Psych 101 textbook exam questions – Flashcards

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question
Which specialty in psychology focuses on the application of the principles of psychology to the workplace, including personnel selection, leadership, and job satisfaction?
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industrial/organizational psychology
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Dr. Holloway is conducting research to develop group exercises that will decrease the amount of bullying on school playgrounds. This type of research is:
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applied research
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An interrelated set of concepts which explains a body of data is called a
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theory
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What research involves the manipulation and control of variables and attempt to identify cause and effect.
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Experimental
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A researcher is studying the use of scent as a memory aid. One group is asked to listen to a series of lectures in a room that smells of oranges and later to recall the information while sniffing the same scent. The other group is asked to listen to and later to recall the same information in an identical room with no particular odor. What is the independent variable?
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the scent of oranges
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Dr. Calef is investigating the effectiveness of the SQ4R method with general psychology students. He randomizes the students into two groups. One group is given instructions in how to use the SQ4R method and is asked to try the method. The other group receives no such instructions. He then compares the scores on subsequent exams. Which is the experimental group?
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The students that received instructions are the experiment group.
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When interviewing subjects, Sam is unknowingly giving subtle facial cues that influence the subjects' responses toward supporting his hypothesis. This problem is referred to as:
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experimenter bias.
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In an experiment, both the experimenter administering the drug and the participants taking the drug are unaware as to who is receiving a placebo and who is receiving the drug. This is known as a:
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double-blind study.
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Two researchers, each from a different cultural background, collaborate to conduct a research study two times, once with members of their own culture and once with members of at least one other culture. The cross-cultural sampling is done specifically to avoid:
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the bias of ethnocentrism.
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Dr. DeLoe separates his subjects into groups. Subjects with an even social security number are in the control group and subjects with an odd social security number are in the experimental group. This procedure is an example of:
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random assignment.
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Ivy conceals herself behind a one-way mirror taking notes while watching children in a pre-school setting interact. She does not manipulate the behavior of the children. This is an example of:
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naturalistic observation.
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What are the advantages of using the descriptive research methods instead of the experimental method?
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Descriptive research methods minimize artificiality. Data is easier to collect with descriptive research methods.
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Yuri conducts a descriptive study and finds that as the number of absences increase in psychology classes, the grades tend to decrease. This is an example of a:
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negative correlation.
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A correlation coefficient of +0.02 is found in Stacy's study of birth date and the personality trait of extraversion. We can conclude:
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that the variables are likely to be unrelated.
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John's doctor suspects that he may have had a stroke. She sends John for a procedure in which a computer that creates cross-sectional pictures of the brain reads x-rays directed through the brain at different angles. Which type of brain scan is John likely to have?
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CT scan
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What involves informing participants after the research about the purpose of the study, the nature of the anticipated results, and any deception used.
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Debriefing
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About what percentage of psychology studies are done on nonhuman animals?
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only about 7-8 %
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Under what circumstances may a therapist ethically violate confidentiality?
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In cases of serious threat to others, information may be divulged.
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Which school of psychology's past used the techniques of introspection, the experimental method, and the comparative method and placed major emphasis on applying psychological findings to practical situations and on the function of mental processes in adapting to the environment?
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functionalism
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Which school of psychology's past emphasized sexual and aggressive impulses?
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psychoanalytic
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Which of the following types of personality assessments is most often and most widely used?
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objective tests
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For what use is the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) primarily designed?
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for diagnosis of psychological disorders
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Which of the following assessments is the most widely used projective test?
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Rorschach Inkblot Test
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At Harold's annual performance review, his boss is objective and fair in critiquing Harold's performance. The boss lists many of Harold's strengths and also offers constructive criticism and suggestions for improvement. Harold readily accepts the positive remarks and rejects the negative comments. He angrily states that his boss "doesn't know what his is talking about" in reference to the suggestions for improvement. Harold's reaction to accurate, constructive criticism reflects which logical fallacy?
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the fallacy of positive instances
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Which of the following criticisms applies to objective personality tests, such as the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory?
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Respondents may intentionally, or unintentionally, fake particular personality traits. Overlapping items sometimes make it difficult to pinpoint a diagnosis. Some critics think that the standards for "normalcy" on objective, self-report tests fail to recognize the impact of culture.
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Which of the following types of assessment have the lowest reliability and validity?
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projective techniques
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Which of the following theorists arranged personality traits into a hierarchy with the most important traits listed at the top?
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Gordon Allport
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Which of the following theorists reduced the wide array of possible personality traits to a list of 30 to 35 basic characteristics using factor analysis?
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Raymond Cattell
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Which of the following theorists reduced the wide array of possible personality traits to a list of three basic types which include extraversion-introversion, neuroticism, and psychotism?
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Hans Eysenck
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The correlational results of studies done by David Buss and his colleagues may reflect an evolutionary advantage to people who are more open, conscientious, extroverted, agreeable, and less neurotic. Which of the following also confirms the evolutionary perspective?
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cross-cultural studies. comparative studies with chimpanzees and other species
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Which theorist proposed that personality is affected by what we expect to happen and the reinforcement value of these outcomes?
