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Three Perspectives of learning

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Classical Conditioning (Pavlov and Watson) Operant Conditioning (Thorndike and Skinner) Cognitive Learning

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Learning

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a relatively permenant change in behavior, capability or attitude that is aquired through experience

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Classical Conditioning

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(Classical Conditioning) Classical learning: a type of learning through which the subject learns to associate one stimulus with another. Pavlov

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Unconditioned response (UR)

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(Classical Conditioning) (UR) A response that happens with an unconditioned stimulus without prior learning unconditioned=automatic, natural ie: Dogs saliva reaction to food

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Unconditioned Stimulus (US)

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(Classical Conditioning) (US) A stimulus that causes a specific unconditioned response (UR) without prior learning. unconditioned=natural, automatic ie: food to dog

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Neutral Stimulus

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(Classical Conditioning) A stimulus that is unconnected to a response. ie: bell alone

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Conditioned Stimulus (CS)

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(Classical Conditioning) (CS) A neutral stimulus (bell) that after repeated pairing with an unconditioned stimulous (food) becomes associated with it and creates a conditioned response (CR)

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Conditioned Response (CR)

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(Classical Conditioning) (CR) The learned response from exposure to conditioned stimulous. (dog learns to salivate when bell is rung because associates it to food)

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Higher Order Conditioning

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(Classical Conditioning) Conditioning/learning that happens when subject links response to a series of conditioned stimuli that are different, but similar enough to the original stimuli. Chains of cues...

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Extinction

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(Classical Conditioning) When unconditioned stimulus is taken from conditioned stimulus, the the conditioned respose lessens or even goes away. ie: when stop pairing food (US) with the bell (CS) the dog stop salivating at the sound of the bell (CR)

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Spontaneous recovery

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(Classical Conditioning) The reappearance of an extinguished response after a rest period, when the subject is again exposed to the original conditioned stimulus. ie: unconditioned stimulus (food) is taken away from conditioned stimulus (bell) Dog stops reacting. Then after 20 min rest, dog will again react to conditioned stimulus although at a weaker rate.

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Generalization

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(Classical Conditioning) When a conditioned response happens to a stimulus that is similar to original conditioned stimulus.

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Discrimination

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(Classical Conditioning) Learned ability to know difference between conditioned stimuli and and other stimuli that is similar. ie: dog learns door bell is different from food bell.

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Emotional Conditioning

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John Watson Off shoot of Classical Conditioning Believed emotions, particularly fear, were classically conditioned responses. "Little Albert study"

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John Watson

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(1878-1958)-claimed influence of environment explained nearly all human behavior. Emotional Classical Conditioning. "Little Albert study"

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Cognitive perspective in Classical Conditioning

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Robert Rescorla. Time between Conditioned stimulus and unconditioned stimulus not as important as the subjects ability to predict unconditioned stimulus. Uncondtioned stimulus must be reliably predictable.

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Biological Predispositions in Classical Conditioning

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Genetically programmed tendencies to acquire classically conditioned fear responses to potentially threatening stimuli. (Little Albert couldnt have been programed to be afraid of a flower as there is no biological predisposition to that. there is one to rats.)

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Taste Aversion in biological predisposition to classical conditioning

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A dislike or aversion to a food that has caused nausea or discomfort. Chemotherapy patients use an obscure food before chemo so feelings of nausea will be connected only to weird food and not normal food-preserve appetite.

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Classical conditioning in life

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sugar or sweet trains body to release insulin to lower blood sugar-problem with diet drinks is they trick pancreas into believing sugar is in ystem. drug use: users associate all paraphanalia, even a spoon, with drug use.

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Operant Conditioning

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Thorndike and Skinner Type of learning in which CONSEQUENCES increase or decrease the frequency of a behavior: (Law of effect, operant, reinforcer, punisher)

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Law of Effect

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Thorndike States the consequences or results of a behavior or response will determine more of same behavior or response or will inhibit more of same behavior or response

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Operant

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(Operant Conditioning) Operant is voluntary behavior or response that accidentally brings about some kind of consequence.

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Reinforcer

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(Operant Conditioning) Positive or negative. The consequence that increases the frequency of an operant. Strengthens a behavior. Any event that follows a response and strengthens or increases the probability that the response will be repeated.

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Punisher

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(Operant Conditioning) The consequence that decreases an operants frequency. Discourages a behavior

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Shaping

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(Operant Conditioning) Learning in small gradual steps (successive approximations). Any movement toward behavior or learning is rewarded Skinner

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Successive approximations

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(Operant Conditioning) the series of small gradual steps toward final desired response.

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Extinction

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(Operant Conditioning) When reinforcers are withheld, the learned repsonse will eventually weaken and disappear=extinction

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Generalization

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(Operant Conditioning and Classical Conditioning)

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Discriminitive Stimulus

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(Operant Conditioning) A stimulus that signals whether a certain response or behavior is likely to be rewarded, ignored, or punished. ie: when parents smile, child believe asking for cookie will result in getting cookie. Learning some teachers hold student responsible while others don't.

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Positive reinforcement

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(Operant Conditioning) Any pleasant or desirable consequence that follows a response and increases the probability that the response will be repeated

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Negative reinforcement

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(Operant Conditioning) Any negative or unpleasant consequence that follows a response, that then causes learning that will make that negative consequence go away. Involves learning or increasing a behavior in order to make something unpleasant go away. ie: student studies more after receive F. Rat learns to press a lever to turn off a buzz.

