PSYC 160: Ch. 8 – Flashcards
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Lawrence Kohlberg built on the theories of ______ in his description of the stages of moral development.
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Jean Piaget
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Postconventional morality involves:
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the careful consideration of all options.
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About _____ of school-age children live in a two-parent family.
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two-thirds
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More than people of any other age, children between the ages of 6 and 11 are:
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industrious, practicing the skills valued by their culture.
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The statement that best reflects moral reasoning at the preconventional level is:
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"I am careful not to get caught."
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Since Carter's mother suffers from depression and his father is an alcoholic, Carter is often neglected. Despite his circumstances, he maintains a positive outlook. What may be helping Carter to maintain his positive attitude?
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his circle of friends and their activities
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Which scenario is typical of the industry versus inferiority stage?
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Rudy is having difficulty in learning math, but he continues to practice.
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Mr. Cortez had a good conversation about the fairness of restitution and retribution with 9-year old Sherrod. The next day, Sherrod still thought retribution was most fair. Scientific study shows us that this MOST likely means that talking about moral values with children:
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will not bring about immediate change.
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The kind of bully who is the most strongly disliked by peers is called a:
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bully-victim.
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When one assesses one's abilities, achievements, social status, and other attributes by measuring them against one's peers, one is engaging in:
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social comparison.
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Girls who bully typically:
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mock and ridicule their victim.
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Chance steals food to feed himself and his little brother because they are starving. If another child hears about this and states, "Chance shouldn't steal because stealing is against the law," that child is MOST likely in Kohlberg's ___ stage of moral development.
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conventional
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Susan decides not to tell the teacher that her classmate Ian is cheating on the math exam because she is afraid the other kids will call her a snitch. This is an example of Kohlberg's stage ______ of moral development.
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conventional
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Dimitri has been married before and has two biological children. He has just married Natasha, who has also been married before and has a biological son. Their family is an example of a:
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stepparent family
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According to Erikson, if 9-year-old Anna is successful in solving her psychosocial conflict, she should be developing a(n) ______ view of herself.
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industrious
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Preconventional morality involves:
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seeking pleasure and avoiding pain.
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Which is NOT a common value among 6- to 11-year-old children?
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dressing like adults
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One study found that 98 percent of surveyed children believed that sports teams should exclude:
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no child based on race or gender.
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Joel, age 8, lives in a very stressful, chaotic home where he sometimes witnesses his mother being physically abused by her boyfriend. Joel's problems may be overcome by:
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being actively involved in his church.
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The percentage of school-age children that live in single-parent households is:
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31%
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What is the first stage of moral reasoning in Kohlberg's theory?
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preconventional
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In childhood, how children react to a serious stressor depends primarily on:
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how many total stressors are present.
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Family structure refers to:
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the legal and genetic relationships of people in a household.
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Child labor has been deemed _____ by the United Nations.
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immoral
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What factors generally determine whether a child is well liked by his or her peers?
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culture and cohort
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Huong moved often as a child. His parents did not spend much time helping him with homework, and he did not participate in extracurricular activities. The MOST likely reason for this is his:
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parents' SES.
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What is the third stage of moral reasoning in Kohlberg's theory?
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postconventional
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The Piagetian stage of development that is similar to Kohlberg's stage of preconventional morality is:
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the preoperational stage.
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Olivia is an extremely shy and anxious 8-year-old girl. Other children seem to dislike her. She appears to be a(n):
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withdrawn-rejected child.
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When children act as parents and try to take care of everyone, it is called:
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parentification
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By the time children are the age of 10, which statement is true?
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Both boys and girls want to have best friends.
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According to Erikson's theory, children in middle childhood tend to judge themselves as either:
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industrious or inferior.
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The most common type of family for children in the United States is the:
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nuclear family.
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When 9-year-old children were asked to choose between retribution and restitution for a punishment:
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about half chose restitution and half chose retribution.
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Family function refers to:
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how a family cares for its members.
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In a typical military family, income is _____ and _____ is absent.
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higher; stability
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Research shows that a child is most likely to be a victim of bullying if the child is:
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withdrawn-rejected.
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What is Erikson's fourth stage of psychosocial development?
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industry versus inferiority
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According to Erikson, if eight-year-old Kristina does NOT solve the fourth stage of her psychosocial conflict, she will come to view herself as:
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inferior
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Freud referred to middle childhood as the period of:
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latency
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The tendency to assess one's own abilities by measuring them against those of other people, especially peers, is:
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social comparison.
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The capacity to develop well by adapting positively to significant adversity is called:
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resilience
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The way in which a family works to meet the needs of its members is referred to as:
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family function.
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The legal and genetic connections among people living in the same household are known as:
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family structure.
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A child that grows up in a military family is usually lacking in:
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stability
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The most common type of family structure for U.S. children between ages six and 11 is:
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nuclear
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An extended family is a family that may include:
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cousins, uncles, and grandparents
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According to your text, two factors that significantly interfere with family function in every nation are:
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low income and high conflict.
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A characteristic of the culture of children may include:
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spouting curses, accents, and slang.
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Psychosocially, one of the most important tasks of a middle-school child is to:
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learn how to get along with peers.
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Research on social acceptance among children indicates that:
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some children are well liked - others aren't - and those in both groups change over time.
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The ability to understand human interactions is called:
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social cognition.
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Rita, who is unpopular among her peers, frequently ridicules and antagonizes other children. Her behavior suggests that she is a(n):
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aggressive-rejected child.
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Repeated, systematic efforts to inflict harm through physical, verbal, or social attack on a weaker person is the definition of:
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bullying
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Research has shown that children develop their own standards of right and wrong, guided by:
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peers, parents, and culture.
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The theorist associated with the six stages of moral reasoning is:
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Kohlberg
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Civic sense and virtue begins:
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in middle childhood.
