question

Child maltreatment - kinds, frequency

answer

Child abuse (deliberate action that is harmfulto a child's physical, emotional, or sexual well being), child neglect (failure to meet a child's basic physical or emotional needs). 1 million substantiated maltreatment, 2.7-3 million reported cases of maltreatment a year.

question

Appetite, weight gain, growth

answer

Age 2-6 well nourished kids gain 4.5 lbs/year and 3 inches/ year by age 6 average 46 lbs, 46 inches tall in a developed nation. Appetites decrease between 2 and 6 because children need fewer calories per pound compared to infants

question

Brain structures and functions

answer

Limbic system: Amygdala (registers emotions, both positive and negative including fear) Hippocampus (responds to amygdala by summoning memory Primarily responsible for memory) Hypothalamus (responds to signals from amygdala and to signals from the hippocampus by producing cortisol and other hormones that activate parts of the brain and body, influences pituitary and adrenal cortex to release hormones). Prefrontal cortex (enables a balance between action and inhibition, allowing children to think before they act as well as to stop one action in order to begin another), Corpus callosum (connects left and right sides of the brain) Right side of the brain is responsible for controlling the left half of the body as well as controlling areas dedicated to emotional and creative impulses Left side of the brain controls the right side of the body as well as areas dedicated to logical reasoning , detailed analysis and the basics of language

question

Injury control

answer

Practices that are aimed at anticipating, controlling, and preventing dangerous activities: these practices reflect the beliefs that accidents are not random and that injuries can be made less harmful if proper controls are in place.

question

Nutrients lacking in developed nation's diets

answer

iron, zinc, and calcium

question

Different kinds of prevention

answer

Primary, secondary and tertiary.

question

Primary:

answer

actions that change overall background conditions to prevent some unwanted event or circumstance, such as injury, disease, or abuse.(sidewalks, cross walks, speed bumps)

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Secondary

answer

actions that avert harm in a high-risk situation, such as stopping a car before it hits a pedestrian. (Warning signs, salt on icy roads, walk signals)

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Tertiary:

answer

actions, such as immediate and effective medical treatment, that are taken after an adverse event (such as illness or injury) occurs and that are aimed at reducing the harm or preventing disability. (Speedy ambulances,efficient emergency rooms)

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Cross cultural differences

answer

growth Africans, tallest followed by European, Asian, and Latinos.

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Motor development

answer

Gross: involve large body movements (running, jumping, throwing a ball, climbing a ladder, pumping a swing). Fine: involves small body movements (cutting, buttoning, involves two hands and thus both sides of the brain)

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Cultural context and child rearing practices

answer

...

question

Diseases in developed and undeveloped countries

answer

Most common in developed is tooth decay.

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Childhood obesity

answer

at age 2, 14% obese, doubles age 4, 27%, increases as family incomes fell, children with children playing less outside, and parents still encouraging overeating. Overweight children: Hispanic 27%, Asian American 22%, African American 14%, and European 11%. (A New York study)

question

Piaget - stages, ages, milestones, critiques (page 257)

answer

...

question

Theory of mind (page 267)

answer

a persons theory of what other people might be thinking. In order to have a theory of mind, children must realize that other people are not necessarily thinking the same thoughts that they themselves are. The realization seldom occurs before age four.

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Preschool education

answer

...

question

Vygotsky - terms, cultural context

answer

apprentice in thinking: Guided participation: Zone of proximal development: Scaffolding

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_____: Vygotsky's term for a person whose cognition is stimulated and directed by older and more skilled members of society.

answer

apprentice in thinking: Vygotsky's term for a person whose cognition is stimulated and directed by older and more skilled members of society.

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______: The process by which people learn from others who guide their experiences and explorations.

answer

Guided participation: The process by which people learn from others who guide their experiences and explorations.

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_______: skills cognitive as well as physical- that a person can exercise only with assistance, not yet independently.

answer

Zone of proximal development: skills cognitive as well as physical- that a person can exercise only with assistance, not yet independently.

