question

Perhaps the most valuable outcome of the study of the history of psychology is that one will learn _____.

answer

Relationships among psychology's ideas, theries, and research strategies

question

The contextual forces in psychology deal with ____.

answer

Social, economical, and political factors that influenced the field.

question

By 1960, the prejudice against women entering prestigious schools of psychology had ended.

answer

FALSE

question

A new school of thought may overcome its opposition not because the opposing points of view become convinced to accept the new thinking, but because adherents of the old school of thought die off.

answer

TRUE

question

Freud's original term for free association was Einfall, which means an intrusion or invasion.

answer

TRUE

question

As a scientific discipline, psychology is _____.

answer

One of the newest and one of he oldest.

question

According to your text, it was so difficult for Jewish psychologists to get a job that some resorted to ____.

answer

Changing their name to something that didn't seem Jewish

question

Which theory suggests that "the time makes the person"?

answer

Naturalistic

question

Modern psychology shares which of the following characteristics with Ancient Greek philosophy?

answer

An interest in same kinds of questions about human nature

question

The effects of the Zeitgeist in inhibiting or delaying the dissemination and/or acceptance of a discovery operate at a cultural level but also within a science itself.

answer

TRUE

question

In Kuh's philosophy of science, when Einstien's theory of relativity replaced Galilean-Newtonian physics a(n) ______ occurred.

answer

scientific revolution

question

The stage in the development of a science when it is still divided into schools of thought is called _____.

answer

preparadigmatic

question

Regardless of how objective a science and its practitioners are alleged to be, that science will be influenced by the _____.

answer

contextual forces of the time

question

Freud's idea "Einfall" was translated to English into the term _____ which means something other than what Freud implied in the original German.

answer

free association

question

It can be argued that psychology today studies and debates some of the same questions as those concerned the philosophers of ancient Greece.

answer

TRUE

question

In contrast to the events that are studied in science, historical vents cannot be _________.

answer

repeated

question

The various schools of thought in psychology have served well as systems to be opposed in each case, ______ was the consequence.

answer

a new school of thought

question

The ______ theory would support the claim: "Freud was instrumental in discovering psychoanalysis. If not for Freud, no other psychologist would have been able to uncover the human psyche."

answer

personalistic

question

In the first years of psychology's emergence as a new discipline, which man determined its direction?

answer

Wilhelm Wundt

question

Even when some women were admitted to graduate programs in psychology, they still encountered many barriers to their success, such as _______.

answer

not being allowed to participate in some seminar topics, being unable to eat in graduate cafeterias, being barred from some laboratory facilities, being prevented from using graduate library facilities. <----All of the above.

question

The nativistic theory of perception holds that certain ideas and mental functions are learned through experience.

answer

FASLE

question

Accorsing to Locke, simple ideas become complex ideas through the process of ____.

answer

reflection

question

The question of the distinction between mental and physical refers to _____.

answer

the mind-body problem

question

The pursuit of knowledge through the observation of nature and the attribution of all knowledge to experience is _______.

answer

empiricism

question

Materialism is the belief that ________.

answer

all things can be described in physical terms

question

Determinism is the belief that every act is brought about by past events.

answer

TRUE

question

For Locke, the difference between a simple and a complex idea is that a simple idea _______

answer

cannot be reduced

question

What invention was considered the perfect metaphor for the "spirit if mechanism"?

answer

clock

question

Which theorist believed that people are similar to machines?

answer

Descartes

question

Aristotle held that the mind was a wax slate upon which impressions are made. Locke invoked the metaphor of the _____ to illustrate the same phenomenon.

answer

tabula rasa

question

James Mill demonstrated a radical perspective because he believed that the mind is a(n) ______.

answer

machine

question

John Locke disagreed with the doctrine of the innate ideas. According to Locke, ______.

answer

the mind is a blank slate at birth; therefore, there is no innate ideas

question

Descartes' contemporaries believed that neither humans nor animals had souls.

answer

FALSE

question

Empiricism attributes all knowledge to ______.

answer

experience

question

There was little difference between James Mill and son John Stuart Mills in their interpretations of human mental functioning.

answer

FALSE

question

______, the most radically mechanistic of the British empiricists, claimed that the mind is a machine and that there is no freedom of the will, believing instead that the mind is totally a passive entity and all thought can be analyzed in terms of sensations.

answer

James Mill

question

Both the term and concept of positivism represent the thought of _______.

answer

Comte

question

The notion of secondary qualities was proposed by Locke to explain ________.

answer

the distinction between the physical world and one's experience of it

question

The doctrine of _______ is important because it stimulated opposition among early empiricists and associationists.

