question

George Miller found that the average person is able to keep about ____ digits in mind at a time.

answer

seven

question

When an old piece of information interferes with your

answer

proactive

question

The memory problem called retroactive interference happens when

answer

leaning new information interferes with your memory of old information.

question

Tim can remember what he had for lunch yesterday. This is an example of aan

answer

episodic memory.

question

Explicit memory, also called ____ memory, can be clearly stated or explained

answer

declarative

question

The memory of how to perform a task is

answer

implicit memory

question

Endel Tulving, the cognitive psychologist, classifies memories according to the

answer

type of information stored.

question

The two types of explicit memory described by Tulving are

answer

semantic and episodic memory.

question

The memory of things that happen to us or occur in our life are referred to as

answer

episodic memory.

question

Abe and Rose, who have been married for 13 years, are discussing the

answer

episodic

question

Your recollection of the humiliating lecture you received after you were

answer

episodic

question

Recall of what your professor said in class and recall of what you wore that day are

answer

semantic and episodic

question

General knowledge of history, algebra, and literature refers to ____ memory.

answer

semantic

question

The type of memory one would use to remember the seven wonders of the

answer

semantic memory.

question

When stating "I know...." you are referring to a(n) ____ memory

answer

semantic; episodic

question

In-line skating and tap dancing skills would be stored in ____ memory.

answer

implicit

question

The distinction between semantic and procedural memory is

answer

what it was and how one did it.

question

Which of the following is most likely to remain firmly embedded in

answer

how to swim

question

Tracy took tennis lessons when she was very young but had not

answer

implicit

question

Once we have learned the multiplication tables the recall of 6 times 6 is

answer

priming

question

The story about a woman with amnesia who was able to dial her mother's

answer

implicit

question

____ memory is recalling information that was previously learned

answer

Retrospective; prospective

question

Which of the following use prospective memory?

answer

none of the above

question

The memory that tends to fail when we are feeling stressed, distracted, and

answer

prospective memory.

question

Which of the following is not a type of prospective memory?

answer

knowledge-based tasks.

question

Which of the following causes a decline in both prospective and retrospective memory?

answer

aging

question

The process of changing information so that we can place it in memory is called

answer

encoding.

question

The stages of information processing in memory are

answer

encoding, storage, and retrieval

question

Jason, straining his eyes on the deck of a ship, is trying to memorize distant

answer

visual code.

question

Which of the following is not a psychological format that can be

answer

sensory code

question

Which of the following could be used to store "The Star Spangled Banner" song

answer

acoustic code

question

What type of code represents stimuli in terms of their meaning?

answer

semantic code

question

Ludwig, a cellist, is memorizing a musical composition by heart without reference to

answer

acoustic code.

question

Mimi is memorizing the Bill of Rights in relation to the legal cases in

answer

semantic code.

question

____ means maintaining information over time.

answer

Storage

question

Mentally repeating a list or saying it to yourself refers to

answer

maintenance rehearsal

question

By mentally repeating a telephone number after looking it up for the

answer

maintenance rehearsal

question

While doing his homework, Joe noticed that he was having difficulty with

answer

metamemory.

question

Our awareness of the functioning of our memory is defined by psychologists as

answer

metamemory.

question

Extending the semantic meaning of something you already know refers to

answer

elaborative rehearsal.

question

Using the phrase "Elvis' Guitar Broke Down on Friday" to remember the

answer

elaborative rehearsal.

question

The process of locating and returning information to consciousness is

answer

retrieval.

question

Locating stored information and returning it to consciousness is

answer

retrieval.

question

The correct order of events in memory processing is

answer

encoding, storage, and retrieval

question

Sofia is taking a chemistry exam. She has not studied conscientiously for

answer

encoding failure

question

Roberto is taking a physics exam. Although he has studied thoroughly

answer

information retrieval

question

The process by which information is encoded, stored, and retrieved is called

answer

memory.

question

Atkinson and Shiffrin proposed the three stages of memory referred to as

answer

sensory, short-term, and long-term

question

n the Atkinson and Shiffrin stages of memory, the progress of information

answer

determines whether and how long information is retained.