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Julian Rotter
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Karen is taking a self-defense class for women and believes that she will be able to succeed in defending herself if she is attacked. According to Bandura, Karen is demonstrating which of the following concepts?
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Self-efficacy
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Modern personality research best supports which of the following statements?
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People have more stable personalities after the age of 30.
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Humans have 98.4% of the same DNA as chimps.
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True
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Research shows that women score higher on neuroticism than men.
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True
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None of the five dimensions of the five-factor model applies to animals.
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False
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Freud used the example of a rider and his horse to illustrate the relationship of two components of personality structure. In this analogy, the rider must hold in check the superior strength of the horse, and often the rider is obliged to guide the horse. In this analogy, the rider represents the ________ and the horse represents the ________.
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ego; id
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Carl Jung proposed two forms of unconscious mind known as the _______ unconscious, which is created from our individual experiences, and the ______ unconscious, which is identical in each person and is inherited.
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personal; collective
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Which theorist emphasized the importance of basic anxiety and refuted Freud's idea of "penis envy" and replaced it with "power envy?"
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Karen Horney
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Carl Rogers believed that poor mental health and maladjustment developed primarily from:
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an incongruence between the self-concept and actual life experiences.
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Which theorist coined the term self-efficacy and proposed "reciprocal determinism," which is the idea that thoughts, behavior, and the environment all interact to produce personality?
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Albert Bandura
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Jane has deep-seated feelings of inadequacy. Adler would refer to this as what
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an inferiority complex
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T or F: Psychologists generally believe that development emerges from each individual's unique genetic predisposition and from individual experiences in the environment.
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True
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T or F: Some traits are stable while others vary greatly across the life span.
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True
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T or F: Biological factors, psychological influences, and social forces all affect development and influence each other.
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True
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Which approach often confuses genuine age differences with cohort effects?
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cross-sectional research designs
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Dr. Shields is conducting research in which she collects data from a group of individuals over an extended period of time. She begins by surveying a group of twenty-year-olds about their health habits. She re-administers the survey every ten years. This is an example of which type of research design?
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longitudinal
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T or F: Culture may be the most important determinant of development.
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true
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T or F: Human development cannot be studied outside of its sociocultural context.
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True
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T or F: Each culture's ethnotheories are important determinants of behavior.
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True
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T or F: People often discuss and examine the ideals, values, and assumptions central to their own culture.
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False
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Smoking during pregnancy is associated with:
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higher rates of premature births, low-birth-weight infants, fetal deaths
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Children of women who drink alcohol during pregnancy tend to display:
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increased neurobehavioral abnormalities, increased learning problems, and increased hyperactivity
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T or F: The newborn's first motor abilities are limited to reflexes.
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True
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T or F: During the last few months inside the womb, the fetus can apparently hear sounds outside the mother's body.
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True
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T or F: The newborn's sense of touch and pain are highly developed.
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True
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T or F: The newborn's sense of vision is highly developed.
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False
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The first ejaculation in the adolescent male is referred to as:
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spermarche
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T or F: Menopause typically causes serious mood swings.
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False
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T or F: Menopause is typically correlated with depression.
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False
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T or F: Menopause most often involves a loss of sexual interest.
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False
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T or F: Many studies find that postmenopausal women report positive reactions.
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True
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During the male climacteric, males experience:
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a gradual decline in the production of sperm, a decline in sexual responsiveness, and loss of muscular strength
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T or F: Normal aging is accompanied by widespread death of neurons in the brain.
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False
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T or F: As people age, the speed of information processing decreases.
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True
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T or F: Genes have a "relatively minor effect" on our well being in the later years of life.
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True
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The what theory proposes that an accumulation of damage to cells and organs over the years ultimately causes death.
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damage
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Human beings appear to have a maximum life span of about:
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110-120 years
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Harlow & Zimmerman's research demonstrated that:
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contact comfort is a powerful contributor to attachment.
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T or F regarding Hazan and Shaver's research: Adults who had an avoidant pattern in infancy tend to be uncomfortable with intimacy as adults.
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True
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T or F regarding Hazan and Shaver's research: Anxious/ambivalent adults tend to be obsessed with their partners, fearing their intense love will not be reciprocated.
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True
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T or F regarding Hazan and Shaver's research: Percentages for adult attachments styles show that 55% of adults have a secure attachment style.
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True
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T or F regarding Hazan and Shaver's research: Early attachment style determines adult attachment style.
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False
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Daniel's mother tends to be punitive. She does not explain the reasons for rules but demands unquestioning obedience. She often places unrealistic expectations on him and expects him to be more mature than is appropriate for his young age. She is easily upset and moody, and punishes him harshly. Daniel's mother most likely has which type of parenting style?
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authoritarian
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Cognitive structures or patterns that consist of a number of organized ideas that grow and differentiate with experience are called:
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schemas
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What is the process of absorbing new information into existing schemas.
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assimilation
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What are the criticisms of Piaget's theory that are supported by research?