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_______: Temporary support that is tailored to a learner's needs and abilities and aimed at helping the learner master the next task in a given learning process.

answer

Scaffolding: Temporary support that is tailored to a learner's needs and abilities and aimed at helping the learner master the next task in a given learning process.

question

Animism

answer

the belief that natural objects and phenomena are alive

question

Language development (stages, theories, terms)

answer

...

question

Gender identity development:

answer

...

question

Sex vs gender:

answer

Sex- Biological Gender-Your identity

question

Intrinsic and extrinsic motivation

answer

...

question

Different kinds of play

answer

...

question

Internalizing and externalizing problems

answer

...

question

Erikson's theory

answer

...

question

Emotional regulation

answer

...

question

Freud's theory

answer

...

question

Moral development

answer

...

question

The ability to control one's impulsiveness appears to be directly related to the development of the:

answer

prefrontal cortex.

question

The text refers to research in which brain scans and hormone measurements were taken from 4- to 6-year-old children after they were exposed to a fire alarm. Which of the following was one of the conclusions drawn from this research?

answer

Some levels of stress hormones improve memory.

question

An example of kinship care is:

answer

Eric and Sherral provide foster care for their neglected nephew.

question

Researchers found that children under the age of 4, especially children of European descent, when asked to sort cards of different shapes and colors:

answer

had difficulty switching their original sorting pattern.

question

Which of the following is the best way to ensure adequate nutrition and vitamin intake?

answer

Eat well-balanced meals with a variety of foods.

question

The most common disease of young children in developed nations is:

answer

early tooth decay.

question

Gross motor skills such as riding a tricycle are acquired:

answer

through a combination of brain maturation and practice.

question

Although excessive stress can be harmful to the developing brain, research shows that some stress can facilitate memory and cognitive growth if:

answer

adults are reassuring, warm, and supportive after a stressful event.

question

About 1 out of _____ people is left-handed.

answer

10

question

A confidential nationwide survey of young adults in the U.S. found that, as a child, ______ had been slapped, hit, or kicked by a parent or other adult caregiver.

answer

25 percent

question

Which of the following statements is true about oral health in early childhood?

answer

It is vital for children in early childhood to brush their teeth every day.

question

Which of the following tends to be true of Hispanic and Asian children who live with their grandparents?

answer

The grandparents are likely to be of normal weight, while the grandchildren are likely to be overweight.

question

Which of the following is a leading cause of death among young children?

answer

drowning in a swimming pool

question

Which type of injury prevention begins after an injury and is intended to limit the damage caused by the injury?

answer

tertiary

question

After a head injury, 15-month-old Jack started having temper tantrums. Most likely his ______ was injured.

answer

prefrontal cortex

question

Writing your name is a ______, whereas kicking a ball is a(n) ______.

answer

fine motor skill; gross motor skill

question

On a cross-country car trip, Anna and Robert asked "Are we there yet?" so many times that their mother began covering her ears. The children were exhibiting:

answer

perseveration.

question

Preschoolers often have trouble tying their shoelaces because they have inadequate:

answer

fine motor skill development.

question

The average 6-year-old from a developed nation weighs:

answer

40-50 pounds.

question

The most common cause of death of children worldwide is:

answer

violence.

question

Secondary prevention involves:

answer

responding to the first warning signs of a problem.

question

Janie just cannot seem to keep from becoming extremely angry when she does not get her way. Her ability to rein in this tendency toward tantrums will get better when her ______ has further matured.

answer

prefrontal cortex

question

Which of the following statements is true regarding fine motor skills?

answer

Fine motor skills mature about 6 months earlier in girls than in boys.

question

The part of the brain where planning, language and advanced thought occur is:

answer

the cortex.

question

Between the ages of 2 and 6, a well-nourished child will gain about ______ pounds and grow about ______ inches per year.

answer

4; 3

question

The impact of any child-rearing practice is influenced by the:

answer

cultural context.

