PSY – Psychology of a Developing Person – Chap 三 (1st Two Years: Body and Mind) – Flashcards

Newborns' sense of touch allows them to: Select one: a. determine who is touching them. b. be soothed by their caregiver. c. feel no pain. d. make up for their lack of hearing at birth.

Clara's weight is in the 30th percentile. This means that _____ percent of all babies her age weigh less than she does and _____ percent of all babies her age weigh more than she does. Select one: a. 30; 70 b. 20; 80 c. 70; 30 d. 80; 20

The neonate's vision: Select one: a. is clearest when objects are four to 30 inches away. b. is clearest when objects are about 10 feet away. c. does not improve until about age one. d. is the most developed of the baby's senses.

In which of Piaget's sensorimotor stages do infants become aware of things and respond to people and objects? Select one: a. stage one b. stage two c. stage three d. stage four

By 10 months of age, Alan has a vocabulary of a dozen words. B. F. Skinner would have attributed Alan's rapid speech development mainly to: Select one: a. his unusually high I.Q. b. an unusual language-acquisition talent. c. the amount his parents talk to him. d. rapid physical development.

Elaine communicates with her new baby using child-directed speech, which is also referred to as: Select one: a. motherese. b. echolalia. c. holophrastic speech. d. telegraphic speech.

Ann-Marie started walking when she was 10 months old; Cynthia is just beginning to take steps by herself at 13 months. Which conclusion is MOST likely true? Select one: a. Ann-Marie is very intelligent. b. Cynthia is malnourished. c. Cynthia is mentally handicapped. d. Both girls are developing normally.

Whenever the eyes, ears, tongue, skin, or mouth detect a stimulus, a( n) _____ has occurred. Select one: a. perception b. interpretation c. sensation d. response

Between _____ months of age, most infants can lift their midsections and crawl on "all fours." Select one: a. 8 and 10 b. 10 and 12 c. 12 and 14 d. 14 and 16

Newborns prefer: Select one: a. their mother's language more than any other language. b. animal sounds more than speech. c. normal speech more than baby talk. d. traffic noises more than music.

Small movements made by fingers and toes are known as _____ motor skills. Select one: a. athletic b. primitive c. fine d. gross

The language acquisition device (LAD) was proposed by Chomsky to explain: Select one: a. children's vocabulary spurts. b. the difference between surface structure and deep structure. c. the systematic differences among languages. d. children's ability to derive the rules of grammar quickly and effectively.

In one research study, scientists scanned the brains of both a monkey reaching for a banana and another monkey watching that action. The same neurons in a particular region of the brain were activated in both monkeys. These neurons are called _____ neurons. Select one: a. information processing b. mirror c. axon d. dendrite

You see a beautiful yellow flower while walking through a meadow. Your eyes seeing the flower is a matter of ______. Your brain determining that the flower is yellow is a matter of ______. Imagining how the flower will look in a vase would demonstrate ______. Select one: a. perception; knowing; cognition b. sensation; perception; knowing c. perception; sensation; knowing d. sensation; perception; cognition

As infants acquire language, they say more _____ than any other parts of speech. Select one: a. nouns b. verbs c. pronouns d. adjectives

After a child's vocabulary has reached about 50 expressed words, vocabulary will increase by approximately _____ words per month. Select one: a. 25 to 50 b. 50 to 100 c. 100 to 125 d. 125 to 150

What three factors contribute to the ability to walk? Select one: a. muscle strength, parental teaching, practice b. brain maturation, parental teaching, muscle strength c. parental teaching, practice, brain maturation d. muscle strength, brain maturation, practice

Studies comparing breast-feeding to bottle-feeding show that: Select one: a. breast-fed babies have fewer allergies and stomachaches. b. breast-feeding is recommended for about half of all mothers. c. recent improvements in formula make bottle-feeding more nutritious than breast milk. d. breast-feeding should end as soon as a baby gets a tooth.

Which theory compares human thought to the workings of a computer? Select one: a. behavioral theory b. information-processing theory c. adaptive theory d. Piaget's theory of cognitive development

Most babies learn to grasp and hold onto objects by about _____ months old. Select one: a. 2 b. 4 c. 6 d. 8

An example of stage-three sensorimotor behavior is: Select one: a. thumb-sucking and self-soothing. b. looking for a smile and smiling back. c. searching for a teddy bear hidden under a blanket. d. trying to dress like Mommy or Daddy.