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Piaget may have underestimated young children's cognitive abilities. Piaget's model has been criticized for not sufficiently taking into account genetic and cultural differences.
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Martha is five years old and is told a story about a child who tries to help his mother set the table and accidentally drops and breaks a stack of five plates. Another child breaks one plate on purpose. Martha is then asked, "Which child should receive the most punishment?" Martha replies that the child who accidentally dropped the five plates is "badder" and should be punished more. Martha is most likely in which stage of Kohlberg's moral development?
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stage 1 - punishment and obedience orientation
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Marcellus has just moved into his first apartment and would like his girlfriend to move in with him. However, he decides against the idea because he is fearful of losing his parents' approval. This is an example of reasoning at which level of Kohlberg's theory?
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conventional level
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A researcher explains the Heinz dilemma to Bobby and then asks him what Heinz should do. Bobby replies, "If Heinz has any sense of honor, he won't let his wife die just because he's afraid to do the only thing that will save her. If he does nothing, he will always feel guilty that he caused her death if he doesn't do his duty to her." Which stage of moral development is reflected by Bobby's statement?
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stage 3 - "good child" orientation
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According to Kohlberg, which stage is the highest stage of moral reasoning attained by most adolescents and adults?
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stage 4 - law-and-order orientation
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Martin Luther King intentionally violated those laws that violated universal principles, such as human dignity. His behavior was most consistent with which stage of moral development?
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stage 6 - universal ethics orientation
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Alexander is an infant who is moody and easily frustrated. He becomes tense and over reactive to new environments and noises. Thomas and Chess would most likely classify him as:
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difficult.
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Cindy is two years old and her favorite words seem to be "mine" and "no!" She insists on trying to do most things for herself. Which of Erikson's stages is she most likely in?
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autonomy versus shame and doubt
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Amy is five years old. She tried to make her parents breakfast as a surprise. Her parents were certainly surprised when they discovered the considerable mess in the kitchen. Amy is most likely in which of Erikson's stages of development?
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initiative versus guilt
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Simon is a young man who seems to lack a stable identity. He has had behavioral and delinquency problems and a difficulty in maintaining close personal relationships. Erikson might say that he has failed to resolve the issues of which stage?
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identity versus role confusion
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Margery is a middle-aged executive who has become more concerned about members of society outside her intimate circle of friends and family. She has decided to act on this concern by donating some of her time to working with high-risk children through a community agency. She is most likely in which of Erikson's stages?
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generativity versus stagnation
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T or F: Adolescence is the most stressful period in the lifespan.
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True
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T or F: Some researchers find that divorce has little or no effect on children's behavioral and social problems.
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True
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T or F: When the last child leaves home, it is a usually a time of despair and crisis for the parents and marital satisfaction typically decreases.
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False
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T or F: Abuse and violence within the home occurs at all socioeconomic levels.
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True
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T or F: One of the clearest identifiers of abuse potential is impulsivity.
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True
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T or F: Alcoholism has been linked to aggressive outbursts.
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True
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Which areas of the brain are closely related to the expression and control of aggression?
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amygdala, prefrontal cortex, and hypothalamus
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Which hormone levels have been associated with irritability, hypersensitivity to provocation, and impulsive rage?
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low levels of serotonin
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T or F: Younger couples have higher divorce rates than older couples.
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True
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T or F: Divorce is higher among the poor and unemployed.
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True
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T or F: Divorce is higher among adult children of divorced parents.
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True
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T or F: Couples with "opposite" values and beliefs have longer lasting relationships.
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False
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Which theory states that a fulfilling old age comes from remaining active and involved as long as possible?
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activity theory of aging
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Which of the following basic concepts associated with death do children tend to understand first and most easily?
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permanence
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By what age have most children developed an adult-like understanding of death?
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seven years old
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Margaret realizes that she is terminally ill and tells God that she will be an ideal servant if he will let her live to see her grandchild's birth. Which stage of Kubler-Ross's theory is Margaret most likely experiencing?
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bargaining
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In Pavlov's famous experiment with the salivating dogs, what was the unconditioned stimulus (UCS)?
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food
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Susan is having chemotherapy treatments that make her very nauseous. After coming to the clinic for several treatments, she begins to feel nauseous in the waiting room even before the treatment is administered. What is the conditioned response (CR)?
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nausea in response to the waiting room
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Luis was very young when he fell into a pool, swallowed quite a lot of water, and was terrified until his cousin pulled him out. However, several years later, Luis is still frightened to go into water deeper than his waist. What type of response is this?
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conditioned emotional response
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After conditioning, Little Albert feared rats as well as a white rabbit, a white glove, cotton balls, and even a white beard on a Santa Claus mask. This fear is an example of:
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stimulus generalization
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In the classic study by Kenneth Clark and Mamie Clark (1939), they found that both black and white children preferred white dolls to brown dolls. The Clarks reasoned that the children had learned to associate negative qualities with darker skin and positive qualities with light skin because of:
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classical conditioning.
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When Kayla practices her flute, her parents reward her with praise. What type of reinforcer is praise?
