous system
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Somatic-controls external actions (muscles), consists of sensory nerves and motor nerves Autonomic- Sympathetic-support physical activity, fight or flight, HR and BP increase, airways dilate, increased blood flow to muscles, digestion slowed Parasympathetic- conserve body energy, rest and digest; increase salivation,excretion, digestion, decreased HR, constricted airways and pupils
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Senses
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Vision-photons, occipital lobes Audition-sound waves, temporal lobes Smell (olfaction)-molecules in air, limbic system Taste (gustation)-molecules in mouth, frontal lobes Touch-pressure,vibration,stretch,temperature,pain, parietal lobes Balance (proprioception)-internal cues; gravity, cerebellum
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Transduction
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process that converts sensory stimuli into action potentials
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Gustav Fechner
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quantifiably measured the brain-psychophysics
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Absolute threshold
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smallest signal we can detect
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Weber's law
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the just noticeable difference of a stimulus is a constant a proporation of the original intensity of the stimulus
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The study of brain systems (Unit: Brains, Bodies, and Behavior) and sensory processes (Unit: Sensing & Perceiving) are examples of what general theme? Potential and dysfunction Biological foundations Change
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Biological foundations. Both units focus on the nervous system including the brain and senses.
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Mental health psychologists are most likely to be concerned with which of the following topics? Potential and dysfunction Mental processes Self and others
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Potential and dysfunction. Mental health psychologists are clinical and counseling psychologists who work on issues of potential and dysfunction. These are discussed in the Wellness, Disorders, and Treatment units.
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A counseling psychologist is most likely to be working in which of these general areas? Basic research Mental health Applied psychology
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Mental health. Counseling psychologists, like clinical psychologists, typically work to help people deal with psychological problems or achieve personal goals.
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A psychologist has been working in a university for 15 years and has an opportunity to work with a technology company that is just getting popular. She decides to go for the money and work for the company. She has moved from ______________________. applied psychology to basic research applied psychology to mental health basic research to applied psychology
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Basic research to applied psychology. This psychologist was originally working on basic research in the university. Her goal there was understanding how psychological processes work. When she moved to the technology company, she moved into applied psychology, using her knowledge for development and improvement of a particular product.
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psychologist's research focuses on whether a person's personality is determined by the genes inherited from parents or by childhood and adolescent experiences. This type of research is attempting to answer the question of
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nature v. nuture
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Which question about the mind versus body controversy MOST represents today's research by psychologists? Is the body a physical entity and the mind a nonphysical mysterious entity that controls the body? Do our emotions originate entirely in the body? What is the reciprocal relationship between the mind and the body? Are the functions of the mind separate from actions of the body?
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c
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You are interested in studying the parenting skills of Americans and Europeans. As a psychologist, your research is attempting to answer which enduring question? Automatic versus controlled processing Nature versus nurture Mind versus body Differences versus similarities
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d
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The field of psychology originated with the _________________. Greek philosophers such as Plato and Aristotle Austrian physicians such as Sigmund Freud French philosophers such as Rene Descartes English philosophers such as John Locke
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a
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Psychology made the transition from philosophy to a scientific discipline with which event? Wilhelm Wundt founded the first psychological laboratory to study the mind. Charles Darwin influenced the field of psychology with his theory of natural selection. Edward B. Titchener brought methods of introspection to the United States. Rene Descrate discovered that the pineal gland controlled the body.