Hasan is 2 years old and does not have enough food. As a result, he has unusual swelling in his face and abdomen, and thin, colorless hair. Hasan is suffering from: Select one: a. kwashiorkor. b. marasmus. c. rickets. d. hypoglycemia.

Pruning is the process by which: Select one: a. brain centers are rewired following localized brain damage. b. the left hemisphere specializes for language processing. c. the frontal lobe disengages from the prefrontal cortex. d. unused connections between neurons are eliminated.

In which of Piaget's sensorimotor stages do infants adapt, anticipate, and become more deliberate in responding to people and objects? Select one: a. stage one b. stage two c. stage three d. stage four

Newborns perceive important experiences like breastfeeding: Select one: a. with dynamic sensory-motor systems. b. primarily through fine motor skills. c. primarily through the sense of smell. d. with practice.

Sensorimotor stage four is the stage of: Select one: a. making interesting sights last. b. new means through active experimentation. c. new means through mental combinations. d. new adaptation and anticipation.

Research has found that child-directed speech is: Select one: a. confined to females; males do not use it. b. spoken in a high pitch with simple vocabulary and short sentences. c. unique to English-speaking parents. d. spoken in a low pitch with the use of nonsense words.

Adriana and her mother have been playing patty-cake, but mother is now trying to engage Adriana in a picture book. Adriana wants to play patty-cake again, so she grabs mother's hands and puts them together as if in a clap. Adriana is clearly in which stage of sensorimotor development? Select one: a. stage one b. stage two c. stage three d. stage four

The average newborn triples his weight by: Select one: a. 6 months. b. 9 months. c. 1 year. d. 2 years.

Trent is an infant who lacks the toys and videos that promote brain development. He spends much of his day in a playpen with kitchen items for toys, listening to his grandmother sing while his mother works outside the home. In this situation, Trent's brain development will most likely: Select one: a. proceed normally due to the self-righting tendency. b. flourish due to the self-excelling tendency. c. be somewhat impaired due to his limited environment. d. be extremely impaired due to his limited environment.

In addition to cultural influences, what is a compelling reason that causes parents to choose to co-sleep with their infant? Select one: a. Co-sleeping makes nighttime feedings easier. b. Co-sleeping allows the infant to sleep more deeply for longer periods. c. Co-sleeping helps the baby's digestion. d. Co-sleeping infants become more independent. Check

Thinking about something that has been perceived is: Select one: a. sensation. b. cognition. c. intuition. d. knowing.

A typical child at 24 months weighs about _____ pounds. Select one: a. 19 b. 28 c. 41 d. 52

On average, children begin saying recognizable words at around _____ months of age. Select one: a. 3 b. 6 c. 12 d. 24

Object permanence is demonstrated by an infant who: Select one: a. laughs when a sibling makes faces. b. grasps a rattle and bangs it on the floor. c. willing lets go of an object. d. searches for a toy that has fallen from sight.

The area in the brain that plans, anticipates, and controls impulses is the _____ cortex. Select one: a. prefrontal b. parietal c. temporal d. striate

The most lethal disease for all children in past centuries was: Select one: a. polio. b. smallpox. c. rubeola. d. anencephaly.

An abusive caregiver shakes an infant to get her to stop crying. The infant stops crying. Why? Select one: a. The infant is so startled by the shaking that she can't cry. b. Blood vessels in her brain rupture and neural connections break. c. Experience has taught her to stop crying. d. The infant's airway is damaged.

According to Chomsky's theory of language acquisition: Select one: a. children learn language through a complex process of imitation and reinforcement. b. children have an inborn ability to learn language. c. the inability to learn language is due to specific brain dysfunctions. d. language learning utilizes one particular structure in the brain.

A _____ is a ranking between 0 and 100 that compares children of the same age in order to determine whether a particular baby is growing well. Select one: a. normal score b. standard deviation c. percentile d. norm

_____ believed that children learn language by receiving adequate parental attention. Select one: a. Jean Piaget b. B. F. Skinner c. Noam Chomsky d. Leo Vygotsky Check

On average, which skill does an infant develop last? Select one: a. pulling up onto feet b. standing alone without holding on c. sitting without support d. standing while holding on

At least _____ billion children were born between the years 1950 and 2010. Select one: a. 4 b. 5 c. 6 d. 10

The last part of the brain to mature is the: Select one: a. axons. b. dendrites. c. synapses. d. prefrontal cortex.