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secondary reinforcer
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Carlos gets a soda every single time he puts money into the machine at work. What type of reinforcement schedule is this?
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continuous reinforcement
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Hiroko is working at a business office where she is paid at the end of each month. What type of reinforcement schedule is being used?
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fixed interval schedule
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Rafiq studies often for his engineering course because his professor gives "pop quizzes." What type of reinforcement schedule keeps Rafiq studying at a slow and steady rate?
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variable interval schedule
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Elijah leaves the yard without asking permission, and his frightened mother scolds him. What type of feedback has he received?
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positive punishment
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Little Leonard is in the first grade where he often misbehaves. His teacher tries to discourage his behavior by mildly scolding him each time he behaves badly. The more the teacher scolds him; the more Little Leonard misbehaves. This means that Little Leonard must view the scolding as:
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positive reinforcement
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Trevor's roommate nags him about housework and criticizes him often. Instead of coming directly to the apartment after work, Trevor's roommate hangs out with other friends. This is an example of:
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avoidance behavior.
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Which term best describes a situation when a person acquires a general sense of powerlessness and consequently stays in an abusive relationship?
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learned helplessness
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Derek used to receive coins from his mother every time he practiced the piano. His mother no longer gives him coins, and now he has stopped practicing the piano altogether. This is an example of:
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extinction
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Kohler posed different types of problems to chimpanzees to see how they learned to solve them. Kohler noticed that the chimpanzees tended to sit and think about the situation and then solve the problem rather than using trial-and-error. Which term applies to this type of learning?
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insight learning
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If a new log is placed in its territory, a chipmunk will explore it for a time but soon moves on if no food is found. When a predator comes into this same territory, the chipmunk heads directly for and hides beneath the log. This is an example of:
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latent learning
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In Bandura's famous "Bobo" doll experiment, children who had seen the aggressive model were much more aggressive with the Bobo doll than children who had not seen the aggression. What form of learning is this?
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observational learning
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Scaffolding combines what and what in such a way that the teacher selectively reinforces the successes of the student and demonstrates the more difficult parts of the task.
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shaping and modeling
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T or F: Learning alters synaptic transmission at specific sites.
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True
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T or F: Learning creates new synaptic connections.
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True
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T or F: Learning can produce changes in brain structures.
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True
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The Brelands (1961) tried to teach a chicken to play baseball. Through shaping and reinforcement, the chicken first learned to pull a loop that activated a swinging bat and then learned to hit the ball. But instead of running to first base, it would chase the ball as though it were food. Regardless of the lack of reinforcement for chasing the ball, the chicken's natural behavior took precedence. This is an example of:
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instinctive drift
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An interdisciplinary field studying how biological processes relate to behavioral and mental processes is called
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neuroscience
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The spinal cord is responsible for:
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relaying incoming sensory information to the brain, sending messages from the brain to muscles and glands, and operating independently to allow reflex reactions.
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The what is a subdivision of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) responsible for arousing the body and mobilizing its energy during times of stress.
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sympathetic nervous system
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Cells that provide structural, nutritional, and other support for the neuron, as well as communication within the nervous system, are called what cells.
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glial
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An action potential is generated
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when positively charged ions move in and out of channels in the axon's membrane
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What is the correct statement that accurately describes the neuron when it is resting?
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The fluid outside the axon has more positively charged ions than the fluid inside the axon.
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During the action potential, pores in the membrane open and what ions flow into the axon and what ions flow out of the axon
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potassium; sodium
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A neural impulse can travel:
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10 meters per second along a bare axon, and 100 meters per second along a myelinated axon
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The neurotransmitter called what affects mood, sleep, appetite, sensory perception, arousal, temperature regulation, pain suppression, impulsivity, and low levels may play a role in depression.
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serotonin
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Excessively high levels of what are a suspected contributor to some forms of schizophrenia.
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dopamine
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What are neurotransmitters that mimic the effect of opiate drugs such as morphine.
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endorphins
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Which part of the endocrine system is considered the "master control center"?
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pituitary gland
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The process of specialization of various parts of the brain for particular functions is known as
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localization of function
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Which structure in the brainstem is responsible for automatic bodily functions such as breathing and heart rate?
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medulla
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Which brain structure is located at the base of the brain, behind the brainstem, and is responsible for coordinating fine muscle movement, balance, and some aspects of perception and cognition?
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cerebellum
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The what is the part of the brain that is considered the major sensory relay center, or the "air traffic control center" for the brain.
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thalamus
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The motor cortex is found in which of the cerebral cortex lobes?
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frontal lobes
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Which cerebral cortex lobes are located at the top of the brain and interpret bodily sensations?
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parietal lobes
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The what is the bundle of nerve fibers connecting the brain's left and right hemispheres.
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corpus callosum
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The left hemisphere usually specializes in what functions?
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language, analytical, and right-hand touch
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What begins with "higher" level processing involving thoughts, previous experiences, expectations, language, and cultural background and works down to the sensory level.
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Top-down processing
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In the process of what, we filter incoming sensations, and then analyze them before sending a neural impulse to the cortex of the brain.
