question

Perhaps the most valuable outcome of the study of the history of psychology is that one will learn the ____.

answer

relationships among psychology's ideas, theories, and research strategies

question

Even when some women were admitted to graduate programs in psychology, they still encountered many barriers to their success, such as ____.

answer

All of the Above

question

The various schools of thought in psychology have served well as systems to be opposed. In each case, ____ was the consequence.

answer

A new school of thought

question

Psychology is marked by diversity and divisiveness. The one aspect of the discipline that provides cohesiveness and a common ground for discourse is its ____.

answer

History

question

An "autobiography" of Jung was evidently written not by Jung but by an assistant who ____.

answer

altered and/or deleted some of Jung's writings to present him in a manner suiting his family and followers

question

Which psychologist burned his/her own letters, manuscripts, and research notes before s/he died?

answer

John Watson

question

Modern psychology differs from philosophy in which of the following ways?

answer

Modern psychology uses objective methods to study questions. Philosophy depends upon speculation and intuition in order to answer questions.

question

The term "Zeitgeist" refers to ____.

answer

the intellectual and cultural climate of the times

question

A school of thought emerges whenever ____.

answer

a group shares a theoretical orientation and investigates similar problems

question

As a scientific discipline, psychology is ____.

answer

One of the newest and one of the oldest

question

"The man makes the times," reflects which view of history?

answer

personalisitic

question

The term historiography refers to ____.

answer

the techniques, principles, and issues involved in historical research

question

Modern psychology shares which of the following characteristics with ancient Greek philosophy?

answer

An interest in the same types of questions about human nature

question

In the first years of psychology's emergence as a new discipline, which man determined its direction?

answer

Willhem Wundt

question

The stage in the development of a science when it is still divided into schools of thought is called ____.

answer

Preparadigmatic

question

Which contextual influence on psychology lead to the growth of psychology in the areas of personnel selection, psychological testing, and engineering psychology?

answer

Demands generated by the world wars

question

The _____ theory would support the claim: "Freud was instrumental in discovering psychoanalysis. If not for Freud, no other psychologist would have been able to undercover the human psyche."

answer

personalistic

question

When ____ enrolled as a graduate student at Clark University, the administration arranged a separate dining table for her/him.

answer

Francis Sumner

question

The three contextual forces in the history of psychology were ____.

answer

economic opportunities, wars, and discrimination

question

Which theory suggests that "the times make the person"?

answer

Naturalistic

question

Simultaneous discovery favors which view of history?

answer

Naturalistic

question

The contextual forces in psychology deal with the ____.

answer

social, economical, and political factors that influenced the field.

question

In Kuhn's philosophy of science, when Einstein's theory of relativity replaced Galilean-Newtonian physics, a(n) ____ occurred.

answer

Scientific Revolution

question

In contrast to the events that are studied in science, historical events cannot be ____.

answer

repeated

question

According to the textbook, psychology as a discipline has ____.

answer

engaged in the discriminatory practices that mark American culture as a whole

question

Skinner's self-discipline as a student and Freud's being ignored and rejected early in his career indicated that ____.

answer

participants may themselves produce biased accounts

question

In the 1970s, the publication of the research of John Garcia was significantly delayed because ____.

answer

his findings challenged the prevailing view in stimulus-response (S-R) learning theory

question

The terms ego and id, which do not precisely represent Freud's ideas, are examples of ____.

answer

data distorted by translation

question

Aristotle held that the mind was a wax slate upon which impressions are made. Locke invoked the metaphor of the ____ to illustrate the same phenomenon.

answer

Tabula rasa

question

Which of the following ideas has psychology borrowed from natural physics?

answer

effects are predictable and measureable

question

For Descartes, the application of mathematical principles to sciences would produce ____.

answer

certainty of knowledge

question

While Hartley's fundamental law of association was ____, he also proposed that ____ was necessary for associations to be formed.

answer

contiguity; repetition

question

According to the textbook, the dominant idea of the 17th century was ____.

answer

mechanism

question

Which of the following is a contribution of Rene Descartes to modern psychology?

answer

a mechanistic conception of the body. the theory of reflex action. mind-body interaction. localization of mental function in the brain. All of the choices are correct.

question

According to Descartes, the pineal gland was the part of the brain ____.

answer

where the mind and body interact

question

John Locke disagreed with the doctrine of innate ideas. According to Locke, ____.

answer

the mind is a blank slate at birth; therefore, there are no innate ideas

question

Which British empiricist championed women's rights and condemned the unequal status of women?

answer

John Stuart Mill

question

The doctrine that considers the facts of the universe to be sufficiently explained in physical terms by the existence and nature of matter is ____.