question

The eyes fixate from point to point several times each second. This is called

answer

saccadic eye movements.

question

While Tanya is visiting the pet store she looks down an aisle and catches

answer

both a and b

question

Humans experience a "stream of consciousness" rather than discrete

answer

sensory memory briefly holds perceptions, making them seem connected.

question

The stage of memory that first encounters stimuli is called

answer

sensory.

question

If an image of Abraham Lincoln's face was flashed on

answer

memory trace.

question

The turn of the century psychologist McDougall found

answer

four or five letters in a single fixation

question

In 1960, George Sperling modified McDougall's method of ____

answer

whole-report procedure; partial-report procedure

question

George Sperling's experiment determined that

answer

both a and b.

question

The significance of Sperling's partial-report procedure study is

answer

sensory

question

Psychologist believe that we possess a sensory register for

answer

each of our sensory systems.

question

Mental representations of visual stimuli are referred to as ____

answer

icons; iconic

question

Another term for "photographic memory" is

answer

eidetic imagery.

question

Photographic memory involves

answer

iconic memory and eidetic imagery.

question

What causes the flow of visual information to

answer

iconic memory

question

Visual experience appears as a smooth and continuous

answer

iconic memory; saccadic eye movements

question

You are taking notes, while listening to a lecture

answer

echoes; echoic

question

Visual images are to ____ memory as auditory images are to

answer

iconic; echoic

question

The sensory register that holds the mental representations

answer

echoic memory.

question

Memory traces of sounds

answer

decay more slowly than those of visual stimuli.

question

The memory that enables one to hold information for

answer

both a and b.

question

One will generally encode visual stimuli into auditory

answer

both a and b

question

Visual stimuli are most commonly retained in short-term memory by

answer

encoding visual stimuli as sounds that can be rehearsed

question

Aaron has just been given a telephone number of a

answer

around 10 seconds

question

Dana can only remember a few of the first and last items on her

answer

serial-position effect.

question

Information at the beginning and end of a list tends to be more easily recalled than

answer

serial-position effect.

question

Jim had received driving directions to his destination from

answer

the middle of the sequence.

question

Paul can only remember the conclusions of his speech. This is an example of the

answer

serial-position effect.

question

Amy is trying to remember her social security number, while

answer

Rehearse the set of numbers keeping them in the 3 chunks format.

question

According to George Miller

answer

the number of pieces of information the average person can easily recall after a single exposure.

question

After a single presentation, Megan can recall her friend's

answer

chunking

question

The typical maximum number of chunks of information that can be held is

answer

seven.

question

The telephone number of Brad's financial services firm is

answer

it consists of only two chunks of information that are meaningfully related to his business.

question

The ability to remember the letters of the alphabet or the words in the

answer

rote memory.

question

Mechanical association learning used by an actor to memorize his lines

answer

rote memory.

question

Preventing rehearsal can ____ information contained in short-term memory.

answer

reduce

question

The appearance of new information in short-term memory

answer

limited.

question

The process by which new information displaces older information in

answer

the capacity of short-term memory is variable

question

According to Atkinson and Shiffren, the third stage of information processing is

answer

long-term memory.

question

Which of the following statements would Freud disagree with

answer

Our ideas and perceptions may appear lost because they were never properly encoded.

question

The evidence for the popular idea that all of our experiences are

answer

arguable.

question

The way in which we conceptualize our worlds, our beliefs, and o

answer

schemas.

question

Rosalind, a forward on the women's basketball team, has invited Bryce

answer

She does not fit his schema of her dresses.

question

A person that reconstructs their experience according to their prejudices is

answer

allowing a schema to influence their recall.

question

Loftus and Palmer showed people a film of a car crash and then asked them to

answer

"smashed into"

question

The idea that long-term memories are

answer

recollections of a car crash can be influenced by the way in which it is labeled.

question

All of the following are problems with eyewitness testimony EXCEPT

answer

Children make better witnesses because they are less suggestible than adults.