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a
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Structuralism, an early school of psychology ________________________. described the elements of sensations and perceptions rejected the use of introspection as a research tool was interested in how unconscious thoughts affected behavior focused on behavior that could be observed
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a
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Which early school of psychology focused on explaining behavior, emotion, and thought as active adaptations to environmental pressures? Functionalism Cognitive Structuralism Psychodynamics
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a
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The Sea World animal trainers use rewards (reinforcements) to teach whales, sea lions and dolphins to perform tricks. These training techniques are based on principles from which early school of psychology? Functionalism Structuralism Cognitive Behaviorism
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d
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Which psychologists were proponents of studying only observable behavior and not the mind? Ivan Pavlov and William James John B. Watson and B. F. Skinner Wilhelm Wundt and Sigmund Freud John B. Watson and Jean Piaget
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b
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The psychodynamic school of psychology emphasizes _____________________. how behavior helps individuals adapt to demands of their environment how mental processes such as thinking, judgment and perception develop the unconscious and early childhood experiences the way in which the brain organizes perceptions of the world
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c
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Sigmund Freud founded the early school of ____________ psychology while Jean Piaget influenced the development of the ____________ school of psychology. psychodynamic; behaviorism psychodynamic; cognitive functionalism; cognitive cognitive; humanism
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b
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Which school of psychology originated with studying the growth of thought and language processes in infants and children? Behaviorism Evolutionary psychology Humanistic psychology Cognitive psychology
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d
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The difference between the cognitive research of Jean Piaget and Lev Vygotsky is that ____________________. Jean Piaget recorded the progressive development of infants and children's thinking through four major stages. Lev Vygotsky studied the social influences that guide a child's personality development. Lev Vygotsky developed a four-stage theory that tracks children's cognitive development. Jean Piaget observed the interactions of children and parents and identified a teaching technique called scaffolding.
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a
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Humanism which developed as a reaction to the behaviorism and psychodynamic schools of psychology, emphasized that ___________________________. each person is inherently good and motivated to be a healthy functioning individual each person is inherently good, but therapy is needed to become a healthy individual each person is negatively affected by unconscious thoughts, feelings, and memories each person is born a blank slate and needs to learn to become a healthy individual
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a
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Which person is most credited with the school of humanistic psychology and the concept of self-actualization? Hermann Ebbinghaus Abraham Maslow Carl Rogers Lev Vygotsky
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b
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Which statement about contemporary psychology perspectives is TRUE? Each contemporary psychology perspective attempts to answer all psychological questions with its approach. There are only seven major contemporary perspectives in psychology. Each contemporary psychology perspective shares important information that influences the research of other perspectives. There is one perspective with which to study psychology.
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c
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Research based on the _____________ perspective would focus on the connections of the nervous system and the neurotransmitters that affect feelings such as of sadness and despair. individual differences/personality biological social cognitive
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b
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The invention of computer technology in the 1950's led to the development of the contemporary perspective of ________ psychology. clinical developmental social cognitive
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d
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Neuroimaging techniques are used by which contemporary perspectives? Behavioral neuroscience and personality Cognitive, personality and social Behavioral neuroscience, biological and cognitive Biological and clinical
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c
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A current research study has found that parenting styles differ among people from the United States, China, and Australia. This type of research best represents which contemporary psychology perspective? Social Developmental Behavioral neuroscience Cognitive
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a
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Which contemporary perspective in psychology is correctly matched with its emphasis? Developmental: emphasizes how cognitive, physical, and socio-emotional factors change and show stability across the lifespan Clinical perspective: emphasizes the unique and individual differences of people Biological: emphasizes how people process information Cognitive psychology - emphasizes the unconscious influences on behavior
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?
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Maria is experiencing several personal setbacks, including academic problems, marital difficulties, and a dyingmother who needs her help. Maria is feeling overwhelmed, sad, and lonely. A psychologist who represents the _________ perspective could best help her. Individual differences/personality Cognitive Biological Clinical
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d
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A psychologist is interested in studying how the character traits that a person has inherited influence the ability to handle stress. This study most likely reflects the contemporary __________ perspective. Individual differences/personality Cognitive Biological Social
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a
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A study is conducted to determine the extent of damage, if any, to the brains of three groups of people who have had high blood pressure for either 5 years, 10 years, or 15 years. This study is an example of ________ research. applied basic unethical ethical
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b
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Research conducted specifically for the purpose of solving practical problems and improving quality of life is called _____________. basic research a theory applied research a hypothesis
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c
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A __________ is a general, tentative explanation that tries to account for diverse findings on the relationships between variables and therefore provides ideas for future research, whereas a __________ is a specific prediction about the relationship between two or more variables that is to be tested. theory; hypothesis hypothesis; theory
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a
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Which of the following is the correct sequence of activities for a psychologist utilizing the scientific research method? Conduct study, write hypothesis, write conclusion Write theory, conduct study, write conclusion, analyze data Write hypothesis, conduct study, publish article Write hypothesis, conduct study, analyze data, write conclusion, publish article
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d
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\"Children who play violent video games will become more aggressive.\" Based on the scientific research method, this statement is most likely a __________. theory hypothesis conclusion fact
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b
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A precise statement of how a variable in a study will be observed and measured is called a(n) __________. theory operational definition conceptual variable empirical study
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b
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A researcher hypothesizes that children who play violent video games will become more aggressive. The variables \"play violent video games\" and \"become more aggressive\" are ____________ variables. conceptual precise operational
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a
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Which of the following is a violation of the APA Ethical Code for Human Research? Questionnaire data is collected from students after obtaining written informed consent forms from them. When the experiment is over, the researcher tells the participant \"thank you and goodbye\" without disclosing any information or answering any questions. A psychologist answers participants' questions about the research before it begins. Students are told that their scores on a timed math test will determine their final course grade. When the study is completed, the researcher discloses that the study was investigating the effects of anxiety and that the test results would not actually determine their math grade.