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Primary vs Secondary reinforcers

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(Operant Conditioning) Primary reinforcer fulfills basic needs for survival--food, water, sleep, pain relief, sex, love... Secondary reinforcer is acquired or learned through association to other reinforcer--money which is connected to need for food...

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Schedule of Reinforcement

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(Operant Conditioning) A systematic process for administering reinforcement

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Fixed Ratio Schedule of reinforcement (FR)

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(Operant Conditioning) A reinforcer is given after fixed number of correct unreinforced responses. Predictable.

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Fixed Interval Schedule (FI)

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(Operant Conditioning) (FI) A specific period of time must pass before a response is reinforced.

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Variable Ratio Schedule of reinforcement (VR)

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(Operant Conditioning) (VR) When a reinforcer is provided after a varying number of nonreinforced responses. Unpredictable. Takes longer to produce response than fixed ratio, but once learned, this response is difficult to extinguish= partial reinforcement effect.

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Variable Interval schedule (VI)

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(Operant Conditioning) A reinforcer is given after first correct repsonse, then after, reinforcers are given at varying, unpredicatble times.

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Partial Reinforcement effect

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(Operant Conditioning) A result of the variable schedule reinforcement (VR) is a more deeply learned habit. Takes longer to produce response than fixed ratio, but once learned, this response is difficult to extinguish= partial reinforcement effect. ie: Trolling deal site for that one bargan, gambling, slot machines...

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Fixed Interval schedule (FI)

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(Operant conditioning) A specific period of time must pass before a behavior is reinforced. Correct answer given, then a certain amount of time elapses before a reinforcement is given.

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Punishment

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(Operant Conditioning) Opposite of Reinforcement thus it is a decrease in a behavior that follows a consequence (punishment).

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Positive Punishment

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(Operant Conditioning) Positive=added consequences. Happens when a behavior decreases after the addition of a consequence-usually unpleasant consequence. (Positive punishment is different from negative reinforcement. Negative reinforcement increases behavior, whereas positive punishment decreases the behavior) ie-rat stops pressing a lever (decreased behavior) when pressing it causes a loud noise (added consequence

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Negative Punishment

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(Operant Conditioning) Negative=removed consequences. Happpens when a behavior decreases after a removal of a consequence ie: rat stops pressing lever (decreased behavior) when pressing the lever causes a dish of food to disappear.

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Disadvantages of punishment

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(Operant Conditioning) 1) Skinner asserts punishment does NOT extinguish an undesirable behavior-it just surpresses it 2) Indicates whats undesirable but doesnt instruct in what is desirable 3) Punishment incites fear and hostility 4) Punishment can lead to aggression

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Escape learning

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(Operant Conditioning) Learning to perform a behavior because it prevents or terminates an negative stimulous--shows power of negative reinforcement ie: pay a bill on time to avoid late fees

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Avoidance Learning

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(Operant Conditioning) Depends on two types of conditioning. Through classical conditioning something becomes negative. through that associating, that thing is henceforth avoided. Positive avoidance= learn about accidents with drinking and driving, then avoid getting in car with drunk driver. Negative avoidance learning is phobias, procrastination

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Learned Helplessness

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(Operant Conditioning) A passive resignation to aversive conditions-learned by repeated exposure to aversive events that are inescapable. (abused women think they deserve abuse)

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biofeedback

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(Operant Conditioning) Gives precise feedback about internal physiological processes and responses, purpose is to gain control over responses

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Behavior modification

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changing behavior through principles of Classical conditioning, Operant Conditioning and/or Observational learning. ie Token economy-motivates behavior by reinforcing with tokens/money

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Classical Conditioning summary

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-Between two stimuli (food and bell) -subject is passive -focus on what comes before response -Response is typically involuntary or reflexive(saliva) -Bodily response-internal=emotional and glandular -range of response is simple -response learned:emotional reactions, fears/likes /dislikes

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Operant Conditioning summary

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-Between a response and its consequence -subject is active -focus on what follows a response -type of response is voluntary -Bodily response-external; muscular and skeletal movement and verbal response -range of response-simple to complex -responses learned-goal oriented responses

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Cognitive Learning-cognitive processes

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Mental processes such as thinking, knowing, problem solving, remembering and forming mental representations

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Cognitive Learning Types

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(Cognitive Learning) 1) Insight 2) Latent Learning 3) Observational learning

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Latent Learning

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(Cognitive learning) Learning that happens without apparent reinforcement AND is not shown until there is a need/motivation to do so.

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Insight

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(Cognitive Learning) Insight=the sudden realization of the relationship between two elements which makes solution clear

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Cognitive Map

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a mental representation of a spatial arrangement ie a map

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Observational Learning

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(social-cognitive learning) Learning by observing the behavior of others, the consequences of that behavior Four necessary processes 1) attention-observer must watch model 2) retention-observer stores info of model in memory 3) reproduction-observer is able to mentally and physically perform behavior 4) reinforcement-observer must be motivated to learn models behavior

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model

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(social-cognitive behavior) a person who demonstrates a behavior in observational learning.

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Four effects in observational learning: Modeling Facilitation inhibitory disinhibitory

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modeling effect: observer learns new behavior from model facilitation effect: observer learns a behavior similar to that of model in unfamiliar situation inhibitory effect: surpressing of behavior because model was punished for behavior disinhibitory effect: displaying a socially unaccepted behavior because model "got away with" or was rewarded for socially unacceptable behavior

Psych 1-Chapter 5: Learning – Flashcards

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