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sensory reduction
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The wavelength of light, the distance between the crest of one wave and the crest of the next, determines its frequency and what. Longer wavelengths produce reddish color while shorter wavelengths produce bluish colors.
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hue
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The what are receptor cells in the retina that detect shades of gray, are responsible for peripheral vision, and are most sensitive in dim light.
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rods
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Located in the center of the retina, the what is a tiny pit filled with cones that is responsible for sharp vision.
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fovea
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Wavelengths in light correspond to color while wavelengths in sound correspond to
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pitch
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What theory explains how we hear higher-pitched sounds. Different high-pitched sounds bend the basilar membrane hair cells at different locations in the cochlea.
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Place
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When chemical molecules in the air pass through the nose and come into contact with the dendrites of the olfactory receptors embedded in the olfactory epithelium, they initiate a neural impulse. The impulse travels along the neuron's axon directly to the what, where most olfactory information is processed.
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olfactory bulb
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What sense is the sensory system for body posture and orientation.
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Kinesthesia
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A(n) what is a false impression of the physical world that can be produced by actual physical distortions or by errors in the perceptual process.
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illusion
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Looking over a field of sunflowers, Tashia judges the rows having greater detail as being closer to her. This is an example of:
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texture gradient.
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Which basic Gestalt principle of organization states that objects that are physically close together are grouped together?
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proximity
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What is the tendency for the environment to be perceived as remaining the same in spite of changes in sensory input.
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Perceptual constancy
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Anthropologist Colin Turnbull (1961) provided a classic example of an adult who had never developed a sense of what. His subject had lived in a rain forest so dense that he had never seen further than about 100 yards. When the subject first saw a herd of water buffalo in the distance, he thought they were insects. As they drove toward the "insects," they seemed to "grow" into buffalo.
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size constancy
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What allows us to accurately estimate the distance of perceived objects and thereby to perceive the world in three dimensions.
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Depth perception
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What is a binocular cue to distance in which separation of the eyes causes different images to fall on each retina.
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Retinal disparity
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What is a binocular depth cue in which the eyes turn inward as objects move closer. The amount of strain in the eye muscles is used as a cue by the brain to interpret distance.
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Convergence
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What refers to the fact that when an observer is moving, objects at various distances move at different speeds across the retinal field. Close objects appear to whiz by, farther objects seem to move slowly, and distant objects appear to remain stationary.
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Motion parallax
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What is Young's theory that color perception results from mixing three distinct color systems - red, green, and blue.
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Trichromatic theory
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T or F about extrasensory perception (ESP): The most important criticism of experimental claims of ESP is the lack of stability and replicablity.
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True
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T or F about extrasensory perception (ESP): Very few people actually believe in ESP.
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False
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T or F about extrasensory perception (ESP): A meta-analysis of 30 studies using scientific controls reports strong evidence for precognition, but not other forms of ESP.
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False
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T of F about people who suffer from mental illness: Mental disorders are a sign of personal weakness.
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False
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T of F about people who suffer from mental illness: Mentally ill people are often dangerous and unpredictable.
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False
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T of F about people who suffer from mental illness: A person who has been mentally ill never fully recovers.
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False
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A Vietnamese man suffers from the irrational belief that his penis is retracting into his abdomen and that when it is fully retracted, death will result. He is most likely suffering from what?
answer
koro
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Rodrigo has experienced the sudden, accidental death of a loved one. He is now suffering from trembling, heart palpitations, and seizure-like episodes. Rodrigo most likely suffers from which of the following culture-bound disorders?
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attack of nerves
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A Thai woman suffers from wild outbursts and aggressive behaviors. She attempts to injure or kill others in her village. She is most likely suffering from which culture-bound disorder?
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running amok
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A West African student complains to his parents of "brain tiredness" due to the challenges of school. This student is most likely suffering from which illness?
answer
brain fog
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Which of the following statements explains why cultures develop unique problems such as koro?
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People learn to express their problems in ways acceptable to others in the same culture.
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Which axis of the DSM-IV-TR describes the patient's global assessment of functioning?
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Axis V
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Which axis of the DSM-IV-TR describes the individual's general medical condition?
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Axis III
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Which of the following disorders are among the easiest disorders to treat and have one of the best chances for recovery?
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anxiety disorders
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What are the possible causes of anxiety disorders?
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classical conditioning, social-learning, and genetic predisposition
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What plays a role in triggering mood disorders?
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imbalances of norepinephrine and serotonin, abnormal activity in the prefrontal cortex, and learned helplessness
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What reflects the biopsychosocial model of depression?
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Some women may inherit a genetic or hormonal predisposition toward depression, and then our society's socialization processes for women may reinforce certain behaviors that increase the chances for depression, and If we socialize men to suppress their emotions, they may be overlooking and underreporting their feelings of sadness and helplessness.
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T or F about suicide: People who talk about suicide are not likely to commit suicide.
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False
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T or F about suicide:Suicide usually takes place with little or no warning.
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False
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T or F about suicide: Thinking about suicide is rare.
