question

Which specialty in psychology focuses on the application of the principles of psychology to the workplace, including personnel selection, leadership, and job satisfaction?

answer

industrial/organizational psychology

question

Dr. Holloway is conducting research to develop group exercises that will decrease the amount of bullying on school playgrounds. This type of research is:

answer

applied research

question

An interrelated set of concepts which explains a body of data is called a

answer

theory

question

What research involves the manipulation and control of variables and attempt to identify cause and effect.

answer

Experimental

question

A researcher is studying the use of scent as a memory aid. One group is asked to listen to a series of lectures in a room that smells of oranges and later to recall the information while sniffing the same scent. The other group is asked to listen to and later to recall the same information in an identical room with no particular odor. What is the independent variable?

answer

the scent of oranges

question

Dr. Calef is investigating the effectiveness of the SQ4R method with general psychology students. He randomizes the students into two groups. One group is given instructions in how to use the SQ4R method and is asked to try the method. The other group receives no such instructions. He then compares the scores on subsequent exams. Which is the experimental group?

answer

The students that received instructions are the experiment group.

question

When interviewing subjects, Sam is unknowingly giving subtle facial cues that influence the subjects' responses toward supporting his hypothesis. This problem is referred to as:

answer

experimenter bias.

question

In an experiment, both the experimenter administering the drug and the participants taking the drug are unaware as to who is receiving a placebo and who is receiving the drug. This is known as a:

answer

double-blind study.

question

Two researchers, each from a different cultural background, collaborate to conduct a research study two times, once with members of their own culture and once with members of at least one other culture. The cross-cultural sampling is done specifically to avoid:

answer

the bias of ethnocentrism.

question

Dr. DeLoe separates his subjects into groups. Subjects with an even social security number are in the control group and subjects with an odd social security number are in the experimental group. This procedure is an example of:

answer

random assignment.

question

Ivy conceals herself behind a one-way mirror taking notes while watching children in a pre-school setting interact. She does not manipulate the behavior of the children. This is an example of:

answer

naturalistic observation.

question

What are the advantages of using the descriptive research methods instead of the experimental method?

answer

Descriptive research methods minimize artificiality. Data is easier to collect with descriptive research methods.

question

Yuri conducts a descriptive study and finds that as the number of absences increase in psychology classes, the grades tend to decrease. This is an example of a:

answer

negative correlation.

question

A correlation coefficient of +0.02 is found in Stacy's study of birth date and the personality trait of extraversion. We can conclude:

answer

that the variables are likely to be unrelated.

question

John's doctor suspects that he may have had a stroke. She sends John for a procedure in which a computer that creates cross-sectional pictures of the brain reads x-rays directed through the brain at different angles. Which type of brain scan is John likely to have?

answer

CT scan

question

What involves informing participants after the research about the purpose of the study, the nature of the anticipated results, and any deception used.

answer

Debriefing

question

About what percentage of psychology studies are done on nonhuman animals?

answer

only about 7-8 %

question

Under what circumstances may a therapist ethically violate confidentiality?

answer

In cases of serious threat to others, information may be divulged.

question

Which school of psychology's past used the techniques of introspection, the experimental method, and the comparative method and placed major emphasis on applying psychological findings to practical situations and on the function of mental processes in adapting to the environment?

answer

functionalism

question

Which school of psychology's past emphasized sexual and aggressive impulses?

answer

psychoanalytic

question

Which of the following types of personality assessments is most often and most widely used?

answer

objective tests

question

For what use is the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) primarily designed?

answer

for diagnosis of psychological disorders

question

Which of the following assessments is the most widely used projective test?

answer

Rorschach Inkblot Test

question

At Harold's annual performance review, his boss is objective and fair in critiquing Harold's performance. The boss lists many of Harold's strengths and also offers constructive criticism and suggestions for improvement. Harold readily accepts the positive remarks and rejects the negative comments. He angrily states that his boss "doesn't know what his is talking about" in reference to the suggestions for improvement. Harold's reaction to accurate, constructive criticism reflects which logical fallacy?

answer

the fallacy of positive instances

question

Which of the following criticisms applies to objective personality tests, such as the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory?

answer

Respondents may intentionally, or unintentionally, fake particular personality traits. Overlapping items sometimes make it difficult to pinpoint a diagnosis. Some critics think that the standards for "normalcy" on objective, self-report tests fail to recognize the impact of culture.

question

Which of the following types of assessment have the lowest reliability and validity?

answer

projective techniques

question

Which of the following theorists arranged personality traits into a hierarchy with the most important traits listed at the top?

answer

Gordon Allport

question

Which of the following theorists reduced the wide array of possible personality traits to a list of 30 to 35 basic characteristics using factor analysis?

answer

Raymond Cattell

question

Which of the following theorists reduced the wide array of possible personality traits to a list of three basic types which include extraversion-introversion, neuroticism, and psychotism?

answer

Hans Eysenck

question

The correlational results of studies done by David Buss and his colleagues may reflect an evolutionary advantage to people who are more open, conscientious, extroverted, agreeable, and less neurotic. Which of the following also confirms the evolutionary perspective?

answer

cross-cultural studies. comparative studies with chimpanzees and other species

question

Which theorist proposed that personality is affected by what we expect to happen and the reinforcement value of these outcomes?

