PSYC 2314 Exam 1 Webster TJC – Flashcards
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The way people grow and change across the lifespan is referred to as?
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Development
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What is the total pattern of a group's customs, beliefs, art and technology?
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Culture
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Human beings everywhere have essentially the same biological constitution, yet their paths through the life span are remarkably different depending on ___.
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Their culture
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According to the text, for most of history the total human population was under ______.
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10 Million.
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For most of human history how many children did women typically birth?
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4 to 8
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The human population began to increase noticeably around 10,000 years ago. What has been hypothesized as the reason for the population increase at that time?
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The development of agriculture and the domestication of animals.
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Which of the following most contributed to the large increase in world population that occurred around the 1800s to 1900s?
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More people lived due to the discovery of vaccinations and medical treatments for deadly diseases.
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The total fertility rate (TFR) is defined as the number of ____.
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Births per woman
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Nearly all of the population growth in the decades to come will take place in _____.
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Developing countries
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What term is used in the text to refer to the most affluent countries in the world?
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Developed countries
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The United States, Canada, Japan, South Korea, Australia, New Zealand, and nearly all the countries of Europe are examples of _____.
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Developed countries
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What developed country is projected to have the steepest decline in population between now and 2050?
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Japan
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What portion of the United States' population will increase form 16 to 30 percent by 2050?
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Latino
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What percent of individuals in developed countries attend college or other post-secondary training?
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50%
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Globalization is ____.
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The increasing connections between different parts of the world in trade, travel, migration, and communication.
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____ includes an individual's educational level, income level, and occupational status.
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Socioeconomic status
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What term describes a variety of aspects of different groups that include cultural origin, cultural traditions, race, religion, and language?
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Ethnicity
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What term is used to describe the development of the individual?
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Ontogenetic development
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Which of the following is a characteristic of human evolutionary history and a similarity that we have with our ancestral relatives, hominid?
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Humans have a relatively long period of childhood dependence on adults before reaching maturity.
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Unlike Freud, Erikson proposed that human development continues ____ and is not solely determined by the years of childhood.
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Throughout the lifespan
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According to the sacred law books of the Hindu religion, how long does each stage of a man's life last?
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25 years
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According to Dharmashastras, the sacred law books of the Hindu religion, an individual who is 45 years old is in the _____ stage.
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Householder
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Erik Erikson's psychosocial theory comprises _____ stages.
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Eight psychosocial
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Which of the following is a major criticism of Sigmund Freud's psychosexual theory of human development?
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He focused too much on sexuality and it is hard to reduce human development to a single motive.
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According to Freud, what balances the demands of the id and the superego?
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Ego
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Bronfenbrenner's ecological theory has ____ key levels or systems that play a part in human development.
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5
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Many theories of development do not address culture. Why does Bronfenbrenner's theory hold that culture is so important? He recognizes that ____.
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Cultural beliefs are the basis for many other conditions of children's development.
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Which of the following is the correct order of Freud's first three psychosexual stages?
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Oral stage, anal stage, and phallic stage
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Erikson's eighth and final stage of psychosocial development is ____.
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Ego integrity vs. despair
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What is the process by which an editor of a journal sends a manuscript to other researchers to evaluate for potential publication in a journal?
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Peer review
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The ___ variable is the variable that is different for the experimental group than for the control group. The ____ variable is the outcome that is measured to calculate the results of the experiment.
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Independent; Dependent
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Informed consent is for ____, whereas a debriefing is for ____.
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The beginning of a research study; the end of a study.
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Jean Piaget based his ideas about infants' cognitive development on his detailed observations of his own three children. This is an example of what research method?
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Case study
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A sample is ____.
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A group of people who participate in a research study
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When participants are allowed to state their responses following the questions, what type of format is being used?
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Open-ended question format
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Once a researcher writes a manuscript describing the methods used, the results of the statistical analyses, and the interpretation of the results, the researcher typically _____.
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Submits the manuscript for publication in a scientific journal
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Participants want to feel sure that their responses will be ____.
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Confidential
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Institutional Review Boards (IRBs) require researchers to show that deception in a proposed research study ____.
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Will cause no harm to subjects
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The ____ of the study is the way the study is conducted and the data are collected.
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Procedure
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According to the text, why does the ovum have an excessive amount of cytoplasm?
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It will be the ovum's main source of nutrition
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Sandra Scarr and Kathleen McCartney proposed the theory of genotype R environmental effects. Which subtype occurs when people seek out environments that correspond to their genotypic characteristics?
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Active Genotype R Environment Effects
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Which of the two sex chromosomes is significantly smaller and contains approximately 30% less genetic material?
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Y
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When the ovum and sperm cells unite and fertilization has occurred, what has just been formed?
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The Zygote
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Why are males more likely to have X-linked inherited disorders?