During the sensorimotor stage, the child's main task is to: Select one: a. learn to use language to express sensations. b. think of past and future events. c. use senses and motor skills to understand the world. d. think logically and critically.

Lyrissa lives in Africa. She is 9 months old and does not weigh enough due to malnutrition. Her life is in danger. Lyrissa suffers from: Select one: a. rickets. b. hypoglycemia. c. kwashiorkor. d. marasmus.

When the immune system is primed to resist a particular disease, the process is called: Select one: a. exuberance. b. immunization. c. pertussis. d. head-sparing.

Synapses are: Select one: a. intersections where the axons of one neuron meet the dendrites of another neuron. b. where neurons make direct contact with one another. c. chemical structures that allow dendrites to send their messages to axons. d. the area where neurons determine whether a stimulus exceeds the absolute threshold or not.

According to Piaget, a stage-five sensorimotor baby is like a: Select one: a. child in the "terrible twos." b. neurotic person who cannot take no for an answer. c. mime who imitates behavior of all kinds. d. scientist who experiments to see what will happen.

Large movements that coordinate many parts of the body are known as _____ motor skills. Select one: a. athletic b. fine c. primitive d. gross

The process that first detects an external stimulus is: Select one: a. perception. b. sensation. c. interpretation. d. cognition.

When a child is more than two standard deviations underweight for his or her age, the child is suffering from a condition called: Select one: a. stunting. b. wasting. c. marasmus. d. protein calorie malnutrition.

Piaget believed children begin to develop cognitively at: Select one: a. birth. b. 3 months. c. 1 year. d. 18 months.

The term holophrase is used to denote: Select one: a. a word that is empty of meaning. b. the infant's use of one word to express a whole thought. c. the relationship of object permanence to language development. d. the use of two words to take the place of one.

Piaget referred to toddlers in sensorimotor stage five as: Select one: a. little heathens. b. tertiary infants. c. little scientists. d. blank slates.

Brain weight triples in size during first two years of life primarily because of the growth of: Select one: a. axons. b. dendrites. c. neurons. d. synapses.

Which statement supports the sociocultural perspective of language learning? Select one: a. Toddlers learn new words best by hearing an adult say a new word as they play with an unrelated object. b. Toddlers learn new words best when they are taught in person. c. Toddlers learn new words best in a group setting. d. Toddlers learn new words best by watching others talk.

From birth until age two, dendrites in the cortex increase: Select one: a. twofold. b. threefold. c. fivefold. d. tenfold.

When children are immunized, they contribute to the protection of others. This is referred to as: Select one: a. community immunity. b. vaccinating. c. herd immunity. d. failure to thrive.

Which statement describes the brain's cortex? Select one: a. It is found in the center of the brain and is responsible for primitive emotions and reflexes. b. It makes up a small percentage of the outer brain and is responsible for movement. c. It makes up the outer layers of the brain and is responsible for thinking, feeling, and sensing. d. It is the gray matter of the brain where the intersections of dendrites and axons form.

According to research, increased brainpower is most likely due to: Select one: a. transient exuberance. b. synaptic regeneration. c. axonal pruning. d. synaptic pruning.

The use of prefixes, suffixes, intonation, verb forms, pronouns, and other parts of speech is known as: Select one: a. grammar. b. sentence structure. c. speech patterns. d. syntax.

The distinct language form known as "baby talk" is a: Select one: a. verbal collection of facts and myths about having and caring for babies. b. teaching technique used to accelerate language acquisition. c. simplified language that adults use when talking to babies. d. preverbal sound (like "ga ga" and "goo goo") that mothers often make.

New research on infant long-term memory has shown that infants can remember if the researchers: Select one: a. use situations that are different from real life. b. do not let the baby move during the memory event. c. use highly emotional events. d. use special measures to aid memory retrieval, such as reminders.

In which of Piaget's sensorimotor stages do infants become aware of things and respond to people and objects? Select one: a. stage one b. stage two c. stage three d. stage four

When a child is more than two standard deviations underweight for his or her age, the child is suffering from a condition called: Select one: a. stunting. b. wasting. c. marasmus. d. protein calorie malnutrition.