question

Elizabeth Loftus research on eyewitness memory suggests that memory

answer

All of the above

question

According to Elizabeth Loftus, the most significant cause of memory is

answer

misleading information

question

Experts suggest that witnesses to a crime

answer

contaminate their own memory of the event.

question

The Lost in the Mall study illustrated that

answer

both a and b

question

Which of the following is NOT true regarding long-term memory?

answer

There is a tendency to replace new information with old information.

question

Danielle, a college senior, is trying to remember the names

answer

she has not yet found the cues that will help her retrieve the information from long-term memory

question

A psychology student wants to know how to remember the

answer

elaborative

question

The difference between rote learning and meaningful learning is

answer

maintenance rehearsal and elaborative rehearsal.

question

Some language arts teachers like to say, "Another language, another soul." The

answer

elaborative rehearsal.

question

While studying for an astronomy exam, Haley realizes that the swirling motion of

answer

elaborative rehearsal.

question

Craik and Lockhart argue that memory storage and recall depends upon the ____

answer

depth

question

The ____ model of memory proposes that memory consists of

answer

levels-of-processing

question

Henry learned that the word diplomat originates from two Greek stems

answer

elaborative rehearsal

question

What is meant by the word "deeply" in the statement

answer

All of the above

question

Which of the following is an example of processing new information "deeply."

answer

both a and b

question

Susan, Judd, and Melanie work at a music store in the mall

answer

Judd

question

The mnemonic device "i before e except after c" is based upon a(n)

answer

semantic code

question

Benjamin can remember exactly where he was and what he was doing

answer

flashbulb memory.

question

Emotionally charged events that arrest public interest, like the attacks of

answer

flashbulb memories.

question

The vivid, detailed recollection of what you were doing when you learned about

answer

flashbulb memory.

question

Flashbulb memories seem vivid for

answer

Dramatic events stimulate the brain to produce exact or photographic memories.

question

Which of the following is true regarding long-term memory organization?

answer

All of the above

question

____ is formed in long-term memory by organizing information into groups

answer

Hierarchical structure

question

Using the hierarchical structure of your long-term memory of

answer

All of the above

question

Evan met Lesley at a party last week. He sees her again a few weeks after

answer

tip of the tongue phenomenon.

question

Zelda is trying to remember the name of the actor who played the lead in the

answer

tip-of-the-tongue (TOT) phenomenon.

question

One conclusion of Brown and McNeil's classic study of the

answer

acoustic and semantic codes.

question

Some of the participants in the Brown and McNeil TOT experiments proved to

answer

incomplete or imperfect learning.

question

Research suggests that our memories of the past are

answer

people tend to seek out positive events and avoid negative ones

question

Evidence from a number of studies demonstrates that recall is ____

answer

worse; context-dependent

question

Jill prefers to study for tests in the classroom where the tests are

answer

context-dependant

question

Jennie returned to her elementary school when she was visiting her

answer

context-dependent memory

question

Detective Rawlings asked Harry, a witness to a mugging, to mentally reconstruct the

answer

context-dependent memory

question

Déjà vu is an example of ____ memory.

answer

context-dependant

question

One afternoon Amanda could not remember where she left her purse. In the

answer

state-dependent memory

question

In the effects of mood on memory, a happy mood may evoke

answer

state-dependent memory.

question

Brooke drinks so much coffee that she

answer

Drink enough coffee to give herself the jitters again

question

The classic studies that first made use of nonsense syllables in the study of

answer

Hermann Ebbinghaus.

question

Remembering nonsense syllables is difficult because they are

answer

acoustic coding and maintenance rehearsal.

question

A student taking a multiple-choice exam generally relies on the ____

answer

recognition

question

n preparing for the 40th high school reunion, Jill and Ed correctly identified

answer

recognition.

question

In taking the position that only fill-in-the-blank tests are suitable for

answer

recall

question

The memory task for most of the items in a multiple-choice test, such as

answer

recognition.

question

Nonsense syllables are sometimes arranged as paired associates,

answer

recall.

question

The paired associates task is used to measure the ____ memory task.

answer

recall

question

Peter, a participant in a paired associate learning experiment, noted that

answer

both semantic and acoustic encoding

question

The difference between the number of times required to learn

answer

savings.