answer

innate ideas

question

Which philosopher believed that the only things that humans know with certainty are those objects that are perceived?

answer

George Berkeley

question

The representation of the nervous system as a complex switching system reveals the 19th-century reliance on ______.

answer

mechanism

question

In Fechner's Law as one variable increases arithmetically, the other variable increases _______.

answer

geometrically

question

Bessel began the study of individual differences in perception by noting that _________.

answer

astronomers differed in their time estimates in measuring the transit of a star

question

The method of logic that characterizes psychology and that was favored in Germany of the 19th-century was _____.

answer

the inductive method

question

Johannes Muller found that nerves only give information characteristics of the sense associated with it. This means that when an auditory nerve is stimulated, it will result in someone hearing a sound, even when no noise is present. Muller called this ____.

answer

the doctrine of the specific energies of nerves

question

Fechner's flash of insight about the mind-body connection was that there is a(n)________ relationship between a mental sensation and a material stimulus.

answer

quantitative

question

______ systematically destroyed parts of the brain using extirpation.

answer

Flourens

question

Until the work of ______, experimentation was not the preferred method in physiology.

answer

J. Muller

question

Weber's Law, the formulation of how much change in a stimulus is required for a subject to detect it, rests on the measurement of the _______.

answer

just noticeable difference

question

Electrical stimulation as a method of mapping the cerebral cortex was introduced by ____.

answer

Fritsch and Hitzig

question

______ was a pioneer in research on reflex behavior showing that reflexes could occur in the absence of brain involvement.

answer

Hall

question

_____ discovered, among other things, that the brain had both white and gray matter, and that fiber connect the two halves of the brain.

answer

Gall

question

What is the smallest detectable difference between two stimuli?

answer

just noticeable difference

question

Fechner's work had proved Immanuel Kant wrong when Kant said that _____.

answer

psychology could never be a science

question

Weber's experiments led to two important contributions; (a) further research and (b) the focus of attention of later physiologists and the new psychology on the development of _______.

answer

experimental methods for studying mind-body relationships

question

How did the British (BritE) and the German physiologists (GerP) differ in their approach to the study of senses?

answer

The BRitE studied the senses from the viewpoint of philosophy. The GerP used scientific methods to study the senses.

question

In the 19th century, the British and French defined science as including _____.

answer

physics and chemistry only

question

The ______ method is described as a type of posthumous extirpation.

answer

clinical

question

The point of sensitivity at which the least amount of change in a stimulus gives rise to a change in a sensations is a definition of _____.

answer

the differential threshold

question

The practice of psychosurgery such as prefrontal lobotomies, has its roots in the _________.

answer

extirpation method

question

The terms ego and id, which do not precisely represent Freud's ideas, are an example of ___.

answer

data distorted by translation

question

One of Helmholtz's particular contributions to psychology was his work on ____.

answer

vision

question

Descartes proposed that the mind produces two kinds of ideas, ____ and ____.

answer

derived; innate

question

"If the tree falls in the forest and no one is present to hear it, a sound will still occur because God is the permanent perceiver of all objects in the universe." This argument illustrates the position of ______.

answer

Berkeley

question

In modern terminology, Descartes would argue that if the inputs are known, the behavioral outputs can be predicted. Thus, he is an intellectual ancestor of ____.

answer

S-R psychology

question

Derived ideas _______.

answer

arise from the direct application of an external stimulus

question

_______ was the first successful demonstration of an artificial intelligence.

answer

Babbage's calculating machine

question

Who developed both the two-point threshold and the concept of the just noticeable difference?

answer

Weber

question

What was the significance of the defecating duck?

answer

It was one example of the spirit of mechanism, it was described as the "glory of France", it demonstrated the Zeitgeist of the time, it was widely popular and well-known. <---- all of the above

question

As a form of occupational therapy, Fechner ______.

answer

made strings and bandages, chopped carrots and turnips, grinded a sugar loaf into powdered sugar, dipped candles <--- all of the above

question

According to Descartes, the pineal gland was the part of the brain ________.

answer

where the mind and body interact

question

Which psychologist burned his/her own letters, manuscripts and research notes before they died?

answer

John Watson

question

The theories of mechanism that invoke the movement of atoms to explain the universe were developed by _____.

answer

Newton and Galileo

question

An "autobiography" of Jung was evidently written not by Jung but by an assistant who _____.

answer

altered and/or deleted some of Jung's writings to present him in a manner suiting his family and followers

question

Hartley was the first to apply the theory of association to explain ______.

answer

all mental activity

question

The modern notion of subliminal perception rests on the idea that the threshold of perception or consciousness can be determined. The first experimental illustration of psychological threshold was demonstrated by ____.