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False
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T or F about suicide: Children of parents who attempt suicide are more likely to attempt suicide themselves.
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True
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Which of the following are positive symptoms of schizophrenia?
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hallucinations
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Which are the possible causes of schizophrenia?
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brain damage, overactivity of dopamine neurons, and brain damage
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T or F: Large doses of amphetamines can produce the positive symptoms of schizophrenia in people with no history of psychological disorders.
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True
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T or F: Low doses of amphetamines can improve symptoms in people who have schizophrenia.
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False
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T or F: Drugs used to treat schizophrenia, like chlorpromazine, block serotonin and reduce the negative symptoms of the illness.
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False
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T or F about the factors contributing to the development of schizophrenia: In most theories of schizophrenia, stress plays an essential role in triggering schizophrenic episodes.
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True
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T or F about the factors contributing to the development of schizophrenia: Some investigators suggest that communication disorders in parents and family members may be a predisposing factor for schizophrenia.
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True
question
T or F about the factors contributing to the development of schizophrenia: The dopamine hypothesis fits only some cases of schizophrenia.
answer
True
question
T or F about the factors contributing to the development of schizophrenia: In order for someone to be diagnosed with schizophrenia, they must show brain damage on a brain scan.
answer
False
question
T or F about how Schizophrenia differs across culture: The prevalence of schizophrenia is higher in some countries than in others.
answer
True
question
T or F about how Schizophrenia differs across culture: The form of expression of schizophrenia varies across cultures.
answer
True
question
T or F about how Schizophrenia differs across culture: The stressors that trigger the onset of schizophrenia may be culturally specific, such as fearing that one is the victim of witchcraft.
answer
True
question
Which of the following personality disorders is most commonly diagnosed?
answer
borderline personality disorder
question
Alice was a very rebellious teenager. She had terrible grades in high school, often skipped class, and sneaked out of her parents' home in the middle of the night. Alice was very promiscuous at an early age. Even as an adult, she becomes very "clingy" to new friends, and unpredictably, violently angry with these same people without provocation. Alice cannot manage to hold onto a job. She cuts her arms frequently and is experiencing persistent thoughts of suicide. Which of the following disorders most closely fits with Alice's symptoms?
answer
borderline personality disorder
question
What are myths about psychotherapy and therapists?
answer
only people who are weak and crazy go to therapists, the expense of psychotherapy means only the rich can afford it, and there is one best therapy for mental health problems
question
Which of the following pairs is MISMATCHED? psychoanalysts: unconscious thoughts and patterns behaviorists: maladaptive behaviors humanistic therapists: faulty thinking and belief patterns biomedical therapists: biological disorders
answer
humanistic therapists: faulty thinking and belief patterns
question
Tofranil, Elavil, Nardil, Parnate and Prozac are brand names for which type of drugs?
answer
antidepressants
question
Benzodiazepines, such as Valium, belong to which of the following groups of drugs?
answer
antianxiety drugs
question
Which of the following disorders would most likely be treated with lithium carbonate?
answer
bipolar disorder
question
Thorazine, Prolixin, Mellaril, Haldol, and Clozaril are brand names for drugs commonly used to treat which of the following disorders?
answer
schizophrenia
question
What are the types of antidepressant drugs?
answer
tricyclics, monamine oxidase inhibitors, and selective serotonin inhibitors
question
T or F about the use of biomedical therapies: Unlike other types of therapies, drugs often cure the mental disorder permanently.
answer
False
question
T or F about the use of biomedical therapies: Psychoactive drugs do not help all patients.Some patients develop tolerance to the drugs.
answer
True
question
T or F about the use of biomedical therapies:Convulsions, hallucinations, and other serious side effects may occur if the patient stops taking the drug suddenly.
answer
True
question
T or F about the use of biomedical therapies: Some patients develop tolerance to the drugs.
answer
True
question
Prolonged use of antipsychotic drugs can eventually have the side effects of a movement disorder called what
answer
Tardive dyskinesia
question
What are the following side effects is associated with the use of psychiatric medications?
answer
Impaired movement, fatigue, and memory difficulties
question
In psychoanalysis, what refers to the patient's displacement of unconscious feelings about a significant person in his or her life onto the therapist.
answer
transference
question
If a patient discloses intimate feelings and "transfers" some of their unresolved emotions from a previous relationship onto the therapist during psychoanalysis: which of the following explains this situation and the appropriate response?
answer
The therapist should ignore the patient's emotional response and/or simply tell them it is an inappropriate response.
question
What are the common criticisms of psychoanalysis?
answer
Psychoanalysis lacks scientific credibility, Psychoanalysis is very time consuming and expensive, and Psychoanalysis seldom works with severe mental disorders
question
In rational emotive therapy, an A-B-C model is used. What do these letters stand for?
answer
Activating event - irrational Belief - emotional Consequences
question
Which of the following is the name of Albert Ellis's approach to cognitive therapy that focuses on the elimination of self-defeating beliefs through logical examination?
answer
rational emotive therapy
question
Which of the following terms did Aaron Beck use to describe the tendency of depression-prone people to focus selectively on negative events while ignoring positive events?