answer

Julian Rotter

question

Karen is taking a self-defense class for women and believes that she will be able to succeed in defending herself if she is attacked. According to Bandura, Karen is demonstrating which of the following concepts?

answer

Self-efficacy

question

Modern personality research best supports which of the following statements?

answer

People have more stable personalities after the age of 30.

question

Humans have 98.4% of the same DNA as chimps.

answer

True

question

Research shows that women score higher on neuroticism than men.

answer

True

question

None of the five dimensions of the five-factor model applies to animals.

answer

False

question

Freud used the example of a rider and his horse to illustrate the relationship of two components of personality structure. In this analogy, the rider must hold in check the superior strength of the horse, and often the rider is obliged to guide the horse. In this analogy, the rider represents the ________ and the horse represents the ________.

answer

ego; id

question

Carl Jung proposed two forms of unconscious mind known as the _______ unconscious, which is created from our individual experiences, and the ______ unconscious, which is identical in each person and is inherited.

answer

personal; collective

question

Which theorist emphasized the importance of basic anxiety and refuted Freud's idea of "penis envy" and replaced it with "power envy?"

answer

Karen Horney

question

Carl Rogers believed that poor mental health and maladjustment developed primarily from:

answer

an incongruence between the self-concept and actual life experiences.

question

Which theorist coined the term self-efficacy and proposed "reciprocal determinism," which is the idea that thoughts, behavior, and the environment all interact to produce personality?

answer

Albert Bandura

question

Jane has deep-seated feelings of inadequacy. Adler would refer to this as what

answer

an inferiority complex

question

T or F: Psychologists generally believe that development emerges from each individual's unique genetic predisposition and from individual experiences in the environment.

answer

True

question

T or F: Some traits are stable while others vary greatly across the life span.

answer

True

question

T or F: Biological factors, psychological influences, and social forces all affect development and influence each other.

answer

True

question

Which approach often confuses genuine age differences with cohort effects?

answer

cross-sectional research designs

question

Dr. Shields is conducting research in which she collects data from a group of individuals over an extended period of time. She begins by surveying a group of twenty-year-olds about their health habits. She re-administers the survey every ten years. This is an example of which type of research design?

answer

longitudinal

question

T or F: Culture may be the most important determinant of development.

answer

true

question

T or F: Human development cannot be studied outside of its sociocultural context.

answer

True

question

T or F: Each culture's ethnotheories are important determinants of behavior.

answer

True

question

T or F: People often discuss and examine the ideals, values, and assumptions central to their own culture.

answer

False

question

Smoking during pregnancy is associated with:

answer

higher rates of premature births, low-birth-weight infants, fetal deaths

question

Children of women who drink alcohol during pregnancy tend to display:

answer

increased neurobehavioral abnormalities, increased learning problems, and increased hyperactivity

question

T or F: The newborn's first motor abilities are limited to reflexes.

answer

True

question

T or F: During the last few months inside the womb, the fetus can apparently hear sounds outside the mother's body.

answer

True

question

T or F: The newborn's sense of touch and pain are highly developed.

answer

True

question

T or F: The newborn's sense of vision is highly developed.

answer

False

question

The first ejaculation in the adolescent male is referred to as:

answer

spermarche

question

T or F: Menopause typically causes serious mood swings.

answer

False

question

T or F: Menopause is typically correlated with depression.

answer

False

question

T or F: Menopause most often involves a loss of sexual interest.

answer

False

question

T or F: Many studies find that postmenopausal women report positive reactions.

answer

True

question

During the male climacteric, males experience:

answer

a gradual decline in the production of sperm, a decline in sexual responsiveness, and loss of muscular strength

question

T or F: Normal aging is accompanied by widespread death of neurons in the brain.

answer

False

question

T or F: As people age, the speed of information processing decreases.

answer

True

question

T or F: Genes have a "relatively minor effect" on our well being in the later years of life.

answer

True

question

The what theory proposes that an accumulation of damage to cells and organs over the years ultimately causes death.

answer

damage

question

Human beings appear to have a maximum life span of about:

answer

110-120 years

question

Harlow & Zimmerman's research demonstrated that:

answer

contact comfort is a powerful contributor to attachment.

question

T or F regarding Hazan and Shaver's research: Adults who had an avoidant pattern in infancy tend to be uncomfortable with intimacy as adults.

answer

True

question

T or F regarding Hazan and Shaver's research: Anxious/ambivalent adults tend to be obsessed with their partners, fearing their intense love will not be reciprocated.

answer

True

question

T or F regarding Hazan and Shaver's research: Percentages for adult attachments styles show that 55% of adults have a secure attachment style.

answer

True

question

T or F regarding Hazan and Shaver's research: Early attachment style determines adult attachment style.

answer

False

question

Daniel's mother tends to be punitive. She does not explain the reasons for rules but demands unquestioning obedience. She often places unrealistic expectations on him and expects him to be more mature than is appropriate for his young age. She is easily upset and moody, and punishes him harshly. Daniel's mother most likely has which type of parenting style?

answer

authoritarian

question

Cognitive structures or patterns that consist of a number of organized ideas that grow and differentiate with experience are called:

answer

schemas

question

What is the process of absorbing new information into existing schemas.