answer

Weber

question

Complex ideas formed from simple ideas takes on new qualities. This is a definition of ______.

answer

John Stuart Mill's creative synthesis

question

According to Wundt, there were two elementary forms of experience, namely _______.

answer

sensation and feelings

question

Given that many of his research findings remain valid today, _____ can be seen as more influential than ____.

answer

Ebbinghaus; Wundt

question

Stumpf's method of observation was ____.

answer

phenomenology

question

For Wundt, feelings are _______.

answer

based on three dimensions including pleasure/displeasure

question

The significance of Ebbinghaus's work is in his _____.

answer

rigorous use of experimental control and his quantitative analysis of data

question

According to Wundt, the stimulation of a sense organ sufficiently to have the nerve impulse reach the brain defines a(n) ______.

answer

sensation

question

In his early work when he was his own experimental subject, the 29 year old Wilhelm Wundt found that he could ____.

answer

not pay attention to two things at once

question

The psychological study of music was pioneered by ____.

answer

Stumpf

question

Ebbinghaus's focus of study was on the ______.

answer

initial formation of associations

question

Wundt's most important contribution to psychology was ____.

answer

beginning the first psychological journal; describing psychology as an experimental science; his publications, which are still widely read today; "selling" psychology to the scientific community <---- all of the above

question

Fechner is the founder of psychology as a formal discipline.

answer

FALSE

question

In Wundt's laboratory, introspection was used to assess _____.

answer

immediate experience

question

Which of the following methods is defined as "the examination of experience as it occurred without any attempt t reduce experience to elementary components."

answer

Phenomenology

question

Brentano's system of psychology was called _____ psychology.

answer

Act

question

Wundt's modification of introspection was the ______.

answer

use of experimental controls

question

_______ work on ______ was the first "venture into a truly psychological problem area" rather than on physiology.

answer

Ebbinghaus'; learning

question

Which of the following are the three dimensions of Wundt's tridimensional theory of feelings?

answer

pleasure/displeasure; tension/relaxation; excitement/depression

question

Wundtian psychology in Germany was slow to develop because ____.

answer

it was not seen as having practical value

question

Wundt's doctrine of apperception refers to ______.

answer

the process of organizing mental elements into a whole

question

While Wundt had argued that learning and memory could not be studied experimentally, who soon proved him wrong?

answer

Ebbinghaus

question

Titchener's view of the field of psychology was _____.

answer

too limited to embrace new work and dimensions

question

Titchener's descriptors of sensations did NOT include which of the following?

answer

propensity

question

More women completed doctoral degrees with Titchener than with any other psychologist of that period.

answer

TRUE

question

______was the first American woman to recieve a Ph.D. degree in psychology.

answer

Maragert Floy Washburn

question

In his introspection experiments, Titchener wanted his subjects (observers) to_______.

answer

be passive recorders of the experiences registering on the conscious mind

question

Titchener excluded women from meetings of the Titchener Experimentalists because women:

answer

were too pure to smoke

question

Which of Titchener's basic elements of consciousness does not possess clearness?

answer

affective states

question

One of the main reasons that Titchener's thought was believed to closely parallel that if Wundt was the Titchener _____.

answer

translated Wundt's books from German to English

question

Subjects in Titchener's laboratory were asked to ______.

answer

swallow a stomach tube; makes notes of their sensations and feelings during sexual intercourse; record their sensations and feelings during urination and defecation; attach measuring devices to their bodies to record physiological responses during sexual intercourse <---- all of the choices are correct

question

In his treatment of women, Titchener ____.

answer

demonstrated both support of and obstruction of women in psychology

question

Which of the following statements is true about the status of the introspective method in modern psychology?

answer

several areas of modern psychology, such as clinical and industrial/organizational, use the introspective method.

question

When Titchener died, the era of structuralism _____.

answer

collasped

question

Toward the end of Titchener's career, he came to favor the _____ method instead of the ______ method.

answer

phenomenological; introspective

question

Titchener argued that psychology is unique among the sciences because _______.

answer

psychology alone is dependent on experiencing persons

question

The school of structuralism includes the work and/or systems of which of the following?

answer

Titchener

question

When Titchener returned to Oxford with his doctorate from Wundt, his colleagues _____.

answer

were skeptical of the use of scientific approaches to philosophical questions

question

As more and more students became drawn to Titchener's lectures at Cornell, he _______.

answer

became less actively engaged in laboratory research

question

The Titchener Experimentalists would admit women to their meetings on the condition that they could smoke an entire cigar.

answer

FALSE

question

With Titchener's structuralism as an idea to oppose, psychology _______.

answer

moved far beyond his initial boundaries

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