A basic nerve cell in the central nervous system is called a( n): Select one: a. frontal cell. b. axon. c. dendrite. d. neuron.

Co-sleeping may be harmful to the baby if the mother: Select one: a. is in a fetal position around the baby. b. is a light sleeper. c. is drugged or drunk. d. awakens frequently.

Neurons in the brain meet at "intersections" called: Select one: a. synapses. b. cortexes. c. axons. d. dendrites.

During the sensorimotor stage, the child's main task is to: Select one: a. learn to use language to express sensations. b. think of past and future events. c. use senses and motor skills to understand the world. d. think logically and critically.

Whenever the eyes, ears, tongue, skin, or mouth detect a stimulus, a( n) _____ has occurred. Select one: a. perception b. interpretation c. sensation d. response

Slow-wave sleep: Select one: a. increases significantly at about three or four months of age. b. is also known as REM sleep. c. is also known as paradoxical sleep. d. rarely occurs until two years of age.

The learned ability to move and control some parts of the body is referred to as: Select one: a. instinct. b. facilitation. c. motor skill. d. reflex.

Fine motor skills are those that: Select one: a. develop as a result of brain damage. b. require practice. c. require small body movements. d. use three or more muscles.

Baby Sam can grab objects, but sometimes he closes his hand too early or too late. Sam is probably around _____ months old. Select one: a. 2 b. 4 c. 6 d. 8

Which statement describes the brain's cortex? Select one: a. It is found in the center of the brain and is responsible for primitive emotions and reflexes. b. It makes up a small percentage of the outer brain and is responsible for movement. c. It makes up the outer layers of the brain and is responsible for thinking, feeling, and sensing. d. It is the gray matter of the brain where the intersections of dendrites and axons form.

Fine motor skills are: Select one: a. head motions. b. small movements. c. large movements. d. feet motions.

According to the sociocultural perspective, what is the focus of early communication for infants younger than 12 months? Select one: a. context b. content c. emotion d. sound

A typical child at 24 months weighs about _____ pounds. Select one: a. 19 b. 28 c. 41 d. 52

Clean water, immunizations, and nutritious food have all had a dramatic impact on: Select one: a. infant and child mortality. b. maternal education levels. c. population constriction. d. rates of violence.

The function of neurotransmitters is to: Select one: a. bind the neurons of the central nervous system together. b. form the synapse between neurons. c. carry information from one neuron to another. d. assist in the formation of new neurons.

Binocular vision refers to the ability to: Select one: a. focus on objects at a distance. b. bring an object in and out of focus. c. focus on an object with both eyes. d. visually distinguish between similar colors.

Clara's weight is in the 30th percentile. This means that _____ percent of all babies her age weigh less than she does and _____ percent of all babies her age weigh more than she does. Select one: a. 30; 70 b. 20; 80 c. 70; 30 d. 80; 20

After a child's vocabulary has reached about 50 expressed words, vocabulary will increase by approximately _____ words per month. Select one: a. 25 to 50 b. 50 to 100 c. 100 to 125 d. 125 to 150

When children are immunized, they contribute to the protection of others. This is referred to as: Select one: a. community immunity. b. vaccinating. c. herd immunity. d. failure to thrive.

In addition to cultural influences, what is a compelling reason that causes parents to choose to co-sleep with their infant? Select one: a. Co-sleeping makes nighttime feedings easier. b. Co-sleeping allows the infant to sleep more deeply for longer periods. c. Co-sleeping helps the baby's digestion. d. Co-sleeping infants become more independent.

Abed is an average toddler. His parents can expect him to utter his first multiword sentence around: Select one: a. 12 months. b. 16 months. c. 24 months. d. 27 months.

The dozing, half-awake state often seen in newborns is called: Select one: a. REM sleep. b. paradoxical sleep. c. transitional sleep. d. postnatal sleep.

Transient exuberance is the: Select one: a. rapid growth of dendrites during the first few years of life. b. high energy that toddlers experience following a nap. c. friendliness that infants display prior to the onset of stranger wariness. d. rapid growth of axons during the first few years of life.

Infants' repetition of certain syllables at the age of about six or seven months is called: Select one: a. cooing. b. holophrasing. c. gurgling. d. babbling.