answer
selective perception
question
Which of the following Rogerian terms is MISMATCHED with its meaning? empathy: an awareness and ability to share another's inner experience unconditional positive regard: listening with total attention to what another is saying genuineness: the awareness of one's true inner thoughts and feelings and the ability to share them honestly with others to reflect: to figuratively hold a mirror in front of a person
answer
unconditional positive regard: listening with total attention to what another is saying
question
Which of the following settings seems to be the most favorable setting for the treatment of teen delinquency?
answer
family therapy
question
Therapies in what cultures emphasize the self and control over one's life whereas therapies in what cultures emphasize interdependence.
answer
individualistic; collectivist
question
True or False about therapy and gender: Women are more likely to be victims of rape, incest, and sexual harassment than are men.
answer
True
question
True or False about therapy and gender: Women do not live as long as men do.
answer
False
question
True or False about therapy and gender: Women bring special challenges to therapy because they are overrepresented in the lowest economic groups.
answer
True
question
True or False about therapy and gender: Research has found that women are diagnosed and treated for mental illness at a much higher rate than men are.
answer
True
question
Transvestites are usually:
answer
heterosexual men.
question
Differences in the brains of men and women are apparent in which area(s)?
answer
hypothalamus, corpus callosum, and cerebral hemispheres
question
Which of the following brain areas causes men to have a relatively constant level of sex hormones and women to have cyclic sex hormone production and menstrual cycles?
answer
hypothalamus
question
Reported sex differences in verbal and spatial skills may, at least in part, be due to differences in the male and female:
answer
cerebral hemispheres
question
True or False: Females tend to score higher than males on tests of math abilities.
answer
False
question
True or False: Males are more likely than females to commit aggressive crimes after puberty.
answer
True
question
True or False: Males tend to score higher than females on tests of verbal abilities.
answer
False
question
True or False: The breakfast cereal Kellogg's Corn Flakes was originally developed to discourage masturbation.
answer
True
question
True or False: The American Academy of Pediatrics no longer recommends routine circumcision for male babies.
answer
True
question
True or False: Sexual skill and satisfaction are learned behaviors that can be increased through education and training.
answer
True
question
True or False: The American Psychiatric Association and the American Psychological Association consider homosexuality a type of mental illness.
answer
False
question
Despite the repression of Victorian times, which of the following researchers was among the first to study human sexuality and initially based his research on his own personal desires?
answer
Havelock Ellis
question
In what order do the phases of the Masters and Johnson's sexual response cycle occur?
answer
excitement phase - plateau phase - orgasm phase - resolution phase
question
Which theory suggests that men have a greater interest in sex and multiple partners and are sexually jealous because these behaviors maximize their chances for reproduction?
answer
sexual strategies theory
question
In at least 18 societies around the world, female nonmonogamy is the norm. People in these cultures believe in a child having more than one biological father, and pregnant women openly acknowledge their extramarital lovers as "secondary fathers." This belief that multiple men contribute to the initial impregnation and later "building of the child" is termed: ,
answer
partible paternity
question
True or False about the cause of homosexuality: A genetic predisposition toward homosexuality is supported by studies of identical male and female twins, fraternal twins, and adopted siblings.
answer
True
question
True or False about the cause of homosexuality: Some researchers have hypothesized that prenatal hormone levels affect fetal brain development and sexual orientation in both humans and animals.
answer
True
question
True or False about the cause of homosexuality: Studies have shown differences in the adult hormones levels between heterosexual men and gay men.
answer
False
question
Male impotence (erectile dysfunction) can be caused by:
answer
diabetes, alcohol consumption, and severe antisexual upbringing
question
Orgasmic dysfunction can be caused by:
answer
chronic illness, alcohol consumption, and childhood sexual abuse
question
Vaginismus is most likely caused by:
answer
a learned association of pain or fear with intercourse.
question
True or False: The parasympathetic nervous system must be dominant for sexual arousal to occur.
answer
True
question
True or False: The sympathetic nervous system must be dominant for orgasm to occur.
answer
True
question
True or False: Some aspects of sexual arousal are partly reflexive while others are learned.
answer
True
question
The fear of being judged in connection with sexual activity is called:
answer
performance anxiety
question
True or False: The majority of people who contract a sexually transmitted infection (STI) are under the age of 35
answer
True
question
True or False: Women are at a much greater risk than men for contracting major STIs.
answer
True
question
True or False: Drugs are now available which can cure AIDS.
answer
False
question
Alcohol abuse is associated with:
answer
inhibited sexual arousal, damage to testes and ovaries, and damage to the circulatory and nervous systems.
question
Abuse of barbiturates is associated with:
answer
decreased sexual desire, erectile disorders, and delayed orgasm.
question
Masters and Johnson's approach to sex therapy includes?
answer
communication between partners and conflict resolution skills, medical histories and exams, and partners are given homework assignments with no performance demands.
question
What percentage of Milgram's subjects continued to obey until they gave the learner the full 450-volt level?
answer
65%
question
True or False: Research supports the old saying, "opposites attract".