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b
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The ethical requirement of informed consent means that participants ___________________. must agree not to divulge any information about the study to any outside party may not withdraw from the study for any reason other than medical necessity, once they agree to participate must be informed as much as possible about the purpose and conditions of the research, and that they are free to withdraw from the research at any time must read and approve any written report of the research results before they are published
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c
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Which of the following is not an APA Guideline on Humane Care and Use of Animals in Research? Proper training of all research lab assistants Supervision by experienced psychologists Use of anesthesia for surgical procedures Free choice about participating
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d
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A case study is a(n) ____________________________. study involving multiple subjects who all suffer from the same psychological problems and are given the same experimental treatment research design used to reflect natural conditions in-depth investigation of a single individual or a small group of individuals, often involving information from a wide variety of sources survey involving only people who are likely to confirm the experimenter's hypothesis
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c
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In survey research, the term sample refers to a(n) _____________________________. preliminary questionnaire that is used to develop the final survey entire group of people the researchers want to study carefully selected segment of the larger group that is to be studied small pilot study that is later repeated using a larger group of participants
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c
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Which of the following is an important strength of the survey method? Researchers can draw conclusions about causal relationships among variables. Researchers can learn about the everyday events of people through direct observation. Researchers are able to gather information about a very large group of people based on a representative sample of that group. Researchers are able to study an individual in great depth.
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c
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In the 1970's, a 13-year-old girl named Genie was found locked in a bedroom and strapped to a potty chair. She had been isolated from the world and severely neglected to the point that she did not have social skills or the ability to speak. For the next several years, researchers studied Genie's ability to acquire speech and social skills. This type of research is called a ________________. naturalistic observation laboratory observation case study survey
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c
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The primary advantage of naturalistic observation is to _____________________. manipulate animal or human behavior improve the survival rate of endangered species and preserve threatened habitats conduct an experiment in a non-artificial environment detect natural behavior patterns
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d
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Jane Goodall's research with chimpanzees can best be described as _________________. a case study laboratory observation an experiment naturalistic observation
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d
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Ronald thinks that children who eat at fast-food restaurants, particularly McDonald's, tend to be overweight, so he conducts a naturalistic observation of children at the local McDonald's Restaurant. What could be problematic about his observations? Observer bias the observer effect Inter-rater reliability
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a
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A(n) __________ is a measure of how strongly two variables are related to one another. common-causal variable predictor variable correlation outcome variable
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c
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Professor Hill wants to determine whether the amount of study time is related to final exam test scores. Before taking the final exam, her student's self-report the number of hours spent in preparing for the final. Which research design will she use to conduct her study? Correlational Descriptive Experimental Quasi-experimental
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a
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A correlation coefficient can indicate ________________________. whether one variable causes an effect on another variable the strength and direction of the relationship between two variables a positive relationship, but not a negative relationship between variables a measured spurious relationship
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b
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In a correlation research design, the variable that has been omitted from the hypothesis but still produces an observed relationship with the other variables is called a(n) ___________. outcome variable common-causal variable spurious relationship predictor variable
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b
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A variable that the experimenter manipulates is called a(n) ___________. independent variable correlational variable dependent variable operational definition
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a
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A researcher investigates the effects of room temperature on test performance as measured by participants test scores. In this experiment, the dependent variable is _____________. room temperature type of test the research participants test performance
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d
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An advantage of the experimental research design is that _____________________. it is conducted in a laboratory setting in which the results can be applied to everyday life there is no random assignment to conditions initial equivalence is created among the participants for each of the experimental conditions the dependent variable occurs before the measurement of the independent variable
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?