answer

assimilation

question

What are the criticisms of Piaget's theory that are supported by research?

answer

Piaget may have underestimated young children's cognitive abilities. Piaget's model has been criticized for not sufficiently taking into account genetic and cultural differences.

question

Martha is five years old and is told a story about a child who tries to help his mother set the table and accidentally drops and breaks a stack of five plates. Another child breaks one plate on purpose. Martha is then asked, "Which child should receive the most punishment?" Martha replies that the child who accidentally dropped the five plates is "badder" and should be punished more. Martha is most likely in which stage of Kohlberg's moral development?

answer

stage 1 - punishment and obedience orientation

question

Marcellus has just moved into his first apartment and would like his girlfriend to move in with him. However, he decides against the idea because he is fearful of losing his parents' approval. This is an example of reasoning at which level of Kohlberg's theory?

answer

conventional level

question

A researcher explains the Heinz dilemma to Bobby and then asks him what Heinz should do. Bobby replies, "If Heinz has any sense of honor, he won't let his wife die just because he's afraid to do the only thing that will save her. If he does nothing, he will always feel guilty that he caused her death if he doesn't do his duty to her." Which stage of moral development is reflected by Bobby's statement?

answer

stage 3 - "good child" orientation

question

According to Kohlberg, which stage is the highest stage of moral reasoning attained by most adolescents and adults?

answer

stage 4 - law-and-order orientation

question

Martin Luther King intentionally violated those laws that violated universal principles, such as human dignity. His behavior was most consistent with which stage of moral development?

answer

stage 6 - universal ethics orientation

question

Alexander is an infant who is moody and easily frustrated. He becomes tense and over reactive to new environments and noises. Thomas and Chess would most likely classify him as:

answer

difficult.

question

Cindy is two years old and her favorite words seem to be "mine" and "no!" She insists on trying to do most things for herself. Which of Erikson's stages is she most likely in?

answer

autonomy versus shame and doubt

question

Amy is five years old. She tried to make her parents breakfast as a surprise. Her parents were certainly surprised when they discovered the considerable mess in the kitchen. Amy is most likely in which of Erikson's stages of development?

answer

initiative versus guilt

question

Simon is a young man who seems to lack a stable identity. He has had behavioral and delinquency problems and a difficulty in maintaining close personal relationships. Erikson might say that he has failed to resolve the issues of which stage?

answer

identity versus role confusion

question

Margery is a middle-aged executive who has become more concerned about members of society outside her intimate circle of friends and family. She has decided to act on this concern by donating some of her time to working with high-risk children through a community agency. She is most likely in which of Erikson's stages?

answer

generativity versus stagnation

question

T or F: Adolescence is the most stressful period in the lifespan.

answer

True

question

T or F: Some researchers find that divorce has little or no effect on children's behavioral and social problems.

answer

True

question

T or F: When the last child leaves home, it is a usually a time of despair and crisis for the parents and marital satisfaction typically decreases.

answer

False

question

T or F: Abuse and violence within the home occurs at all socioeconomic levels.

answer

True

question

T or F: One of the clearest identifiers of abuse potential is impulsivity.

answer

True

question

T or F: Alcoholism has been linked to aggressive outbursts.

answer

True

question

Which areas of the brain are closely related to the expression and control of aggression?

answer

amygdala, prefrontal cortex, and hypothalamus

question

Which hormone levels have been associated with irritability, hypersensitivity to provocation, and impulsive rage?

answer

low levels of serotonin

question

T or F: Younger couples have higher divorce rates than older couples.

answer

True

question

T or F: Divorce is higher among the poor and unemployed.

answer

True

question

T or F: Divorce is higher among adult children of divorced parents.

answer

True

question

T or F: Couples with "opposite" values and beliefs have longer lasting relationships.

answer

False

question

Which theory states that a fulfilling old age comes from remaining active and involved as long as possible?

answer

activity theory of aging

question

Which of the following basic concepts associated with death do children tend to understand first and most easily?

answer

permanence

question

By what age have most children developed an adult-like understanding of death?

answer

seven years old

question

Margaret realizes that she is terminally ill and tells God that she will be an ideal servant if he will let her live to see her grandchild's birth. Which stage of Kubler-Ross's theory is Margaret most likely experiencing?

answer

bargaining

question

In Pavlov's famous experiment with the salivating dogs, what was the unconditioned stimulus (UCS)?

answer

food

question

Susan is having chemotherapy treatments that make her very nauseous. After coming to the clinic for several treatments, she begins to feel nauseous in the waiting room even before the treatment is administered. What is the conditioned response (CR)?

answer

nausea in response to the waiting room

question

Luis was very young when he fell into a pool, swallowed quite a lot of water, and was terrified until his cousin pulled him out. However, several years later, Luis is still frightened to go into water deeper than his waist. What type of response is this?

answer

conditioned emotional response

question

After conditioning, Little Albert feared rats as well as a white rabbit, a white glove, cotton balls, and even a white beard on a Santa Claus mask. This fear is an example of:

answer

stimulus generalization

question

In the classic study by Kenneth Clark and Mamie Clark (1939), they found that both black and white children preferred white dolls to brown dolls. The Clarks reasoned that the children had learned to associate negative qualities with darker skin and positive qualities with light skin because of:

answer

classical conditioning.

