psych 101 – Flashcard
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A partial reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response that occurs after an unpredictable period of time is a ________ schedule.
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variable-interval
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A fixed-ratio schedule of reinforcement is one in which a response is reinforced only after a(n)
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specified number of responses have been made.
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To stop children's self-destructive behaviors, therapists have squirted water in their faces whenever they bite themselves. The squirt of water is a
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punishment
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A fixed-interval schedule of reinforcement is one in which a response is reinforced only after a(n)
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specified time period has elapsed.
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If one chimpanzee watches a second chimp solve a puzzle for a food reward, the first chimp may thereby learn how to solve the puzzle. This best illustrates
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observational learning.
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Children's tendency to imitate acts modeled on television best illustrates the importance of
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observational learning.
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A learned association between a response and a consequence is central to
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operant conditioning.
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A learned association between two stimuli is central to
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classical conditioning.
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For purposes of effective child rearing, most psychologists favor the use of
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reinforcement instead of punishment.
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A child who is punished for swearing at home but not for swearing on the school playground is most likely to demonstrate a patterned habit of swearing that is indicative of
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discrimination
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Continuous reinforcement produces ________ learning and ________ extinction.
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fast; fast
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If we stop nagging a young boy as soon as he makes his bed, we are giving him ________ reinforcement for making his bed.
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negative
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The highest rates of responding occurred when rats reinforced for pressing a bar were placed on ________ and ________ schedules of reinforcement.
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fixed-ratio; variable-ratio
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Which schedule of reinforcement produces the greatest resistance to extinction?
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variable interval
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A response that leads to the removal of an unpleasant stimulus is one being
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negatively reinforced.
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A dog will most rapidly learn to roll over on command if the dog's trainer uses
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immediate reinforcers rather than delayed reinforcers.
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Alex learned how to make 3-point basketball shots by successfully making very short shots before shooting from increasingly longer distances from the hoop. This learning strategy best illustrates the process of
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shaping.
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An animal trainer is teaching a miniature poodle to balance on a ball. Initially, he gives the poodle a treat for approaching the ball, then only for placing its front paws on the ball, and finally one for climbing on the ball. The trainer is using the method of
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successive approximation.
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An executive in a computer software firm works with his office door closed. At the same time every hour he opens the door to see what his employees are doing. The employees have learned to work especially hard during the five minutes before and while the door is open. Their work pattern is typical of responses that are reinforced on a ________ schedule.
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fixed-interval
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Asking women for dates is most likely to be reinforced on a ________ schedule.
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variable-ratio
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Blake is a carpet installer who wants to be paid for each square foot of carpet he lays rather than with an hourly wage. Blake prefers working on a ________ schedule of reinforcement.
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fixed-ratio
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Colin was spanked on several occasions for spilling his milk at a restaurant. These experiences made him fearful of the restaurant. In this case, spanking was a(n) ________ for Colin's fear.
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unconditioned stimulus
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According to the James-Lange theory, we experience emotion ________ we notice our physiological arousal. According to the Cannon-Bard theory, we experience emotion ________ we become physiologically aroused.
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after; at the same time as
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Most psychologists believe that human facial expressions originated from specific animal behaviors; thus, the main types of facial expressions:
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are similar and easily recognizable in all cultures.
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The most common method of lie detection involves using a polygraph, which measures arousal in the body's ________ system.
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sympathetic nervous
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Which theory suggests that you would not experience intense anger unless you were first aware of your racing heart or other symptoms of physiological arousal?
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James-Lange theory
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When Mr. Lan misinterpreted his harmless symptoms of autonomic nervous system arousal as a heart attack, he became extremely fearful. His emotional suffering is best understood in terms of
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the two-factor theory.
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Lindsey is extremely afraid of becoming obese even though she is underweight. She often checks her body in the mirror for any signs of fat and refuses to eat most foods because she insists they are fatty or high in calories. Lindsey most clearly demonstrates symptoms of
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anorexia nervosa.
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Preoccupied with their unmet need for food, volunteers on a severely restricted diet lost interest in sex and social activities. This best illustrates
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Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory.
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The most universally understood way of expressing emotion is through
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facial expressions.
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Motivation is best understood as a state that
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energizes and directs behavior.
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Which of the following is a difference between a drive and a need?
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Needs are physiological states; drives are psychological states.
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Which of the following refers to an unmet bodily requirement that usually triggers a state of motivational arousal?
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need
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Research shows that different emotions have similar bodily responses. Which theory would be most threatened by such findings?
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the James-Lange theory
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Around the world, people describe others' personality traits in terms that are consistent with a set of factors called
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the Big Five.
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The humanistic perspective on personality
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emphasizes the growth potential of "healthy" individuals.
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According to psychoanalytic theory, boys' fear of castration is most closely associated with
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the Oedipus complex.
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Freud thought that the dream we remember is a censored version of
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unconscious wishes.
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Who emphasized the importance of unconditional positive regard in healthy personality development?
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Carl Rogers
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Humanistic psychology has been most closely associated with an emphasis on the importance of
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a positive self-concept.
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According to Carl Rogers, three conditions are necessary to promote growth in personality. These are
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genuineness, acceptance, and empathy.
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One of the Big Five factors is
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agreeableness.
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Freud indicated that defense mechanisms
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reduce anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality.
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Trait theory attempts to
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describe and classify people in terms of their tendency to behave in certain ways.