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The difference between a true experiment and a quasi-experiment is that ______________________. quasi-experiments do not randomly assign participants to groups true experiments may or may not randomly assign participants to groups quasi-experiments can determine a causal relationship between variables true experiments are conducted in a laboratory setting
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a
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When a researcher has reason to believe that something other than the manipulation of the independent variable has caused a change in the dependent variable, the researcher must look for a(n) _____________ as an explanation. threat to the external validity of the experiment independent variable dependent variable confounding variable
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d
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___________ occur(s) when the experimenter knows the study's hypothesis and treats the participants in the experimental condition differently from the participants in the control condition of the experiment. Confounding Experimenter bias Participant expectancy effects Generalization
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b
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When both the researcher and the participants do not know whether the participants are in the experimental or control group, it is known as a ______________ experiment. poorly designed deceptive single-blind double-blind
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d
question
The branchlike fibers extending in clusters from the neuron's cell body are called __________. terminal buttons axons dendrites glial fibers
answer
c
question
The function of the ______ is to keep the cell alive. axon terminal button soma dendrite
answer
c
question
An axon is a ____________. branchlike fiber extending in clusters from a neuron's cell body neuron's cell body support cell in the nervous system long, tubelike structure extending from a neuron's cell body
answer
d
question
Terminal buttons are found at the ends of __________. axons dendrites glial cells cell bodies
answer
a
question
Dendrite is to axon as _________ is to _________. receiving; sending electrical; chemical reuptake; action potential sending; receiving
answer
a
question
Which of the following sequences accurately reflects the route followed by nerve impulses when one neuron communicates with another? Axon, cell body, dendrite Dendrite, cell body, axon Dendrite, axon, cell body Axon, dendrite, cell body
answer
?
question
What is the term for the insulating material that covers some axons? Structured gaps Myelin Lipid geonodes Glucose
answer
b
question
What are the gaps in the myelin sheath called? Gaps of Golgi Nodes of Sir Roger Synapse Nodes of Ranvier Sherrington Gaps
answer
c
question
A synapse is a __________. gap joint chemical signal
answer
a
question
What neurotransmitter is important if there is an injury and pain relief is necessary? GABA Endorphins Dopamine Glutamate
answer
b
question
My Aunt Mabel has Alzheimer's disease. What neurotransmitter is likely in low supply in her brain? Dopamine Glutamate GABA Acetylcholine
answer
d
question
If a person is shot, and the bullet destroys the part of the brain called the _____________, which maintains basic life functions (heart rate, breathing), there is virtually no chance for surviving that injury. reticular formation medulla thalamus pons
answer
b
question
Which part is not considered part of the brain stem? Thalamus Pons Medulla Reticular formation
answer
a
question
The part of the brain stem called the _________ has been shown to be related to arousal in lab animals; when this part is stimulated, the animal is awake; when it's severed (cut), the animal goes into a coma. medulla reticular formation thalamus pons
answer
b
question
Jim's friends noticed that he was stumbling around, consistently losing his balance while walking. It's possible that his ___________ has been negatively affected or injured on some way. reticular formation medulla thalamus cerebellum
answer
d
question
The reason the area of the brain that includes the brain stem is called the \"old brain\" is that ____________________. it's the part we use the least it's most useful as we get older it's the oldest brain region
answer
c
question
Sally was hospitalized after a car accident, and due to injury to her hippocampus, she has trouble with __________________________. older memories, but still retains newer memories newer memories, but still retains older memories both new and older memories
answer
b
question
By stimulating the __________ part of the limbic system in lab animals, researchers found that the animal will display anger/rage instantly. hippocampus hypothalamus amygdala
answer
c
question
Researchers discovered that the hypothalamus helps to regulate basic drives, like hunger, thirst, and sexuality. Another interesting aspect of the hypothalamus is that it ___________________. serves as a reward center inhibits new memories from forming helps us to recognize emotional expressions
answer
a
question
The human brain's more advanced structure, compared to most animal brains, is the __________________. two hemispheres in the brain cerebral cortex large brain size to body size ratio
answer
b
question
Contralateral control describes ____________________. the brain's ability to multitask the brain's ability to control our balance when we move one hemisphere's ability to receive sensations and control movement of the opposite side of the body
answer
c
question
The ___________ cortex sends signals to move our muscles, whereas the ____________ cortex receives information about bodily sensations. somatosensory; auditory auditory; visual visual; motor motor; somatosensory
answer
d
question
The visual cortex is located in the _________ lobe. frontal temporal parietal occipital
answer
d
question
The _________ cortex is part of the parietal lobe. visual motor auditory somatosensory
answer
d
question
Lateralization of brain function refers to the ___________ of the brain. neuroplasticity specialized functions neurogenesis difference between hemispheres
answer
d
question
Which of the following best describes the process of neuroplasticity? When the brain develops hard, plasticlike plaques due to Alzheimer's disease When the brain is damaged due to plastic poisoning in food packaging When parts of the brain compensate for damages to another part of the brain When the brain is able to generate new neurons
answer
?