question

When Kayla practices her flute, her parents reward her with praise. What type of reinforcer is praise?

answer

secondary reinforcer

question

Carlos gets a soda every single time he puts money into the machine at work. What type of reinforcement schedule is this?

answer

continuous reinforcement

question

Hiroko is working at a business office where she is paid at the end of each month. What type of reinforcement schedule is being used?

answer

fixed interval schedule

question

Rafiq studies often for his engineering course because his professor gives "pop quizzes." What type of reinforcement schedule keeps Rafiq studying at a slow and steady rate?

answer

variable interval schedule

question

Elijah leaves the yard without asking permission, and his frightened mother scolds him. What type of feedback has he received?

answer

positive punishment

question

Little Leonard is in the first grade where he often misbehaves. His teacher tries to discourage his behavior by mildly scolding him each time he behaves badly. The more the teacher scolds him; the more Little Leonard misbehaves. This means that Little Leonard must view the scolding as:

answer

positive reinforcement

question

Trevor's roommate nags him about housework and criticizes him often. Instead of coming directly to the apartment after work, Trevor's roommate hangs out with other friends. This is an example of:

answer

avoidance behavior.

question

Which term best describes a situation when a person acquires a general sense of powerlessness and consequently stays in an abusive relationship?

answer

learned helplessness

question

Derek used to receive coins from his mother every time he practiced the piano. His mother no longer gives him coins, and now he has stopped practicing the piano altogether. This is an example of:

answer

extinction

question

Kohler posed different types of problems to chimpanzees to see how they learned to solve them. Kohler noticed that the chimpanzees tended to sit and think about the situation and then solve the problem rather than using trial-and-error. Which term applies to this type of learning?

answer

insight learning

question

If a new log is placed in its territory, a chipmunk will explore it for a time but soon moves on if no food is found. When a predator comes into this same territory, the chipmunk heads directly for and hides beneath the log. This is an example of:

answer

latent learning

question

In Bandura's famous "Bobo" doll experiment, children who had seen the aggressive model were much more aggressive with the Bobo doll than children who had not seen the aggression. What form of learning is this?

answer

observational learning

question

Scaffolding combines what and what in such a way that the teacher selectively reinforces the successes of the student and demonstrates the more difficult parts of the task.

answer

shaping and modeling

question

T or F: Learning alters synaptic transmission at specific sites.

answer

True

question

T or F: Learning creates new synaptic connections.

answer

True

question

T or F: Learning can produce changes in brain structures.

answer

True

question

The Brelands (1961) tried to teach a chicken to play baseball. Through shaping and reinforcement, the chicken first learned to pull a loop that activated a swinging bat and then learned to hit the ball. But instead of running to first base, it would chase the ball as though it were food. Regardless of the lack of reinforcement for chasing the ball, the chicken's natural behavior took precedence. This is an example of:

answer

instinctive drift

question

An interdisciplinary field studying how biological processes relate to behavioral and mental processes is called

answer

neuroscience

question

The spinal cord is responsible for:

answer

relaying incoming sensory information to the brain, sending messages from the brain to muscles and glands, and operating independently to allow reflex reactions.

question

The what is a subdivision of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) responsible for arousing the body and mobilizing its energy during times of stress.

answer

sympathetic nervous system

question

Cells that provide structural, nutritional, and other support for the neuron, as well as communication within the nervous system, are called what cells.

answer

glial

question

An action potential is generated

answer

when positively charged ions move in and out of channels in the axon's membrane

question

What is the correct statement that accurately describes the neuron when it is resting?

answer

The fluid outside the axon has more positively charged ions than the fluid inside the axon.

question

During the action potential, pores in the membrane open and what ions flow into the axon and what ions flow out of the axon

answer

potassium; sodium

question

A neural impulse can travel:

answer

10 meters per second along a bare axon, and 100 meters per second along a myelinated axon

question

The neurotransmitter called what affects mood, sleep, appetite, sensory perception, arousal, temperature regulation, pain suppression, impulsivity, and low levels may play a role in depression.

answer

serotonin

question

Excessively high levels of what are a suspected contributor to some forms of schizophrenia.

answer

dopamine

question

What are neurotransmitters that mimic the effect of opiate drugs such as morphine.

answer

endorphins

question

Which part of the endocrine system is considered the "master control center"?

answer

pituitary gland

question

The process of specialization of various parts of the brain for particular functions is known as

answer

localization of function

question

Which structure in the brainstem is responsible for automatic bodily functions such as breathing and heart rate?

answer

medulla

question

Which brain structure is located at the base of the brain, behind the brainstem, and is responsible for coordinating fine muscle movement, balance, and some aspects of perception and cognition?

answer

cerebellum

question

The what is the part of the brain that is considered the major sensory relay center, or the "air traffic control center" for the brain.

answer

thalamus

question

The motor cortex is found in which of the cerebral cortex lobes?

answer

frontal lobes

question

Which cerebral cortex lobes are located at the top of the brain and interpret bodily sensations?

answer

parietal lobes

question

The what is the bundle of nerve fibers connecting the brain's left and right hemispheres.

