PSYC 160 CH 8 – Flashcards
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What factors generally determine whether a child is well liked by his or her peers?
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culture and cohort
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While 41 percent of all U.S. births were to single mothers in 2010, the number of children who grow up in a household with a single mother who never marries is:
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lower, at about 13 percent.
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When children act as parents and try to take care of everyone, it is called:
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parentification
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Conventional morality involves:
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following what parents, teaching, and peers do.
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What is Erikson's fourth stage of psychosocial development?
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industry versus inferiority
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Family structure refers to:
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the legal and genetic relationships of people in a household.
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Barbara is in the third grade. She spends many hours rehearsing her math skills, reading books, and collecting bugs. According to Erikson, Barbara is developing a healthy sense of _____ through these tasks.
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industry
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Alan is an adopted child who lives with three siblings, all biological children of his adoptive parents. Alan's math skills are far better than those of his adoptive parents or his adoptive siblings. This provides evidence that:
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genes may have a stronger effect than familial environment on talents.
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When U.S. students took the TIMSS, 53 percent of them:
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overestimated their math skills.
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What is the first stage of moral reasoning in Kohlberg's theory?
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preconventional
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Many parents believe that they mold their children's personalities. Which research finding challenges this belief?
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More effects on personality come from the nonshared environment than was previously believed.
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Lawrence Kohlberg built on the theories of ______ in his description of the stages of moral development.
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Jean Piaget
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Marissa and Jessica, sisters born two years apart, grew up in an impoverished, violent neighborhood. As adults, Marissa is chronically jobless and is addicted to drugs while Jessica is a professor of economics at a community college. Which theory might explain their different life outcomes?
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differential sensitivity theory
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Kohlberg's theory has been criticized because his:
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theory does not take into account cultural differences.
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Retribution as a punishment for a transgression involves:
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hurting the transgressor.
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Alisha's family is experiencing multiple problems, including her mother's illness, her father's loss of employment, and two relatives moving into their home. Alisha seems to be doing fairly well despite these challenges. Alisha may be:
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using religion as a source of support.
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Over time, the consequences of bullying:
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may lead to relationships problems for the bullies and their victims.
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What period is the prime time for moral development?
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middle childhood
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In a typical military family, income is _____ and _____ is absent.
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higher; stability
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In childhood, how children react to a serious stressor depends primarily on:
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how many total stressors are present.
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School-age children would most admire:
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Marla, who was punished for not telling the teacher who threw a paper airplane.
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Girls who bully typically:
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mock and ridicule their victim.
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Astrid, age 6, helps her aunt make tortillas in the early morning and then she goes to school until noon. In the afternoon, she and her best friend watch their baby brothers while their mothers sell goods at the market. In the evening, her whole family talks and eats together. She knows her parents are proud of her and she feels proud too. According to the text, Astrid's labor is:
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reflecting her culture.
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Who described middle childhood as a time of latency?
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Freud
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Two factors that universally interfere with family function in every nation are:
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low income and high conflict.
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In order to instill moral values in her daughter, Julie punishes her daughter's immoral behavior, taking an authoritarian approach. The likely result will be:
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that Julie's daughter will become sneaky, hiding her behavior from her mother.
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Repeated, systematic attacks on those who are unable to defend themselves is the definition of:
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bullying
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In the United States the age of people at their first marriage:
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is rising
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Why is it so important that children learn a sense of industry?
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It provides a crucial defense against emotional problems.
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One study found that 98 percent of surveyed children believed that sports teams should exclude:
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no child based on race or gender.
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A study that followed married parents and their adolescent children found that _____ on the adolescents' well-being.
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conflict was the main influence
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Olivia is an extremely shy and anxious 8-year-old girl. Other children seem to dislike her. She appears to be a(n):
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withdrawn-rejected child.
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Child labor has been deemed _____ by the United Nations.
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immoral
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Ajay, age 8, sleeps in the back of the shop where he works. His gets a bowl of rice with vegetables to eat. He carries heavy loads. In Ajay's village, his siblings sometimes have nothing to eat. None of them goes to school. His employer's son sometimes brings a book in the evening to teach Ajay to read. In making a judgment about Ajay's situation, one must consider:
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the universal needs of childhood.
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Ten-year-old India caught Lyndsey, her best friend, lying to her own mom. India will probably
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keep quiet about it.
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Susan decides not to tell the teacher that her classmate Ian is cheating on the math exam because she is afraid the other kids will call her a snitch. This is an example of Kohlberg's stage ______ of moral development.
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conventional
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The family stress model illustrates that:
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the parents' reaction to poverty is the crucial factor in family stress.
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According to Kohlberg _____ is what advances a person's morality.
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cognitive development.
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Liza is asked whether a person should steal food if they are starving. Liza says no, the person should ask for help and someone would offer food. Liza's answer is BEST explained by:
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Kohlberg.
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When one assesses one's abilities, achievements, social status, and other attributes by measuring them against one's peers, one is engaging in:
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social comparison.
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Preconventional morality involves:
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seeking pleasure and avoiding pain.
