psych 100 chap 1
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psychology
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the scientific study of behavior and mental processes
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objective introspection
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the process of examining and measuring one's own thoughts and mental activities
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structuralism
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early perspective in psychology associated with Wilhelm Wundt and Edward Titchener, in which the focus of study is the structure or basic elements of the mind
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functionalism
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early perspective in psychology associated with William James, in which the focus of study is how the mind allows people to adapt, live, work, and play
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Gestalt psychology
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early perspective in psychology focusing on perception and sensation, particularly the perception of patterns and whole figures.
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psychoanalysis
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the theory and therapy based on the work of Sigmund Freud
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behaviorism
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the science of behavior that focuses on observable behavior only
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psychodynamic perspective
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modern version of psychoanalysis that is more focused on the development of a sense of self and the discovery of other motivations behind a person's behaviour than sexual motivations
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cognitive perspective
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modern perspecitve that focuses on memory, intelligence, perception, problem solving, and learning
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cognitive neuroscience
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study of the physical changes in the brain and nervous system that occur during thinking or other mental processes
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sociocultural perspective
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perspective that focuses on the relationship between social behavior and culture
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biopsychological perspective
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perspective that attributes human and animal behavior to biological events occuring in the body, such as genetic influences, hormones, and the activity of the nervous system
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evolutionary perspective
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perspective that focuses on the biological bases of universal mental characteristics that all humans share
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psychiatrist
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a medical doctor who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of mental disorders; can prescribe medication
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psychoanalyst
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either a psychiatrist or a psychologist who has special training in the theories of sigmund freud and his method of psychoanalysis
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psychiatric social worker
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a social worker with some training in therapy methods who focuses on the environmental conditions that can have an impact on mental disorders, such as poverty, overcrowding, stress, and drug abuse
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psychologist
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a professional with an academic degree and specialized training in one or more areas of psychology
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scientific method
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system of gathering data so that bias and error in measurement are reduced
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hypothesis
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tentative explanation of a phenomenon based on observations
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observer effect
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tendency of people or animals to behave differently from normal when they know they are being observed
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participant observation
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a naturalistic observation in which the observer becomes a participant in the group being observed
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observer bias
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tendency of observers to see what they expect to see
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case study
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study of one individual in great detail
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representative sample
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randomly selected sample of subjects from a larger population of subjects
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population
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the entire group of people or animals in which the researcher is interested
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correlation
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a measure of the relationship between two variables
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correlation coefficient
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a number derived from the formula for measuring a correlation and indicating the strength and direction of a correlation
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experiment
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a deliberate manipulation of a variable to see if corresponding changes in behavior result, allowing the determination of cause and effect relationships
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operational definition
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definition of a variable of interest that allows it to be directly measured
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independent variable
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variable in an experiment that is manipulated by the experimenter
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dependent variable
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variable in an experiment that represents the measurable response or behavior of the subjects in the experiment
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experimental group
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subjects in an experiment who are subjected to the independent variable
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control group
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subjects in an environment who are not subjected to the independent variable and who may receive a placebo treatment
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random assignment
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process of assigning subjects to the experimental or control groups randomly, so that each subject has an equal chance of being in either group
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placebo effect
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the phenomenon in which the expectations of the participants in a study can influence their behavior
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experimenter effect
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tendency of the experimenter's expectations for a study to unintentionally influence the results of the study
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single-blind study
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study in which the subjects do not know if they are in the experimental or the control group
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double-blind study
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study in which neither the experimenter nor the subjects know if the subjects are in the experimental or control group
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critical thinking
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making reasoned judgments about claims
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pseudopsychoanalysis
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systems of explaining human behavior that are not based on or consistent with scientific evidence