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If the X chromosome contains the recessive gene for the disorder.
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The ____ is when genes establish boundaries for environmental influences rather that specifically denoting a particular characteristic.
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Reaction range
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Genes contain paired sequences of chemicals called ____.
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Nucleotides
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Monozygotic (MZ) twins are also known as ____.
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Identical twins
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How many days into the woman's menstrual cycle does ovulation occur?
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14
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If the fetus has the sex chromosomes XY, its genotype is ____.
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Male
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In a dominant-recessive pairing, which of the following genes would be expressed in a person's phenotype?
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The Dominant
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If having more than five fingers occurs because of a dominant gene, what needs to happen for a person to have more than five fingers?
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A person must have that dominant gene.
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Most women will run out of fertile ova by the time they reach their ____.
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40s
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Your friend has hemophilia and was worried that he could pass it to his offspring when he had children. What would you tell him?
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Hemophilia is an X-linked disorder and it would be impossible for him to pass it to any male offspring. It would be possible for his female offspring to be carriers, though.
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According to ancient Mayan folklore, how can one predict if they are having a girl?
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If the mother's age and the month of conception are both even or odd
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The fetal period ends at birth. When does it begin?
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9 weeks after conception
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What maternal behavior during pregnancy was related to conduct disorders and substance abuse in adolescence?
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Smoking
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Many traditional cultures do no have access to trained physicians but may rely on which of the following individuals during the prenatal period?
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Midwife
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During the embryonic period, the endoderm is formed, which will become the _____.
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Digestive and respiratory systems
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The ____ period lasts from ninth week after conception until birth.
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Fetal
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Which of the following is the correct sequence of development during the germinal period?
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Blastocyst, implantation, placenta
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By the end of what month do pregnant women typically feel the movements of the fetus?
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Fourth
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What paternal behavior during pregnancy leads to higher risks of low birth weight and childhood cancer?
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Smoking
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Which of the following are examples of teratogens?
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Alcohol, tobacco, and other drugs
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Recent scientific studies have shown that women should gain ___ pounds during pregnancy.
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25-35
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By the end of the first week following conception, the fertilized egg now how approximately 100 cells and is known as the ___.
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Blastocyst
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HIV/AIDS can be transmitted from the mother to the child ____.
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During prenatal development, birth, or through breast milk
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Prenatal development is divided into segments. What are these segments called?
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Trimesters
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Your best friend has just learned that she is pregnant. She is a healthy person and is planning on engaging in aerobic exercise during her pregnancy. What would be your advice to her? She should _____.
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Exercise regularly in that she will increase her ability to process oxygen.
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Where do 95% of all HIV infections take place?
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Africa
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In vitro fertilization, or IVF, has improved in recent years. What is the current rate of success of IVF in women under 35?
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40%
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More than half of the women who take fertility drugs become pregnant in how many cycles (months)?
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6
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During meiosis, at times chromosomes sometimes fail to divide properly, and as a result, the person may have 45 or 47 chromosomes. Which of the following best describes this phenomenon?
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Chromosomal disorders
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What is another name for trisomy-21?
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Down Syndrome
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Of the following, which is a modern technique used for fertility treatment?
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Artificial insemination
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What disorder includes the following characteristics: short, stocky build; flat face; a large tongue; extra fold of skin on the eyelids; and possible cognitive deficits, hearing impairments, and hear defects?
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Down Syndrome
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Why would some couples seek genetic counseling before attempting a pregnancy?
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They believe that they might be carriers for a genetic disorder.
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How old are the ova of a 42 year-old woman trying to conceive?
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42 years
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An individual with Down Syndrome has how many chromosomes?
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47
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Adult individuals with trisomy-21 are ____.
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Often able to hold a job that is highly structured with simple tasks
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What theory argued that for conception to occur, both the man and the woman had to emit a "seed" and that the "seed" was only released through orgasm?
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Semence theory
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Many countries have a lower rate of pregnancies resulting in spina bifida because _____.
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Folic acid is added to grain products
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Which of the following are three techniques used to monitor pregnancy?
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Ultrasounds, amniocentesis, and chorionic villus sampling.
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What is the condition when infants are born with parts of their brain missing?
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Anencephaly
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Which of the following increases the risk of having a child with Down syndrome?
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Maternal age
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Which of the following is the cheapest, easiest, and safest way for physicians to monitor fetal development?
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Ultrasound
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It is estimated that half of all conceptions have too many or too few chromosomes. According to the text, what happens to most of the zygotes that are formed in these situations?
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They are spontaneously aborted
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What percent of infertility problems are related to the male?
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50%
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Individuals who have what chromosomal disorder are more likely to develop leukemia, cancer, Alzheimer's disease, or heart disease at earlier ages than usual (in their thirties and forties)?
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Down Syndrome
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Depending on the drug, what percentage of multiple births results from using fertility drugs?