answer

corpus callosum

question

The left hemisphere usually specializes in what functions?

answer

language, analytical, and right-hand touch

question

What begins with "higher" level processing involving thoughts, previous experiences, expectations, language, and cultural background and works down to the sensory level.

answer

Top-down processing

question

In the process of what, we filter incoming sensations, and then analyze them before sending a neural impulse to the cortex of the brain.

answer

sensory reduction

question

The wavelength of light, the distance between the crest of one wave and the crest of the next, determines its frequency and what. Longer wavelengths produce reddish color while shorter wavelengths produce bluish colors.

answer

hue

question

The what are receptor cells in the retina that detect shades of gray, are responsible for peripheral vision, and are most sensitive in dim light.

answer

rods

question

Located in the center of the retina, the what is a tiny pit filled with cones that is responsible for sharp vision.

answer

fovea

question

Wavelengths in light correspond to color while wavelengths in sound correspond to

answer

pitch

question

What theory explains how we hear higher-pitched sounds. Different high-pitched sounds bend the basilar membrane hair cells at different locations in the cochlea.

answer

Place

question

When chemical molecules in the air pass through the nose and come into contact with the dendrites of the olfactory receptors embedded in the olfactory epithelium, they initiate a neural impulse. The impulse travels along the neuron's axon directly to the what, where most olfactory information is processed.

answer

olfactory bulb

question

What sense is the sensory system for body posture and orientation.

answer

Kinesthesia

question

A(n) what is a false impression of the physical world that can be produced by actual physical distortions or by errors in the perceptual process.

answer

illusion

question

Looking over a field of sunflowers, Tashia judges the rows having greater detail as being closer to her. This is an example of:

answer

texture gradient.

question

Which basic Gestalt principle of organization states that objects that are physically close together are grouped together?

answer

proximity

question

What is the tendency for the environment to be perceived as remaining the same in spite of changes in sensory input.

answer

Perceptual constancy

question

Anthropologist Colin Turnbull (1961) provided a classic example of an adult who had never developed a sense of what. His subject had lived in a rain forest so dense that he had never seen further than about 100 yards. When the subject first saw a herd of water buffalo in the distance, he thought they were insects. As they drove toward the "insects," they seemed to "grow" into buffalo.

answer

size constancy

question

What allows us to accurately estimate the distance of perceived objects and thereby to perceive the world in three dimensions.

answer

Depth perception

question

What is a binocular cue to distance in which separation of the eyes causes different images to fall on each retina.

answer

Retinal disparity

question

What is a binocular depth cue in which the eyes turn inward as objects move closer. The amount of strain in the eye muscles is used as a cue by the brain to interpret distance.

answer

Convergence

question

What refers to the fact that when an observer is moving, objects at various distances move at different speeds across the retinal field. Close objects appear to whiz by, farther objects seem to move slowly, and distant objects appear to remain stationary.

answer

Motion parallax

question

What is Young's theory that color perception results from mixing three distinct color systems - red, green, and blue.

answer

Trichromatic theory

question

T or F about extrasensory perception (ESP): The most important criticism of experimental claims of ESP is the lack of stability and replicablity.

answer

True

question

T or F about extrasensory perception (ESP): Very few people actually believe in ESP.

answer

False

question

T or F about extrasensory perception (ESP): A meta-analysis of 30 studies using scientific controls reports strong evidence for precognition, but not other forms of ESP.

answer

False

question

T of F about people who suffer from mental illness: Mental disorders are a sign of personal weakness.

answer

False

question

T of F about people who suffer from mental illness: Mentally ill people are often dangerous and unpredictable.

answer

False

question

T of F about people who suffer from mental illness: A person who has been mentally ill never fully recovers.

answer

False

question

A Vietnamese man suffers from the irrational belief that his penis is retracting into his abdomen and that when it is fully retracted, death will result. He is most likely suffering from what?

answer

koro

question

Rodrigo has experienced the sudden, accidental death of a loved one. He is now suffering from trembling, heart palpitations, and seizure-like episodes. Rodrigo most likely suffers from which of the following culture-bound disorders?

answer

attack of nerves

question

A Thai woman suffers from wild outbursts and aggressive behaviors. She attempts to injure or kill others in her village. She is most likely suffering from which culture-bound disorder?

answer

running amok

question

A West African student complains to his parents of "brain tiredness" due to the challenges of school. This student is most likely suffering from which illness?

answer

brain fog

question

Which of the following statements explains why cultures develop unique problems such as koro?

answer

People learn to express their problems in ways acceptable to others in the same culture.

question

Which axis of the DSM-IV-TR describes the patient's global assessment of functioning?

answer

Axis V

question

Which axis of the DSM-IV-TR describes the individual's general medical condition?

answer

Axis III

question

Which of the following disorders are among the easiest disorders to treat and have one of the best chances for recovery?

answer

anxiety disorders

question

What are the possible causes of anxiety disorders?

answer

classical conditioning, social-learning, and genetic predisposition

question

What plays a role in triggering mood disorders?

answer

imbalances of norepinephrine and serotonin, abnormal activity in the prefrontal cortex, and learned helplessness

question

What reflects the biopsychosocial model of depression?