answer

Materialism

question

Who can be said to have inaugurated the era of modern psychology?

answer

Descartes

question

Which philosopher believed that the only things that humans know with certainty are those objects that are perceived?

answer

George Berkeley

question

Both the term and concept of positivism represent the thought of ____.

answer

Comte

question

In modern terminology, Descartes would argue that if the inputs are known, the behavioral outputs can be predicted. Thus, he is an intellectual ancestor of ____.

answer

S-R psychology

question

The response of salivation following the stimulus of food on the tongue is an illustration of Descartes' ____.

answer

reflex action theory

question

____, the most radically mechanistic of the British empiricists, claimed that the mind is a machine and that there is no freedom of the will, believing instead that the mind is totally a passive entity and all thought can be analyzed in terms of sensations.

answer

James Mill

question

James Mill demonstrated a radical perspective because he believed that the mind is a(n) ___.

answer

machine

question

____ are mechanized figures that could almost perfectly duplicate the movements of living things.

answer

Automata

question

Before Descartes, the accepted point of view was that the interaction between mind and body was essentially unidirectional, that ____.

answer

The mind influenced the body

question

The notion of secondary qualities was proposed by Locke to explain ____.

answer

the distinction between the physical world and one's experience of it

question

The doctrine that explains phenomena on one level (such as complex ideas) in terms of phenomena on another level (such as simple ideas) is ____.

answer

Reductionism

question

Which of the following statements best describes Descartes' dualistic theory of human nature?

answer

The mind and body mutually influence each other's actions

question

Complex ideas formed from simple ideas take on new qualities. This is a definition of ____.

answer

John Stuart Mill's creative synthesis

question

The doctrine of ____ is important because it stimulated opposition among early empiricists and associationists.

answer

innate ideas

question

Derived ideas ____.

answer

arise from the direct application of an external stimulus

question

The idea of a house is an example of Descartes' notion of ____.

answer

derived ideas

question

Why was the mechanical clock a revolutionary invention?

answer

Clocks brought precision, regularity, and predictability to everyday life, which was later developed into a model for science

question

Empiricism attributes all knowledge to ____.

answer

experience

question

What was the significance of the defecating duck?

answer

It demonstrated the Zeitgeist of the time. It was widely popular and well-known. It was described as the "glory of France." It was one example of the spirit of mechanism. All of the above.

question

Which theorist believed that people are similar to machines?

answer

Descartes

question

The theories of mechanism that invoke the movement of atoms to explain the universe were developed by ____.

answer

Newton and Galileo

question

The practice of psychosurgery such as prefrontal lobotomies, has its roots in the ____.

answer

Extirpation Method

question

The scientific study of the relations between mental and physical processes is a definition of ____.

answer

psychophysics

question

The pursuit of knowledge through the observation of nature and the attribution of all knowledge to experience is ____.

answer

empiricism

question

Whose major contributions to the new psychology involved the two-point threshold and the just noticeable difference?

answer

Ernst Weber

question

Fechner wrote satirical essays ridiculing medicine and science under the pen name ____.

answer

Dr. Mises

question

Fechner's flash of insight about the mind-body connection was that there is a(n) ____ relationship between a mental sensation and a material stimulus.

answer

Quantitative

question

In modern medicine, the cause of a person's dementia typically cannot be determined until autopsy. Thus, ____ clinical research method continues to be of significance in medicine and psychology.

answer

Broca's

question

Electrical stimulation as a method of mapping the cerebral cortex was introduced by ____.

answer

Fritsch and Hitzig

question

What was the ratio of a weight to its just noticeable difference weight when they were lifted? What was the ratio of a weight to its just noticeable difference weight when the weights were placed in the subject's hands?

answer

1:40; 1:30

question

The ____ method is described as a type of posthumous extirpation.

answer

Clinical

question

According to Locke, simple ideas become complex ideas through the process of ____.

answer

Reflection

question

Which of the following is true of Fechner?

answer

He taught at Leipzig. He developed the notion of the pleasure principle. He seriously damaged his eyes by looking at the sun through colored glasses. He was "cured" of some symptoms by eating spiced raw ham soaked in Rhine wine and lemon juice. All of the choices are correct.

question

Why was David Kinnebrook fired?

answer

His observations differed from his boss'

question

____ discovered the law, S = K log R.

answer

Fechner

question

Weber's Law, the formulation of how much change in a stimulus is required for a subject to detect it, rests on the measurement of the ___.

answer

just noticeable difference

question

While euphoric and suffering from delusions of grandeur, Fechner ____.

