question

An experiment that gets the subject involved and interested but that does not represent events that occur in the real world is:

answer

high in experimental realism and low in mundane realism

question

Debriefing a subject at the end of an experiment:

answer

is a valuable way of undoing some of the discomfort and deception that may have occurred during the experiment.

question

A study on dating relationships found that the number of text messages sent between dating partners increased with the number of miles they lived apart. This finding is a:

answer

positive correlation.

question

Participants in experiments may gain some unique insight about themselves that they never knew before as a result of their being in a social psychology study. Aronson argues that it would be _________ for social psychologists to justify their research because of such insight.

answer

arrogant and unethical

question

Which of the following words pairs corresponds most likely t0 "cause-effect"?

answer

independent variable and dependent variable.

question

If subjects know the true purpose of an experiment while participating in it, the most serious risk is if they:

answer

act in ways they believe will make them look good or "normal".

question

Many subjects in a study done by Robyn Dawes, Jeanne McTavish, and Harriet Shaklee experienced considerable discomfort after their participation in a study of how people respond to "social dilemmas." This study was included in The Social Animal to illustrate:

answer

that no code of ethics can anticipate all problems, even when an experiment is carefully planned and conducted.

question

In conducting an experiment, the researcher's goal is to:

answer

determine whether manipulations of the independent variable cause systematic differences in the subjects' behavior

question

Jane is a subject in Milgram's study of obedience. As she delivers increasingly severe shocks to the "learner", she feels a great deal of anxiety, engages in nervous laughter, and breaks out into a sweat. Caught in the grip of conflicting emotions, she would like to stop but feels like she must continue to obey the orders of the experimenter. She has never encountered a situation like this before. Cased on the description, what can we conclude about the Milgram experiment?

answer

It was high in experimental realism.

question

According to the text, ethical dilemmas faced by experimental social psychologists stem from two conflicting values to which most researchers subscribe. These values are reflected in the belief _____, versus the belied ______.

answer

that free scientific inquiry is important; that the dignity of humans and their right to privacy should be represented.

question

According to Aronson, the most important condition which must be met before any experiment can lead to definite cause-and-effect conclusions is:

answer

random assignment of subjects to groups.

question

The dependent variable in an experiment is used to measure:

answer

the effects of the independent variable.

question

In the context of an experiment, "random assignment" means that:

answer

each subject has an equal chance to be in any condition in the study.

question

The reason experimenters randomly assign participants to different conditions in an experiment is to:

answer

try to distribute unique characteristics of the participants equally between conditions.

question

A study on increased attraction following arousing events compared the degree of liking people between people in a sky diving club after a jump versus members of a chess club in New York's Central Park after a match. This study would have _____ and _____.

answer

high mundane realism: high experimental realism.

question

The factor systematically varied by the experimenter is usually termed:

answer

the independent variable

question

In Asch's study of conformity, which involved a comparison of the lengths of different lines, subjects were told that the experiment was about perceptual judgement. Telling subjects this:

answer

was part of the experimenter's cover story.

question

Which of the following in not an ethical guideline proposed by Aronson in conducting an experiment?

answer

Deception, in general, can be justified in all experiments, provided that they subjects are adequately debriefed at the end.

question

Suppose you constructed an experiment to better understand the effect of the content of a speech on how persuaded people were by it. In this experiment, the independent variable would be:

answer

the content of the speech.

question

Generally, the relationship between control and impact is such that:

answer

as impact increases, control decreases.

question

Psychiatric interviews of subjects in Milgram's obedience study (in which subjects believed they were delivering intense electric shocks to another person) conducted one year following the study, revealed:

answer

that many subjects believed their participation in the study had been both instructive and enriching.

question

Suppose you volunteered to be a subject in a psychology experiment in which you were locking into a sound-proof booth and were told that your brain waves were being measured. Furthermore, you truly believed that your brain wave pattern was being used to predict your basic personality traits. According to Aronson, this experiment would have _____ mundane realism and _____ experimental realism.

answer

low; high

question

In an experiment, two groups of college students were shown the same pictures of 25 different women from a different campus. However, for one group the photos were altered to make the faces in the photographs appear more symmetrical. Participants rated the attractiveness of the women on a one-to-ten scale with 10 being very attractive and one being very unattractive. Which is the independent variable?

answer

whether or not the photographs were symmetrical

question

According to the text, the first step in the scientific method is:

answer

observation.

question

In an experiment, two groups of college students were shown the same pictures of 25 different women from a different campus. However, for one group the photos were altered to make the faces in the photographs appear more symmetrical. Participants rated the attractiveness of the women on a one-to-ten scale with 10 being very attractive and one being very unattractive. Which is the dependent variable?

answer

the one to ten attractiveness rating scales.

question

In the Aronson and Mills experiment, the ____ was (were) the independent variable(s) and the _____ was (were) the dependent variable(s):

answer

severity of initation; women's liking for the discussion group.

question

Aronson believes that the study of social psychology is:

answer

an art and a science.

question

The crucial difference between experimental and nonexperimental methods of investigation is that experimental methods involve:

answer

the use of random assignment.

question

If deception is used, its negative effects may be reduced by:

answer

debriefing the subject.