answer
False
question
True or False: Most people judge others more harshly than they judge themselves.
answer
True
question
True or False: Looks are the primary factor in our initial feelings of attraction, liking, and romantic love.
answer
True
question
True or False: Romantic love rarely lasts longer than 30 months.
answer
True
question
Jennifer is displeased that her neighbor's yard looks neglected. She knows that the neighbor lives alone and is an accountant, so she attributes the messy yard to the fact that it is "tax season." She assumes that the yard will be neater after the April tax deadline. Jennifer is making a what attribution.
answer
situational
question
Samir is a cashier at a grocery store. He resents customers who use "food stamps" or other government vouchers to buy food. He assumes that people who receive welfare are lazy and lack a work ethic. This is an example of which of the following?
answer
saliency bias
question
People native to Eastern countries are less likely than Westerners to demonstrate which biases?
answer
the fundamental attribution error, and self-serving bias
question
A what is the cognitive component of prejudice, and what is the behavioral component of prejudice.
answer
stereotype; discrimination
question
What is commonly cited sources of prejudice?
answer
prejudice as a learned response, prejudice as a mental shortcut, and prejudice as a result of economic and political competition
question
Raul is a little boy who hears his parents expressing prejudices and copies their behavior. When he expresses racist remarks, he tends to receive approval from family and friends. This is an example of:
answer
prejudice as a learned response
question
What i findings show that lower-class whites in the United States tend to have more racist attitudes than higher-class whites?
answer
prejudice as a result of economic and political competition
question
During the Great Depression of the 1930's, Hitler used Jews and others as scapegoats that Germans could blame for their economic troubles. This is an example of:
answer
prejudice as a form of displaced aggression.
question
Muzafer Sherif and his colleagues created strong feelings of ingroup and outgroup identification in a group of 11- and 12-year-old boys at a summer camp by physically separating the boys in different cabins and assigning different projects to each group. The groups were then placed in competition with each other and members of each group became aggressive toward members of the other group. What steps did the researchers take in reducing the prejudice that formed between the groups?
answer
The researchers created "minicrises" and tasks that required expertise, labor, and cooperation from both groups.
question
Which conditions must be met when attempting to reduce prejudice by increasing contact between members of groups?
answer
Interaction between members of the groups must be close interaction, both groups must be involved in superordinate goals that require cooperation, and everyone must have equal status.
question
Research supports which statements about physical attractiveness?
answer
Attractive individuals are seen as more poised, interesting, cooperative, achieving, sociable, independent, intelligent, healthy, and sexually warm. Premature infants rated as more physically attractive by the nurses caring for them thrive better during their hospital stay, gain weight quicker, and are released earlier. Even when convicting defendants of comparable crimes, judges tend to give longer prison sentences to unattractive versus attractive defendants.
question
True or False about attraction: Familiar people become more physically attractive over time.
answer
True
question
True or False about attraction: Repeated exposure to a person is associated with increased overall liking.
answer
True
question
True or False about attraction: People with very different backgrounds, interests, and attitudes tend to be attracted to each other.
answer
False
question
True or False about attraction: Love relationships often develop from friendships and initial feelings of liking for one another.
answer
True
question
Psychologists refer to attraction based on sharing similar needs as
answer
need compatibility
question
True or False about love: Compassionate love can last a lifetime.
answer
True
question
True or False about love: Studies indicate that people stay longer in relationships where they have an unrealistically positive perception of their partner.
answer
True
question
True or False about love: Romantic love begins to fade after six to 30 months.
answer
Tue
question
Presidential embarrassments, such as Franklin Roosevelt's failure to anticipate the attack on Pearl Harbor, John F. Kennedy's disastrous backing of the Bay of Pigs invasion of Cuba, and Ronald Reagan's Iran-Contra scandal have all been blamed on
answer
groupthink
question
True or False about aggression: Twin studies suggest that some individuals are genetically predisposed to have hostile, irritable temperaments and to engage in aggressive acts.
answer
True
question
True or False about aggression: Research with brain injuries and organic disorders has identified possible aggression circuits in the brain.
answer
True
question
True or False about aggression: Substance abuse is a major factor in most forms of aggression.
answer
True
question
True or False about aggression: Testosterone appears to have no connection with aggressive behavior.
answer
False
question
True or False about the history and prevalence of violence: Aggression is a highly stable trait from childhood to adulthood.
answer
False
question
True or False about the history and prevalence of violence: All serious aggression begins in early childhood.
answer
False
question
True or False about the history and prevalence of violence: Physiological studies have linked certain hormones and lowered levels of the neurotransmitter serotonin to aggression.
answer
True
question
True or False about the history and prevalence of violence: The ways that males and females develop and exhibit aggressive behaviors is essentially the same.
answer
False
question
In the famous Kitty Genovese murder case, thirty-eight neighbors heard her screams for help as she was being stabbed, but only one of the neighbors belatedly called the police. Which of the following concepts offers the BEST explanation for why her neighbors did not respond immediately?
answer
diffusion of responsibility phenomenon
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