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10-25%
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Within traditional Indian culture, the midwife is a member of which social caste?
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The lowest social caste
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According to the text, some Western advocates of natural childbirth _____.
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Eat the placenta
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You are all waiting at home for the birth of your nephew. Your brother texts you and writes that he can see the top of the head. Your little sister asks what that means and you tell her that ____.
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Your brother's partner is in the crowning stage of labor and your nephew is about ready to be born
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What are the common complications of the birth process?
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Failure to progress and breech presentation
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_____ is/are responsible for the discomfort and pain associated with the labor birth process stage of labor.
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Muscular contractions
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Over the course of evolutionary history, the female body and pelvis did not grow in size, but the human brain's size ____.
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More than tripled
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What was the name of the method used to heavily medicate women in labor so that they became less inhibited, which helped them to relax and promoted cervical dilation?
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Twilight sleep
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According to the text, oxytocin is released from the _____.
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Mother's pituitary gland
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Medical knowledge has led to methods that genuinely help mothers and babies only during the past ____.
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50 years
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You are the birthing coach for your best friend, who is in labor at the hospital. As you enter the birthing room, the fetal monitor alarm sounds. What is likely to happen?
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There is a good chance that your friend will have a cesarean delivery
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You are at one of your last scheduled office visits and the doctor determined that your cervix has dilated to 10 centimeters. What should happen next?
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You should get to the hospital; you are ready to deliver the baby
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A midwife is ____.
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Generally a female who is trained or has direct experience with the birth process
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The second stage of the birthing process is called ____.
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Delivery
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Tokiko is 9 months pregnant and her doctor just gave her a dose of a synthetic oxytocin. Why would a doctor administer this at the end of her pregnancy?
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Oxytocin will help stimulate contractions and progress labor
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When comparing positions used for the birth process, kneeling or squatting has an advantage over lying flat because it makes use of _____.
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Gravity
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In regards to the birth process, which of the following best describes the belief of many traditional cultures?
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It puts the woman in the state of being spiritually unclean
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Which of the following are two primary reasons why maternal mortality has decreased during the birthing process in developed countries?
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Improvements in nutrition and health care access
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At what age are infants able to use binocular vision, the ability to combine information from both eyes so that depth perception is possible?
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3 to 4 months
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An infant that is born weighing less than 5.5 pounds and before 37 weeks is considered ____.
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Preterm
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Infants are born with 27 automatic responses that occur from being stimulated certain ways. These automatic responses are known as ____.
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Reflexes
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In terms of pain, what did physicians believe about neonates until recent decades?
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They did not feel pain
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Your roommate is a smoker. You and he are having an argument because he not only thinks that smoking is OK, but also thinks it is fine when a pregnant woman smokes--his mother did. You argue that, among other things, women who smoke when pregnant have newborns who are ____.
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More likely to be low birth weight, which is not a good start for the baby
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Your sister and brother-in-law just had a baby. There were a bit confused because they were told that their baby had a score of 7 and then a 10. At first they were joking that that meant that their baby girl was very beautiful. What wold you tell them?
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Those were scores for the Apgar scale that ranges from 1 to 10.
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What is the substance called that coats the lungs and keeps the air sacs in the lungs from collapsing?
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Surfactant
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Why is a neonate rated on the Apgar scoring system at 1 minute and again at 5 minutes after birth?
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A neonate's condition can change quickly
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One way that neonates' sleep is distinctive is that they spend a high proportion of their sleep in ____.
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Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep
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Whereas adults typically spend about 20% of their time in REM sleep, what percentage of time do neonates spend in REM sleep?
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50%
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____ neonates have a four times higher death rate than ___ infants.
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Small-for-date; preterm
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The Apgar score not only is useful in determining the neonate's status at birth, but also predicts _____.
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The likelihood of death in the first month of life
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What type of intervention advises mothers and fathers to place their low birth weight neonates on their chest for 2 to 3 hours a day?
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Kangaroo care
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____ is the ability to distinguish where a sound originates.
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Sound localization
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Which continents have the highest rates of low birth weight neonates?
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Asia and Africa
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Which of the following appears to have no apparent purpose for the infant?
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Babkin and Babinski reflexes
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What is the current percentage of low birth weight neonates in the United States?
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8%
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Tatem is a low birth weight neonate who now has longer periods of sleep, cries less, and has gained weight much faster than other preterm babies. Which of the following treatments would you suspect that Tatem's parents are using?
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Kangaroo care
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Deprivation of oxygen is referred to as ____.
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Anoxia
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__ of mothers and ___ of fathers feel overwhelmed by the burden of caring for newborn in the U.S. and the United Kingdom.
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10%; 4%
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Why is formula-feeding not really such a great idea?
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The formula is often mixed with contaminated water, which leads to 1.5 million infant deaths per year