question

Consumption of calcium by children is lower than it was 20 years ago because:

answer

children are drinking less milk.

question

The area of the brain that is crucial in expressing and regulating emotions is the:

answer

limbic system.

question

Culture seems to influence impulsivity and perseveration. Research found that preschoolers from ______ had earlier attention control and less perseveration than English preschoolers.

answer

Korea

question

Which of the following 4-year-old children is most likely to be taken to the dentist?

answer

Hailey, whose parents are European-American and middle-class

question

A mistreated child who is startled at any noise and is continually looking around to see who is coming up to them is showing symptoms of:

answer

PTSD.

question

Many preschoolers have trouble dressing themselves, writing, or stringing small beads. This can be explained by a lack of:

answer

brain maturation and having short, stubby fingers.

question

Pete's father is physically abusive toward Pete, often leaving bruises. His mother, also living in the home, witnesses the abuse but says nothing. She is:

answer

neglectful.

question

The long band of nerve fibers that connects the brain's hemispheres is:

answer

the corpus callosum.

question

Even though a 4-year-old child has the ability to comprehend numbers, store memories, and recognize routines, which of the following will determine whether or not the child actually demonstrates these abilities?

answer

family and culture

question

The characteristic of preoperational thought in which a young child thinks that nothing changes is called:

answer

static reasoning.

question

Jake's father is taking him to the barber for his first real haircut. At first, Jake is excited about his first trip to the barber, but as soon as the barber makes the first cut in his hair, he becomes very upset and tells his father to make the barber stop. In spite of his father's efforts to assure Jake that his hair will grow back, Jake is exhibiting the concept of:

answer

irreversibility.

question

The function of speech by which a person's understanding is expanded and advanced is:

answer

social mediation.

question

Low-income children are given preschool education through:

answer

Head Start.

question

Each time Juan puts a puzzle together, his father gives him a little less help. Which theorist would be happy with Juan's father?

answer

Vygotsky

question

How many states now sponsor public education for young, lower-income children?

answer

40

question

Where has Piaget saw cognitive development as a result of individual discovery, Vygotsky attributed it to:

answer

social activities guided by others.

question

Logical extension involves:

answer

applying a newly learned word to other objects in the same category.

question

Britney understands that her father is crying because his best friend died. This shows that Britney:

answer

has a theory of mind.

question

Overregularization occurs because children:

answer

assume their language always follows the rules they have learned thus far.

question

Which of the following is the best example of scaffolding?

answer

Miriam helps her son Ben make cookies. She measures all of the ingredients out and places them on the counter in small bowls. She reads the recipe aloud while simplifying it as Ben places the ingredients in the bowl and mixes them together with a spoon.

question

Teacher-directed preschool programs stress:

answer

academics.

question

A child's ability to add new vocabulary words very quickly is called:

answer

fast-mapping.

question

Child-centered programs are often influenced by the theories of ______ and ______.

answer

Piaget; Vygotsky

question

According to recent research, the development of theory of mind is age related and a function of:

answer

the maturation of the prefrontal cortex.

question

One way researchers today have been able to identify greater cognitive ability in preschoolers than Piaget originally observed is through:

answer

the use of brain scans.

question

Generally speaking, which of the following best explains why young children have difficulty thinking logically?

answer

Children in this age group tend to focus on single aspects of an object or situation.

question

Six-year-old Mikael has 10 dinosaur toys on the floor in front of him. You ask him how many he has, and he counts them one at a time. This is an example of which of the following?

answer

one-to-one correspondence

question

What is the average sentence length for 3-year-olds?

answer

3-8 words

question

To assume that the world is unchanging is to engage in:

answer

static reasoning.

question

Failure to understand that undoing a sequence of events will bring about the original conditions or situation is called:

answer

irreversibility.

question

According to Vygotsky, guided participation requires that a child:

answer

interact with a mentor to accomplish a task.