answer

developed the idea of the pleasure principle

question

What invention was considered the perfect metaphor for the "spirit of mechanism"?

answer

the clock

question

What was the most influential doctrine to modern psychology?

answer

Empiricism

question

Wundt's term voluntarism reflects his emphasis on the ____.

answer

the power of the will to organize the contents of the mind

question

Külpe's method emphasized all of the following except ____.

answer

Investigating unconscious processes

question

According to Wundt, there were two elementary forms of experience, namely ____.

answer

Sensation and feelings

question

Wundt argued that cognitive processes such as learning and memory could not be studied by experimental methods because ____.

answer

they were influenced by language and aspects thereof

question

Titchener noted that the first significant advance in the study of learning since Aristotle was ____.

answer

the development of the nonsense syllable

question

The Gestalt psychologists' best-known tenet is that the whole is greater than the sum of its parts. This same tenet was alleged in Wundt's principle of ____.

answer

Apperception

question

If you look at a rose and observe, "The rose is red," you are observing the ____.

answer

Mediate experience

question

Wundt established psychology as distinct from philosophy primarily in terms of its ____.

answer

Use of the experimental method

question

The subject matter of psychology is the act of experiencing, according to ____.

answer

Brentano

question

The fundamental purpose of creating nonsense syllables was to ____.

answer

Control for previous learning

question

Which of the following is NOT one of Wundt's experimental conditions?

answer

Observers must be able to describe the qualitative aspects of their experiences.

question

Wundt's doctrine of apperception refers to ____.

answer

the process of organizing mental elements into a whole

question

Külpe opposed Wundt by claiming that conscious thought processes can be carried out without the presence of sensations or feelings. Külpe's view is known as ____.

answer

Imageless thought

question

For Brentano, the primary research method was ____.

answer

Observation

question

Stumpf's method of observation was ____.

answer

Phenomenology

question

Ebbinghaus is important for the history of psychology because he ____.

answer

successfully challenged Wundt's claim that higher mental processes, such as learning and memory, could not be studied in the laboratory

question

Act psychology, in contrast to Wundt's approach, claimed that psychology should ____.

answer

study mental processes or functions and not mental structure

question

Research suggests that many psychology historians consider ____ to be the most important psychologist of all time

answer

Wundt

question

For Wundt, the subject matter of psychology was ____.

answer

Consciousness

question

Titchener excluded women from the meetings of the Titchener Experimentalists because women:

answer

Were too pure to smoke

question

Which of Titchener's basic elements of consciousness does not possess clearness?

answer

Affective States

question

Titchener vigorously cautioned experimental psychologists about the stimulus error, that is, about ____.

answer

Describing the observed object rather than the experience of it

question

As more and more students became drawn to Titchener's lectures at Cornell, he ____.

answer

He became less actively engaged in laboratory research

question

Titchener discarded aspects of Wundt's system, including ____.

answer

Apperception

question

Who scolded Titchener for still practicing "a very old fashioned standpoint" in excluding women from psychology meetings?

answer

Ladd-Franklin

question

When Titchener returned to Oxford with his doctorate from Wundt, his colleagues ____.

answer

were skeptical of the use of scientific approaches to philosophical questions

question

The influence of mechanism on Titchener is exemplified in his ____.

answer

use of the chemistry term reagents instead of observers

question

According to the textbook, a significant contribution of structuralism was ____.

answer

its service as a target for criticism

question

The sum of our experiences as they exist at a particular moment is Titchener's definition of ____.

answer

Consciousness

question

Titchener's research led him to conclude that affective states had only ____ dimension(s); namely ____.

answer

one; pleasure/displeasure

question

In their evaluation of Titchener's theoretical viewpoint toward the end of his career, Schultz and Schultz conclude that he was ____.

answer

as flexible and open to change as scientists are supposed to be

question

By the 1920s the term used by Titchener for his system of psychology was ____.

answer

Existential

question

The two most important contributions of Titchener's system to modern psychology are ____.

answer

his experimental method and a strong position to protest

question

The school of structuralism includes the work and/or systems of which of the following?

answer

Titchener

question

Titchener's graduate student observers were instructed to ignore certain classes of words called ____ words.

answer

Meaning

question

____ was the first American woman to receive a Ph.D. degree in psychology.

answer

Margaret Floy Washburn

question

Titchener argued that psychology is unique among the sciences because ____.

answer

psychology alone is dependent on experiencing persons

question

Subjects in Titchener's laboratory were asked to ____.

answer

swallow a stomach tube record their sensations and feelings during urination and defecation make notes of their sensations and feelings during sexual intercourse attach measuring devices to their bodies to record their physiological responses during sexual intercourse All of the choices are correct

question

Titchener's descriptors of sensations did NOT include which of the following?