question
Neurogenesis refers to the brain's ability to ______________. prevent cell death of neurons repair damaged neurons form brand new neurons fire action potentials faster
answer
c
question
Julie fell during an accident at work and suffered damage that affected her ability to comprehend language. After a few months of therapy, her ability to understand language has improved. This most likely demonstrated ______________. neurogenesis neuroplasticity localization of brain function lateralization of brain function
answer
b
question
The two separate hemispheres are connected by the ___________. cerebellum limbic system hippocampus corpus callosum
answer
d
question
The difference between a nerve and a neuron is that a ____________. neuron is made up of a bundle of interconnected nerves neuron is made up of nerves on sensory and motor nerves nerve is made up of a bundle of interconnected neurons nerve only exists in the brain
answer
?
question
The most common type of neuron in the human body is the ___________. interneuron motor neuron sensory neuron afferent neuron
answer
a
question
The two main divisions of the nervous system are ____________. central and peripheral nervous systems autonomic and central nervous systems somatic and autonomic nervous systems sympathetic and autonomic nervous systems
answer
a
question
Reflexes are _______________________. voluntary responses that are not processed in the brain voluntary responses that are processed in the spinal cord quick, involuntary responses that are not processed in the brain responses that originate in neurons in the brain
answer
c
question
Cecilia accidentally touched her hot curling iron and immediately withdrew her hand before becoming consciously aware of the sensation or movement. She was able to do this because of a(n) _____________. peripheral interferon spinal cord autonomic arousal spinal reflex
answer
d
question
The key components of the peripheral nervous system are _________________. somatic and autonomic nervous systems autonomic and homeostasis nervous systems parasympathetic and somatic nervous systems autonomic and sympathetic nervous systems
answer
a
question
The terms autonomic and somatic refer to the two main subdivisions of the ____________. central nervous system parasympathetic nervous system sympathetic nervous system peripheral nervous system
answer
d
question
Christopher Reeve was accidentally thrown from his horse while riding. Unfortunately, he landed on his head and was paralyzed from the shoulders down. Although his mental abilities were intact, he was unable to move the lower part of his body, which was a result of permanent damage to his ______________. sympathetic nervous system somatic nervous system autonomic nervous system parasympathetic nervous system
answer
b
question
As Mona was searching for her phone in her purse, she accidentally dropped her keys on the floor. She quickly reached down, retrieved them, and put them back in her purse. This voluntary reaction involved _____________ signals that were communicated to her muscles via the ____________ nervous system. motor; somatic motor; autonomic sensory; autonomic sensory; somatic
answer
a
question
While asleep, Jesse's heart rate, blood pressure, and digestion are functioning without any conscious effort on his part. This is because a subdivision of the ___________ nervous system called the ____________ regulates these involuntary functions. peripheral; autonomic nervous system central; somatic nervous system peripheral; somatic nervous system central; autonomic nervous system
answer
a
question
The two branches of the autonomic nervous system are ________________. neuritic and sympathetic sympathetic and parasympathetic parasympathetic and schismatic somatic and parasomatic
answer
b
question
At home alone late one night, Carlos had just finished watching a very frightening movie when there was a knock on the door. His heart rate suddenly increased, his breathing accelerated, and he began to sweat. These physiological changes were most likely triggered by his __________________. sympathetic nervous system parasympathetic nervous system central nervous system somatic nervous system
answer
a
question
When Carlos answered the door, he discovered it was the pizza delivery person; before long, he calmed down, and his blood pressure, heart rate, and breathing returned to their normal state. These physical reactions were most likely regulated by his ________________. sympathetic nervous system somatic nervous system parasympathetic nervous system digestive system