answer

Some women may inherit a genetic or hormonal predisposition toward depression, and then our society's socialization processes for women may reinforce certain behaviors that increase the chances for depression, and If we socialize men to suppress their emotions, they may be overlooking and underreporting their feelings of sadness and helplessness.

question

T or F about suicide: People who talk about suicide are not likely to commit suicide.

answer

False

question

T or F about suicide:Suicide usually takes place with little or no warning.

answer

False

question

T or F about suicide: Thinking about suicide is rare.

answer

False

question

T or F about suicide: Children of parents who attempt suicide are more likely to attempt suicide themselves.

answer

True

question

Which of the following are positive symptoms of schizophrenia?

answer

hallucinations

question

Which are the possible causes of schizophrenia?

answer

brain damage, overactivity of dopamine neurons, and brain damage

question

T or F: Large doses of amphetamines can produce the positive symptoms of schizophrenia in people with no history of psychological disorders.

answer

True

question

T or F: Low doses of amphetamines can improve symptoms in people who have schizophrenia.

answer

False

question

T or F: Drugs used to treat schizophrenia, like chlorpromazine, block serotonin and reduce the negative symptoms of the illness.

answer

False

question

T or F about the factors contributing to the development of schizophrenia: In most theories of schizophrenia, stress plays an essential role in triggering schizophrenic episodes.

answer

True

question

T or F about the factors contributing to the development of schizophrenia: Some investigators suggest that communication disorders in parents and family members may be a predisposing factor for schizophrenia.

answer

True

question

T or F about the factors contributing to the development of schizophrenia: The dopamine hypothesis fits only some cases of schizophrenia.

answer

True

question

T or F about the factors contributing to the development of schizophrenia: In order for someone to be diagnosed with schizophrenia, they must show brain damage on a brain scan.

answer

False

question

T or F about how Schizophrenia differs across culture: The prevalence of schizophrenia is higher in some countries than in others.

answer

True

question

T or F about how Schizophrenia differs across culture: The form of expression of schizophrenia varies across cultures.

answer

True

question

T or F about how Schizophrenia differs across culture: The stressors that trigger the onset of schizophrenia may be culturally specific, such as fearing that one is the victim of witchcraft.

answer

True

question

Which of the following personality disorders is most commonly diagnosed?

answer

borderline personality disorder

question

Alice was a very rebellious teenager. She had terrible grades in high school, often skipped class, and sneaked out of her parents' home in the middle of the night. Alice was very promiscuous at an early age. Even as an adult, she becomes very "clingy" to new friends, and unpredictably, violently angry with these same people without provocation. Alice cannot manage to hold onto a job. She cuts her arms frequently and is experiencing persistent thoughts of suicide. Which of the following disorders most closely fits with Alice's symptoms?

answer

borderline personality disorder

question

What are myths about psychotherapy and therapists?

answer

only people who are weak and crazy go to therapists, the expense of psychotherapy means only the rich can afford it, and there is one best therapy for mental health problems

question

Which of the following pairs is MISMATCHED? psychoanalysts: unconscious thoughts and patterns behaviorists: maladaptive behaviors humanistic therapists: faulty thinking and belief patterns biomedical therapists: biological disorders

answer

humanistic therapists: faulty thinking and belief patterns

question

Tofranil, Elavil, Nardil, Parnate and Prozac are brand names for which type of drugs?

answer

antidepressants

question

Benzodiazepines, such as Valium, belong to which of the following groups of drugs?

answer

antianxiety drugs

question

Which of the following disorders would most likely be treated with lithium carbonate?

answer

bipolar disorder

question

Thorazine, Prolixin, Mellaril, Haldol, and Clozaril are brand names for drugs commonly used to treat which of the following disorders?

answer

schizophrenia

question

What are the types of antidepressant drugs?

answer

tricyclics, monamine oxidase inhibitors, and selective serotonin inhibitors

question

T or F about the use of biomedical therapies: Unlike other types of therapies, drugs often cure the mental disorder permanently.

answer

False

question

T or F about the use of biomedical therapies: Psychoactive drugs do not help all patients.Some patients develop tolerance to the drugs.

answer

True

question

T or F about the use of biomedical therapies:Convulsions, hallucinations, and other serious side effects may occur if the patient stops taking the drug suddenly.

answer

True

question

T or F about the use of biomedical therapies: Some patients develop tolerance to the drugs.

answer

True

question

Prolonged use of antipsychotic drugs can eventually have the side effects of a movement disorder called what

answer

Tardive dyskinesia

question

What are the following side effects is associated with the use of psychiatric medications?

answer

Impaired movement, fatigue, and memory difficulties

question

In psychoanalysis, what refers to the patient's displacement of unconscious feelings about a significant person in his or her life onto the therapist.

answer

transference

question

If a patient discloses intimate feelings and "transfers" some of their unresolved emotions from a previous relationship onto the therapist during psychoanalysis: which of the following explains this situation and the appropriate response?

answer

The therapist should ignore the patient's emotional response and/or simply tell them it is an inappropriate response.

question

What are the common criticisms of psychoanalysis?

answer

Psychoanalysis lacks scientific credibility, Psychoanalysis is very time consuming and expensive, and Psychoanalysis seldom works with severe mental disorders

question

In rational emotive therapy, an A-B-C model is used. What do these letters stand for?