answer

Propensity

question

What is often considered to be the first psychology laboratory in the United States was established by ____.

answer

Hall

question

A unique aspect of Woolley's dissertation research was the ____.

answer

attribution of sex differences to social and environmental factors

question

John Dewey is credited with initiating the early development of functional psychology in his paper entitled, "The Reflex Arc Concept in Psychology." What was the major point that Dewey made in this paper?

answer

Behavior cannot be properly understood or analyzed into simple stimulus-response units. Behavior must be understood in terms of its result and the adaptive significance of the behavior to the organism.

question

Who was the earliest to argue that the mind exists in its present form because of past and present efforts to adapt to various environments?

answer

Spencer

question

The study of the total organism as it functions in its environment was the focus of the system posited by ____.

answer

Dewey

question

The force behind Howard University's becoming a leading institution for the education of African American psychologists was ____.

answer

Sumner

question

Synthetic as used in the name "synthetic philosophy" refers to ____.

answer

Combining or synthesizing

question

James's term for his debilitating disorder was ____.

answer

Americanitis

question

According to ____, the goal of psychology is to study how the mind enables and facilitates the adaptation of the organism to its environment.

answer

Angell

question

For Angell, the fact that consciousness exists demonstrates that it is ____.

answer

Adaptive and essential for an organisms survival

question

James was vocally criticized by other early psychologists because he ____.

answer

studied psychic phenomena and moved away from scientific psychology

question

James's position on psychophysics was to ____.

answer

accept it as a component of psychology to be studied by experimentation

question

Who guided functionalism into becoming a formal school by giving it the focus and stature to earn respect in the scientific community?

answer

Angell

question

Who succeeded Angell as head of the University of Chicago's department of psychology, under which functionalism at Chicago reached its peak?

answer

Carr

question

William James used the term "stream of consciousness" to indicate ____.

answer

that the changing nature of consciousness prevents its analysis into mental elements

question

According to Woodworth, psychological knowledge must begin with ____.

answer

The stimulus and response

question

Who was the founder and first president of the American Psychological Association?

answer

Hall

question

The notion that children's development reflects the history of the human race is the ____.

answer

recapitulation theory

question

For Angell, functionalism was to study the adaptive utility of ____.

answer

Consciousness

question

ames described the manuscript of his book, The Principles of Psychology, as testimony to the fact that ____.

answer

A science of psychology did not exist

question

Wundt's most important contribution to psychology was ____.

answer

"selling" psychology to the scientific community describing psychology as an experimental science beginning the first psychological journal his publications, which are still widely read today All of the above

question

Wundt's productivity as a writer can be quantified by his output, which averaged ____.

answer

2.2 pages per day for over 50 years

question

The early 20th-century American government policy of sterilizing mentally retarded females is an example of ____.

answer

eugenics

question

In Wundt's laboratory, introspection was used to assess ____.

answer

Immediate Experience

question

The first person(s) to engage in large studies of experimental comparative psychology was/were ____.

answer

Morgan

question

Wundt's theory of feelings was based on ____.

answer

His own introspection

question

Who was the first to show that biological and social data were normally distributed?

answer

Quetelet

question

Feelings or emotions lack clearness because ____.

answer

if we focus on them to determine clearness, the feeling or emotion disappears.

question

A theory of evolution based on natural selection was developed independently by ____.

answer

Charles Darwin and Alfred and Wallace

question

Toward the end of Titchener's career, he came to favor the ____ method instead of the ____ method.

answer

phenomenological; introspective

question

Ebbinghaus measured the rate of human learning by ____.

answer

counting the number of repetitions needed for one perfect reproduction of the material

question

The notion that there is a continuity of consciousness and cognitive processes between animals and humans was suggested and/or demonstrated by ____.

answer

Darwin's evidence

question

To study mental imagery, Galton used which self-report method?

answer

The questionnaire

question

In a public debate on evolution, ____ refuted the points made against evolution by ____.

answer

Huxley; WIlberforce

question

Which of the of the following statements best summarizes the protest of functional psychology against Wundt and Titchener?

answer

Functional psychology claimed that Wundt's and Titchener's approaches were too restrictive because they did not study the practical value of mental processes.

question

In addition to introspection, another criticism of Titchener's system was its ____.

answer

Artificiality and Sterility

question

Wundt classified sensations according to which characteristics?

answer

Intensity, duration, and sense modality

question

The ultimate fate of Wundt's laboratory at Leipzig was that it ____.

answer

was destroyed by allied bombing raids during WWII

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