Psyc Chapter 1 – Flashcards
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Critical thinking examines ____?
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Assumptions, appraises the source, discerns hidden biases, evaluates evidence, and assesses conclusions
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Critical thinking most clearly involves ___?
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evaluating evidence
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Students learn and remember course material best when they ___?
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process information actively
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The scientific attitude requires ___?
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humility, curiosity, skepticism
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What is introspection?
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self reflection; the examination or observation of one's own mental and emotional processes
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Which psychologists are most likely to be involved in applied research?
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industrial-organizational psychologists
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Discerning the unstated assumptions and values that underlie conclusions best illustrates ____, which is an important learning tool
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critical thinking
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Efforts to discover whether the intelligence of children is more heavily influenced by their biology or their home environments are most directly relevant to the debate regarding ___?
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nature vs nurture
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psychology
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the science of behavior and mental processes
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Humanistic psychology
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historically significant perspective that emphasized human growth potential
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freudian psychology
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emphasized the ways our conscious thought processes and emotional responses to childhood experiences affect our behavior
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cognitive psychology
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how we perceive, process and remember information; cognitive psychologists experiment with how we perceive, think and solve problems
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nature-nurture issue
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genes and experience make to the development of psychological traits and behaviors
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evolutionary psychology
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the study of the evolution of behavior and the mind, using principles of natural selection
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natural selection
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the principle that those chance inherited traits that better enable an organism to survive and reproduce in a particular environment will most likely be passed on to succeeding generations
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behavior genetics
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the study of the relative power and limits of genetic and environmental influences on behavior
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culture
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shared ideas and behaviors that one generation passes on to the next
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postitive psychology
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psychologists believe happiness is a by-product of a pleasant, engaged, and meaningful life; prompting strengths and and virtues that help individuals and communities to thrive
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biopsychosocial approach
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an integrated approach that incorporates biological, psychological and social cultural levels of analysis
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neuroscience perspective
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how the body and brain enable emotions, memories and sensory experiences
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evolutionary perspective
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how the natural selection of traits has promoted the survival of genes
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behavior genetics perspective
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how our genes and our environment influences our individual differences
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psychodynamic perspective
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how behavior springs from unconscious drives and conflicts
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behavioral perspective
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how we learn observable responses; what triggers angry responses or aggressive acts
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cognitive perspective
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how we encode, process, store and retrieve information;
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social-cultural perspective
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how behavior and thinking vary across situations and cultures
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applied research
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tackling practical problems
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basic research
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aims to increase the scientific knowledge base
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biological psychologists
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explore links between brain and mind
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developmental psychologists
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study our changing abilities from womb to tomb
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personality psychologists
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investigate our persistent traits
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social psychologists
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explore how we view and affect one another
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industrial-organizational psychologists
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use psychology's concepts and methods in the workplace to help organizations and companies select and train employees, boost morale and productivity, design products an implement systems
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counseling psychologists
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help people to cope with challenges and crisis and to improve their social and personal functioning
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clinical psychologists
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assess and treat people with mental, emotional, and behavior disorders
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psychiatrists
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prescribe drugs and otherwise treat physical causes of psychological disorders
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community psychologists
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work to create social and physical environments that are healthy for all
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hindsight bias
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the tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreign it (i knew it all along phenomenon)
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intuition
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an effortless, immediate, automatic feeling or thought
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replication
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repeating the essence of a research study with different participants in different situations
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case study
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one individual or group is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles
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naturalistic observation
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observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations
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correlation
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a measure of the extent to which two factors vary together, and thus of how well either factor predicts the other; help us predict; does not mean one causes the other
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independent variable
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in an experiment, the factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied
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dependent variable
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in an experiment, the outcome that is measured; the variable that may change when the independent variable is manipulated
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descriptive research method
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observe and record behavior
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SQ3R
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a study method incorporating five steps: survey, question, read, retrieve, review
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The placebo effect best illustrates the impact of ___ on feelings and behaviors
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positive expectations
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theory
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an explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes observations and predicts behaviors or events