answer

Activating event - irrational Belief - emotional Consequences

question

Which of the following is the name of Albert Ellis's approach to cognitive therapy that focuses on the elimination of self-defeating beliefs through logical examination?

answer

rational emotive therapy

question

Which of the following terms did Aaron Beck use to describe the tendency of depression-prone people to focus selectively on negative events while ignoring positive events?

answer

selective perception

question

Which of the following Rogerian terms is MISMATCHED with its meaning? empathy: an awareness and ability to share another's inner experience unconditional positive regard: listening with total attention to what another is saying genuineness: the awareness of one's true inner thoughts and feelings and the ability to share them honestly with others to reflect: to figuratively hold a mirror in front of a person

answer

unconditional positive regard: listening with total attention to what another is saying

question

Which of the following settings seems to be the most favorable setting for the treatment of teen delinquency?

answer

family therapy

question

Therapies in what cultures emphasize the self and control over one's life whereas therapies in what cultures emphasize interdependence.

answer

individualistic; collectivist

question

True or False about therapy and gender: Women are more likely to be victims of rape, incest, and sexual harassment than are men.

answer

True

question

True or False about therapy and gender: Women do not live as long as men do.

answer

False

question

True or False about therapy and gender: Women bring special challenges to therapy because they are overrepresented in the lowest economic groups.

answer

True

question

True or False about therapy and gender: Research has found that women are diagnosed and treated for mental illness at a much higher rate than men are.

answer

True

question

Transvestites are usually:

answer

heterosexual men.

question

Differences in the brains of men and women are apparent in which area(s)?

answer

hypothalamus, corpus callosum, and cerebral hemispheres

question

Which of the following brain areas causes men to have a relatively constant level of sex hormones and women to have cyclic sex hormone production and menstrual cycles?

answer

hypothalamus

question

Reported sex differences in verbal and spatial skills may, at least in part, be due to differences in the male and female:

answer

cerebral hemispheres

question

True or False: Females tend to score higher than males on tests of math abilities.

answer

False

question

True or False: Males are more likely than females to commit aggressive crimes after puberty.

answer

True

question

True or False: Males tend to score higher than females on tests of verbal abilities.

answer

False

question

True or False: The breakfast cereal Kellogg's Corn Flakes was originally developed to discourage masturbation.

answer

True

question

True or False: The American Academy of Pediatrics no longer recommends routine circumcision for male babies.

answer

True

question

True or False: Sexual skill and satisfaction are learned behaviors that can be increased through education and training.

answer

True

question

True or False: The American Psychiatric Association and the American Psychological Association consider homosexuality a type of mental illness.

answer

False

question

Despite the repression of Victorian times, which of the following researchers was among the first to study human sexuality and initially based his research on his own personal desires?

answer

Havelock Ellis

question

In what order do the phases of the Masters and Johnson's sexual response cycle occur?

answer

excitement phase - plateau phase - orgasm phase - resolution phase

question

Which theory suggests that men have a greater interest in sex and multiple partners and are sexually jealous because these behaviors maximize their chances for reproduction?

answer

sexual strategies theory

question

In at least 18 societies around the world, female nonmonogamy is the norm. People in these cultures believe in a child having more than one biological father, and pregnant women openly acknowledge their extramarital lovers as "secondary fathers." This belief that multiple men contribute to the initial impregnation and later "building of the child" is termed: ,

answer

partible paternity

question

True or False about the cause of homosexuality: A genetic predisposition toward homosexuality is supported by studies of identical male and female twins, fraternal twins, and adopted siblings.

answer

True

question

True or False about the cause of homosexuality: Some researchers have hypothesized that prenatal hormone levels affect fetal brain development and sexual orientation in both humans and animals.

answer

True

question

True or False about the cause of homosexuality: Studies have shown differences in the adult hormones levels between heterosexual men and gay men.

answer

False

question

Male impotence (erectile dysfunction) can be caused by:

answer

diabetes, alcohol consumption, and severe antisexual upbringing

question

Orgasmic dysfunction can be caused by:

answer

chronic illness, alcohol consumption, and childhood sexual abuse

question

Vaginismus is most likely caused by:

answer

a learned association of pain or fear with intercourse.

question

True or False: The parasympathetic nervous system must be dominant for sexual arousal to occur.

answer

True

question

True or False: The sympathetic nervous system must be dominant for orgasm to occur.

answer

True

question

True or False: Some aspects of sexual arousal are partly reflexive while others are learned.

answer

True

question

The fear of being judged in connection with sexual activity is called:

answer

performance anxiety

question

True or False: The majority of people who contract a sexually transmitted infection (STI) are under the age of 35

answer

True

question

True or False: Women are at a much greater risk than men for contracting major STIs.

answer

True

question

True or False: Drugs are now available which can cure AIDS.

answer

False

question

Alcohol abuse is associated with:

answer

inhibited sexual arousal, damage to testes and ovaries, and damage to the circulatory and nervous systems.

question

Abuse of barbiturates is associated with:

answer

decreased sexual desire, erectile disorders, and delayed orgasm.

question

Masters and Johnson's approach to sex therapy includes?

answer

communication between partners and conflict resolution skills, medical histories and exams, and partners are given homework assignments with no performance demands.