answer
c
question
The heightened physical arousal that characterizes the fight-or-flight response involves the __________ division of the nervous system. parasympathetic sympathetic spinal somatic
answer
b
question
When your parasympathetic nervous system works to maintain vital bodily functions so that your body is in its natural balance, it is called ____________. homeopathic homeostasis automatic responses fight-or-flight response
answer
b
question
The ______________ functions as the main link between the nervous system and the endocrine system. adrenal gland hypothalamus pituitary gland thyroid gland
answer
b
question
Before entering 9th grade, Brooks had to have most of his clothes replaced because he had grown almost 3 inches since the previous year. The gland responsible for his growth is the ____________. thyroid gland pituitary gland pineal gland parathyroid gland
answer
b
question
The pituitary gland is the body's master gland, which is responsible for __________ and hormones that influence feelings of __________ and signal the sexual reproduction hormones. metabolism; sexual energy; euphoria growth; pain dependency; stress
answer
c
question
The ____________ produce hormones that regulate salt and water balance and are located on top of the ____________. pituitary; brain pancreas; heart adrenal glands; kidneys pineal gland; testes
answer
c
question
What are the two most important hormones that stimulate the sympathetic nervous system into action when we are feeling stressed? Norepinephrine and progesterone Estrogen and progesterone Melatonin and epinephrine Norepinephrine and epinephrine
answer
d
question
Which gland directly regulates the production of hormones in other endocrine glands? Pancreas Thyroid gland Pituitary gland Adrenal gland
answer
c
question
The function of the pancreas is to ____________. keep the body supplied with energy sources such as sugar and insulin keep the body safe from invading viruses or bacteria metabolize the body systems and regulate behavior produce the growth hormone
answer
a
question
The pineal gland secretes ____________, a hormone that helps regulate the _____________. epinephrine; energy levels melatonin; wake/sleep cycle adrenaline; metabolism estrogen; reproduction cycle
answer
b
question
Roberto, who is about to take the final exam for his psychology course, is totally stressed out because it is worth 50 percent of his grade. The endocrine system gland(s) that is (are) likely to be stimulated is (are) the ____________. pineal gland pancreas adrenal glands nervous glands
answer
c
question
Detection of energy from the environment and initiating neural action in response to it is called ____________. perception sensation signal detection adaptation
answer
b
question
The sensory system that detects smells is __________. gustation audition olfaction proprioception
answer
c
question
You answer your cell phone without checking to see who is calling. You recognize your best friend, Maria, from her voice. This is an example of _____________. transduction activation perception sensation
answer
c
question
The term absolute threshold refers to ________________________. the most intense level of a stimulus we can experience the difference between the most intense stimulus we can stand and the least intense we can detect the intensity of a stimulus where we can just barely detect it
answer
c
question
The brain region that receives signals from all of the senses except smell is the ____________. cortex hippocampus amygdala thalamus
answer
d
question
In a signal detection task, which of the following two outcomes both involve a \"YES\" response from the person being tested? FALSE ALARM and CORRECT REJECTION HIT and MISS HIT and FALSE ALARM MISS and CORRECT REJECTION
answer
c
question
What is the branch of psychology that studies the effects of physical stimuli on sensory perceptions and mental states? Signal detection theory Physical psychology Psychoanalysis Psychophysics
answer
d
question
True or False: Signal detection analysis is a technique to determine the ability of a perceiver to make signals. True False
answer
false
question
It is easy to detect the difference between a 1 lb weight and a 2 lb weight, however, it is much more difficult to detect the difference between a 51 lb weight and a 52 lb weight, even though the difference is the same: 1 lb. This is consistent with _______________.