question

The concept of method of savings was developed by Ebbinghaus to study

answer

relearning

question

In Ebbinghaus's classic curve of forgetting, the greatest memory loss occurs

answer

most rapidly just after the material is initially learned

question

Forgetting that occurs because new information inhibits the retrieval of

answer

interference theory.

question

According to interference theory we forget material because

answer

a and b only

question

Joy just learned to speak French, but she notices

answer

retroactive interference.

question

Beatrice took four years of Spanish in high school. In college she studied

answer

retroactive interference

question

At college Jim is learning to speak French, but he keeps using

answer

proactive interference.

question

George just bought a new laptop computer after years of using a

answer

proactive interference.

question

Which of the following statements is true regarding Freud's concept of repression?

answer

All of the above

question

Psychoanalysts believe that dissociative amnesia involves

answer

repression.

question

Fred's history professor exhibits traits similar to those of

answer

repression.

question

Bill recently found out that when he was a child his dog, which he thought was

answer

repression.

question

The lack of support for the existence of recovered memories is based on

answer

Both a and b

question

Freud discovered that many patients could not recall episodes that

answer

infantile

question

The text presents several methods to improve memory skills. Which

answer

Avoid using familiar associations.

question

In the Method of Loci, the material to be learned is associated with

answer

familiar images.

question

The memory strategy called ____ relies on forming associations by linking two items

answer

mediation

question

Mnemonic devices can incorporate chunks of information into a format such as

answer

all of the above

question

A psychoanalytical explanation of infantile amnesia would include

answer

a and b only

question

Which of the following is a physiological factor contributing to infantile amnesia?

answer

both b and c

question

Jessica was upset because she was unable to remember her 4th birthday party

answer

a or b

question

In ____ amnesia, there are memory lapses for the period following a trauma

answer

anterograde

question

Anterograde amnesia interferes with many memory processes such as

answer

all of the above

question

One of the symptoms of anterograde amnesia is

answer

a failure to establish memories after the injury, but a preservation of memories prior to the injury.

question

Bill was in an automobile accident. The events just prior to the accident are still a

answer

retrograde

question

Which of the following is a cognitive factor associated with infantile amnesia?

answer

Infants do not reliably use language to symbolize or classify events.

question

In ____ amnesia, the trauma prevents patients from remembering events that

answer

retrograde

question

The surviving bodyguard in Princess Diana's car was unable to recall

answer

retrograde amnesia.

question

The clinical effects of head trauma suggest

answer

a period of consolidation

question

____ are viewed as electrical circuits in the brain that correspond to memory traces.

answer

Engrams

question

In searching for the engram, Karl Lashley was in reality looking for the biological

answer

memory.

question

Which of the following are thought to be involved in the biochemical process of

answer

both a and b

question

Research on the biology of memory involving the visual cortex of

answer

memories may have neural correlates at specific sites

question

When sea snails, such as Aplysia and Hermissenda, are conditioned,

answer

serotonin

question

The enhanced efficiency in a synapse after brief rapid stimulation that makes

answer

long-term potentiation.

question

Low levels of ____ are correlated with memory loss in Alzheimer's disease.

answer

acetylcholine

question

All of the following naturally occurring chemical substances have been

answer

adrenaline and noradrenaline.

question

The structural changes in the brain that take place with the formation of

answer

hippocampus.

question

Joe is a long-term alcoholic who has great difficulty storing new information in

answer

hippocampus

question

After a stroke destroyed a large area of his frontal lobe, Dwight was less able to integrate

answer

place and time.

question

It appears that storage bins for long-term memories are located in

answer

different brain areas.

question

What part of the memory system is the prefrontal cortex thought to play?

answer

executive center

question

After an industrial accident in which he experienced a penetrating

answer

hippocampus.

question

Damage to the ____ disrupts the formation of ____ memories

answer

thalamus; verbal

PSY101 memories Argumentative Essay – Flashcards

Unlock all answers in this set

Haven't found what you were looking for?

Search for samples, answers to your questions and flashcards