question

What percentage of Milgram's subjects continued to obey until they gave the learner the full 450-volt level?

answer

65%

question

True or False: Research supports the old saying, "opposites attract".

answer

False

question

True or False: Most people judge others more harshly than they judge themselves.

answer

True

question

True or False: Looks are the primary factor in our initial feelings of attraction, liking, and romantic love.

answer

True

question

True or False: Romantic love rarely lasts longer than 30 months.

answer

True

question

Jennifer is displeased that her neighbor's yard looks neglected. She knows that the neighbor lives alone and is an accountant, so she attributes the messy yard to the fact that it is "tax season." She assumes that the yard will be neater after the April tax deadline. Jennifer is making a what attribution.

answer

situational

question

Samir is a cashier at a grocery store. He resents customers who use "food stamps" or other government vouchers to buy food. He assumes that people who receive welfare are lazy and lack a work ethic. This is an example of which of the following?

answer

saliency bias

question

People native to Eastern countries are less likely than Westerners to demonstrate which biases?

answer

the fundamental attribution error, and self-serving bias

question

A what is the cognitive component of prejudice, and what is the behavioral component of prejudice.

answer

stereotype; discrimination

question

What is commonly cited sources of prejudice?

answer

prejudice as a learned response, prejudice as a mental shortcut, and prejudice as a result of economic and political competition

question

Raul is a little boy who hears his parents expressing prejudices and copies their behavior. When he expresses racist remarks, he tends to receive approval from family and friends. This is an example of:

answer

prejudice as a learned response

question

What i findings show that lower-class whites in the United States tend to have more racist attitudes than higher-class whites?

answer

prejudice as a result of economic and political competition

question

During the Great Depression of the 1930's, Hitler used Jews and others as scapegoats that Germans could blame for their economic troubles. This is an example of:

answer

prejudice as a form of displaced aggression.

question

Muzafer Sherif and his colleagues created strong feelings of ingroup and outgroup identification in a group of 11- and 12-year-old boys at a summer camp by physically separating the boys in different cabins and assigning different projects to each group. The groups were then placed in competition with each other and members of each group became aggressive toward members of the other group. What steps did the researchers take in reducing the prejudice that formed between the groups?

answer

The researchers created "minicrises" and tasks that required expertise, labor, and cooperation from both groups.

question

Which conditions must be met when attempting to reduce prejudice by increasing contact between members of groups?

answer

Interaction between members of the groups must be close interaction, both groups must be involved in superordinate goals that require cooperation, and everyone must have equal status.

question

Research supports which statements about physical attractiveness?

answer

Attractive individuals are seen as more poised, interesting, cooperative, achieving, sociable, independent, intelligent, healthy, and sexually warm. Premature infants rated as more physically attractive by the nurses caring for them thrive better during their hospital stay, gain weight quicker, and are released earlier. Even when convicting defendants of comparable crimes, judges tend to give longer prison sentences to unattractive versus attractive defendants.

question

True or False about attraction: Familiar people become more physically attractive over time.

answer

True

question

True or False about attraction: Repeated exposure to a person is associated with increased overall liking.

answer

True

question

True or False about attraction: People with very different backgrounds, interests, and attitudes tend to be attracted to each other.

answer

False

question

True or False about attraction: Love relationships often develop from friendships and initial feelings of liking for one another.

answer

True

question

Psychologists refer to attraction based on sharing similar needs as

answer

need compatibility

question

True or False about love: Compassionate love can last a lifetime.

answer

True

question

True or False about love: Studies indicate that people stay longer in relationships where they have an unrealistically positive perception of their partner.

answer

True

question

True or False about love: Romantic love begins to fade after six to 30 months.

answer

Tue

question

Presidential embarrassments, such as Franklin Roosevelt's failure to anticipate the attack on Pearl Harbor, John F. Kennedy's disastrous backing of the Bay of Pigs invasion of Cuba, and Ronald Reagan's Iran-Contra scandal have all been blamed on

answer

groupthink

question

True or False about aggression: Twin studies suggest that some individuals are genetically predisposed to have hostile, irritable temperaments and to engage in aggressive acts.

answer

True

question

True or False about aggression: Research with brain injuries and organic disorders has identified possible aggression circuits in the brain.

answer

True

question

True or False about aggression: Substance abuse is a major factor in most forms of aggression.

answer

True

question

True or False about aggression: Testosterone appears to have no connection with aggressive behavior.

answer

False

question

True or False about the history and prevalence of violence: Aggression is a highly stable trait from childhood to adulthood.

answer

False

question

True or False about the history and prevalence of violence: All serious aggression begins in early childhood.

answer

False

question

True or False about the history and prevalence of violence: Physiological studies have linked certain hormones and lowered levels of the neurotransmitter serotonin to aggression.

answer

True

question

True or False about the history and prevalence of violence: The ways that males and females develop and exhibit aggressive behaviors is essentially the same.

answer

False

question

In the famous Kitty Genovese murder case, thirty-eight neighbors heard her screams for help as she was being stabbed, but only one of the neighbors belatedly called the police. Which of the following concepts offers the BEST explanation for why her neighbors did not respond immediately?

answer

diffusion of responsibility phenomenon

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