answer
d
question
The term JND refers to ________________________. the lowest magnitude of a stimulus that you can detect the strongest magnitude of a stimulus that can be sensed without damage to the sensory system the smallest difference between two stimuli that you can detect
answer
c
question
What differentiates light energy we can perceive visually from light energy we cannot perceive visually? Intensity Depth Wavelength Color
answer
c
question
The _________ is a muscle that regulates the size of the pupil. fovea retina cornea iris
answer
d
question
When a person is nearsighted, the ______ focuses light from objects far away in front of the _____, instead of on it. lens; cornea iris; cornea pupil; retina lens; retina
answer
d
question
Information from the left eye is processed on __________ of the visual cortex. only the left side only the right side both sides
answer
c
question
Which type of neural cell is responsible for color vision? Ganglion Rods Bipolar Cones
answer
d
question
In which lobe of the brain is visual information processed? Temporal Occipital Frontal Parietal
answer
b
question
Which is not a good explanation of why we don't notice a \"hole\" in our visual field due to our blind spot? Our brains fill in the missing information. We consciously direct our eyes to pick up the information missed by the blind spot. Our eyes are constantly moving. The information received by the two eyes is slightly different.
answer
b
question
Light energy with very high amplitude would be perceived as ___________. blue very bright very dim red
answer
b
question
The Young-Helmholtz theory best explains __________. motion perception depth perception red-green colorblindness visual afterimages
answer
c
question
Amy lines up 5 pennies in a row from left to right. Below each penny, she places a quarter. You are likely to perceive this as two rows of coins, rather than 10 separate objects because of the principle of ___________. proximity figure-ground similarity closure
answer
c
question
What is most accurate regarding the development of depth perception? It is exclusively innate It is both learned and innate The extent to which it is learned varies by individual It is exclusively learned
answer
b
question
Convergence is an example of a(n) ___________. binocular depth cue monocular depth cue motion cue learned cue
answer
a
question
You look out the window, and a tree appears to be very small, about the same size as your hand. You know that this means the tree must be quite far away because of the depth cue known as __________. position light and shadow linear perspective relative size
answer
d
question
Judging the distance of a nearby object based on the angle your eyes are turned towards each other uses the depth perception cue known as __________. convergence relative size accommodation retinal disparity
answer
a
question
When two images near each other are presented in succession, we perceive that it is one object that has moved. This is known as ___________. the phi phenomenon accommodation the beta effect retinal disparity
answer
c
question
Loudness is to amplitude as pitch is to ____________. brightness frequency decibels hue
answer
b
question
An 80-decibel sound is about ___________ times louder than a 60-decibel sound. 100 20 10 200
answer
a
question
Which part of the ear contains the pinna and auditory canal? Middle ear Inner ear Outer ear
answer
c
question
The vibrations of the eardrum are amplified by three tiny bones: the malleus, the incus, and the stapes. They are located in the _____________. semicircular canals inner ear cochlea middle ear
answer
d
question
The __________ is a fluid-filled chamber that contains the sensory receptors for audition. pinna tympanic membrane cochlea ossicle
answer
c
question
__________ are the sensory receptors for audition. Pinnas Ossicles Hair cells Ganglion cells
answer
c
question
Which theory holds that the pitch we hear is determined by the particular location on the cochlea where the hair cells vibrate the most? Frequency theory Bone conduction theory Stage theory Place theory
answer
d
question
Which of the following theories is currently thought to provide the best explanation for how we perceive low frequencies (below 150 hz)? Frequency theory Bone conduction theory Volley principle Place theory
answer
a
question
Hearing loss caused by exposure to loud noise is known as __________ . sensorineural hearing loss ossicle deafness conduction deafness tympanic hearing loss
answer
a
question
Which of the following senses is best described as a chemical sense? Audition Vision Touch Taste
answer
d
question
Which of the following would play a role in alerting you to a gas leak in your home? Olfactory receptors Basilar membrane Bipolar cells Vestibular sacs
answer
a
question
The sense of touch includes the four basic sensations of _______________. pressure, pain, warmth, and cold. pleasure, pain, warmth, and cold wetness, pain, hot, and cold pain, pressure, hot, and cold
answer
d
question
Brian banged his shin against a desk and grimaced with pain. He quickly bent over and began rubbing his leg where he'd banged it and the pain he was experiencing started to subside a bit. This phenomenon can best be explained by ___________. the opponent-process theory the volley theory of pain control the gate-control theory the absolute-threshold theory
answer
c
question
According to the gate-control theory, a back massage would most likely reduce your physical aches and pains by causing the ____________. activation of specific neural fibers in your spinal cord arousal of your autonomic nervous system and the release of adrenaline into your bloodstream release of pain-killing endorphins in your brain deactivation of the pain receptors on the surface of your skin
answer
a
question
The sense of touch includes four basic sensations. How do we experience other types of sensations, such as wetness? Complex sensations arise from the combined stimulation of several basic senses. The sensation of wetness does not increase our evolutionarily fitness, so we do not experience it. The balance of stimulation in the large and small nerve fibers in your spinal cord allow us to perceive wetness. We have specialized sensory receptors for wetness.