question

When a young child asks "why?" what kind of information are they most likely seeking?

answer

They want to know how the situation or behavior affects them.

question

According to the text, what would be an important question for parents to ask about prospective early education programs for their children?

answer

How long has each staff member worked here?

question

Vygotsky believed that children's cognition is shaped by:

answer

the wishes and emotions of others.

question

Vygotsky believed which of the following aspects of language advances thinking

answer

private speech and social mediation

question

In 2010 in the United States, what percentage of children spoke English at school and another language at home?

answer

21

question

When a child is learning a second language, the basics of language learning such as the naming explosion, fast-mapping, and overregularization apply:

answer

to both the native and second language.

question

Four-year-old Graciela is a balanced bilingual. That means that she:

answer

speaks her native language and her second language both very well.

question

Preschoolers use private speech to:

answer

explain events to themselves and solve problems.

question

Which of the following describes early childhood interventions that have been found to aid reading in elementary school?

answer

book reading and code-focused teaching

question

Preschoolers have a tendency to try to make up a reason for why things that they see and hear occur. This tendency is known as:

answer

theory-theory.

question

Programs are called child-centered because they stress children's:

answer

development and growth.

question

Gabriel's language and cognitive skills have developed greatly since he began attending preschool. His teacher explains things to the children when they participate in small-group activities and she encourages conversation between children and adults. According to Vygotsky, she uses language to advance thinking through:

answer

social mediation.

question

To focus on one aspect of a situation and simultaneously exclude all others is called:

answer

centration.

question

Demetrius' family recently immigrated to the United States from the Ukraine. After he attended kindergarten, his parents noticed that his English was becoming more fluent than his native language. Demetrius was exhibiting:

answer

a language shift.

question

A study of parents in Hong Kong found that most classified themselves as using what type of parenting style?

answer

authoritative

question

Which of the following is a criticism of Baumrind's classification of parenting styles?

answer

She focused too much on parental attitudes and not enough on daily interactions.

question

Sociodramatic play, according to the text, can help children develop:

answer

Theory of mind

question

Angelica is 3 years old and says frequently that she wants to "marry daddy." According to psychoanalytic theory, this is a manifestation of:

answer

...

question

When would a time-out possibly be an effective discipline strategy?

answer

if the child prefers to be with other people

question

Children whose parents use psychological control as a means of discipline are more likely to:

answer

be depressed and anxious.

question

In active play, which of the following functions do peers provide?

answer

role modles

question

Which type of aggression tends to be characteristic of 2-year-olds?

answer

reactive

question

What do many developmentalists believe is the foundation of morality for children?

answer

attachment

question

According to the text, neurological and hormonal effects may make boys more vulnerable to __________ problems and girls more vulnerable to __________ problems.

answer

externalizing; internalizing

question

Judith is insisting her 3-year-old son, Trace, share with his friend Delia. Trace is becoming extremely upset and Judith gives Trace a time-out. Which developmental concept might be helpful for Judith to understand to try to avoid this conflict with her son?

answer

egocentrism

question

Identify the prosocial behavior.

answer

Beth feeds her baby brother because her mother is sick.

question

Which of the following aids a young child in demonstrating the new initiative that Erikson describes?

answer

a longer attention span resulting from neurological maturity

question

Rough and tumble play between boys and fathers may prevent _____ later on.

answer

antisocial behavior, including murder

question

An alternative to physical punishment that involves the parent talking to the child and helping the child to understand what he or she did wrong is:

answer

induction.

question

Excessive guilt, shame, or sense of worthlessness constitutes which of the following?

answer

internalizing problems

question

Which of the following focuses on how children perceive and understand their experiences?

answer

cognitive theory

question

Identify the scenario that best demonstrates learning theories:

answer

Christine wears a dress, and both her parents tell her how pretty she looks.

question

An illness or disorder of the mind is referred to as:`

answer

psychopathology.

question

Shame is used for emotional control when:

answer

a family's reputation is a priority.

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