answer
a
question
Imagine an individual who had a virus destroy the receptor cells involved in proprioception, forcing the person to control muscle movements with visual compensation. That is, they must guide the movement of their arm by watching it move through space to a targeted location. Now imagine this person in a room where the lights have been turned off. What would most likely happen to this person? The individual will be able to make conscious movements, but not reflexive movements. The dimness of the room will over-stimulate the semicircular canals, and cause the individual to lose his balance. Signals from muscle spindles and golgi tendon organs would enable the individual to remain upright. Without visual input to aid in correcting his posture, the individual will likely collapse in a heap on the floor.
answer
d
question
As John is reading, he sees the words, but the letters in all the words evoke the experience of colors. This condition is called ______________. micronesia the color illusion synesthesia the crossover effect
answer
c
question
The McGurk effect occurs when ___________________. we figure out what a person is saying by reading his lips without hearing anything a ventriloquist throws his voice without moving his lips we combine information from speech and from the way the speaker's lips are moving to hear something different from either we ignore what a person says and replace it with what his lips seem to be saying
answer
c
question
Imagine that someone across the room drops a plate and it crashes to the ground and breaks. Light travels faster than sound, but our brains make it seem that the sight of the breaking plate and the smashing sound are exactly simultaneous. This is an example of ______________. perceptual constancy synesthesia the Pogendorff illusion sensory interaction
answer
d
question
When we experience a complex environment, our attention system ____________________. processes everything, though we may not remember all of it later selects specific information to send for deeper processing, and fails to encode much of the other available information organizes all of the information into a general summary, which is what we store in memory focuses on the most complex information, but often fails to note the most basic information
answer
b
question
The text describes the \"cocktail party phenomenon,\" which occurs when we are at a party or meeting where many conversations are going on around us at the same time. What happens? We cannot fully attend to any of the conversations, but consciousness uses pieces of various conversations to piece together a message. We can fully attend to only one conversation at a time, but some information from other conversations can get into consciousness. We can attend to two or three conversations simultaneously, with full comprehension of all of them. We can attend to only one conversation at a time, and nothing else gets through to our consciousness.
answer
b
question
Which of the following illustrates perceptual constancy? As you walk past a building, the shapes of the walls constantly seem to change As you walk past a building, the shapes of the walls seem to stay rectangular. As you walk past a building you only remember things that don't make sense, not predictable things. As you walk past a building, the shapes that strike your retina are constantly changing.
answer
b
question
A plausible explanation for the Mueller-Lyer illusion, the perception of the lines as differing in length when they are actually the same length, is that it ______________. is due the fact that the lines at the end appear to be arrows pointing in or out occurs because we process horizontal lines differently from vertical lines is based on our experience with the interior and exterior of buildings is determined by genetics, so everyone has this tendency from birth
answer
c
question
The point of studying perceptual illusions is that _______________. they show us that the world around us is actually an illusion they show us how our perceptual system uses information from the world around us to infer what the world is like they show us how the perceptual system constantly misinterprets the world, making it seem different from the way they really are
answer
b
question
The Ponzo illusion is based on what perceptual inference? We can see length accurately unless we take irrelevant visual information into account. Lines at the top of a picture are longer than lines at the bottom of a picture. Converging lines are perceived as lines going into the distance.
answer
c
question
Why does the moon illusion occur? Our perceptual system believes that the moon is getting smaller as the night progresses. The moon is dimmer on the horizon than higher in the sky, so our perceptual system infers that brighter is bigger. Our perceptual system is influenced by the detailed objects on earth we see near the moon when it is near the horizon, leading the perceptual system to treat it as a closer, and therefore larger, object.
answer
c