question

The Informed Consent is a document that participants read and sign before starting an experiment. It addition to a basic description of the experiment, the information in this form should also explain any physical or psychological risk so that participants can assess whether or not to participate in the experiment. According to Aronson's five guidelines for ethical experimentation, participants should them be:

answer

reassured they may quit the experiment at any time with no penalty.

question

Which of the following is NOT an advantage that professional social psychologists have over amateur social psychologists?

answer

Professionals use observations of social phenomena in their thinking about social phenomena, where as amateurs cannot.

question

Kia believes that U.S. President Barack Obama was able to get his medical reform legislation passed in Congress because Democrats had an overwhelming majority of seats, and that it would have happened whether or not Obama was president. This is an example of :

answer

the situation view.

question

Aronson defines social psychology as:

answer

the influences that people have upon the beliefs, feelings, and behaviors of others.

question

Kia believes that U.S. President Barack Obama was able to get his medical reform legislation passed in Congress because of his dynamic interpersonal skills. This is an example of:

answer

the dispositional view.

question

Tomoko explains that his teacher is a kind, gentle person and that is why Tomoko does well in school. Tomoko's appraisal of her teacher is best thought of as an example of:

answer

the dispositional view.

question

In his first chapter, Aronson defines social psychology as the study of:

answer

social influences.

question

According to Aronson's text, the statement that we are all "amateur" social psychologists means that:

answer

we all develop hypotheses about social behavior because we spend a lot of time interacting with other people.

question

The subjects in Zimbardo's prison study were:

answer

normal, mature, stable young men.

question

Aronson's first law reminds us that:

answer

situations can cause most normal people to behave in abnormal ways.

question

Which of the following statements best reflects a dispositional view of human behavior?

answer

"Bob is so self-centered that he has trouble getting along with other people."

question

In Zimbardo's prison study, how were subjects assigned the role of prisoner or guard?

answer

Roles were assigned by flipping a coin.

question

Cover stories are used to:

answer

mislead subjects about the true purpose of the experiment.

question

In an experiment, extraneous (non-manipulated) variables are controlled by:

answer

making all aspects of the procedure identical for all conditions, except for the independent variable manipulation.

question

Suppose you conduct an experiment to study the effect of violence in television shows on aggressiveness in children. The dependent variable would be:

answer

how aggressive the children are.

question

In social psychology experiments, the experimenter tries to:

answer

create a functional equivalent to conditions in the real world.

question

In his or her attempts to understand human social behavior, the professional social psychologist has the advantage of being able to:

answer

control the influences of irrelevant factors when studying a problem.

question

In the circumstances surrounding the Abu Ghriab prison in which American soldiers abused Iraqi detainees resembles the situation in Zimbardo's prison study. Generalizing from this study, the guards' behaviors could be explained as a result of:

answer

untrained guards being placed in an unusual situation.

question

After the 2008 elections, Joe tells Mary that he knew all along Barack Obama would be elected. This is an example of:

answer

the hindsight effect.

question

Explaining unpleasant behavior as labeling people "crazy" or "sadistic":

answer

is dangerous if is causes us to forget about situational factors that could cause us to engage in unpleasant behaviors.

question

You and a friend are watching the news and hear about a murder in New York City, witnessed by dozens of bystanders- none of whom attempted to help the victim or even telephone the police. You friend expresses utter disgust at the incident, remarking "People who live in big cities have no compassion for others. They lack fundamental decency- all they care about is themselves." Your friend's remark best reflects:

answer

a dispositional view of the world.

question

In Zimbardo's prison study, psychologically normal men we randomly assigned to the role of playing a guard or a prisoner. After six days, the "prisoners" because servile, dehumanized robots, while "guards" became despicable and cruel. In general, the results of the study probably indicate that:

answer

the situation is primarily responsible for behavior, not the personalities of subjects.

question

People tend to explain the causes of other people's behavior as being a result of their personalities. Thus, if Luke gets a bad grade on a test, it must be because he is stupid. This tendency is called:

answer

the dispositional view.

question

Why did Zimbardo discontinue his prison experiment?

answer

The subjects lost sight of the difference between their own "self" and the "role" that they were playing.

question

Our tendency to overestimate our powers of prediction once we know the outcome of a given event is known as:

answer

the hindsight bias.

question

The main reason social psychologists want their experiments to have impact on subjects is that, without impact:

answer

subjects' reactions will not be spontaneous and, thus, the results of the experiment will have little meaning.

question

If researchers find a positive correlation between cowardice and nosebleeds, it is most likely that:

answer

any, all, or none of these answer choices.

question

In an experiment, two groups of college students were shown the same pictures of 25 different women from a different campus. However, for one group the photos were altered to make the faces in the photographs appear more symmetrical. Participants rated the attractiveness of the women on a one-to-ten scale with 10 being very attractive and one being very unattractive. In this experiment, which variable is most likely a control variable?

answer

The sex of the person in the pictures

question

According to Aronson, the "uncle Charlie" effect can lead to considerable influence over us because of our fondness or admiration for a specific person. The type of influence is called:

answer

identification.

question

Schachter and Singer (1962) (in their study in which subjects were injected with ephinephrine, but thought they were getting the vitamin "suproxin") demonstrated that:

answer

physiological arousal for when we have no ready explanation will often be interpreted as terms of various external cues.

question

In a group-influence task such as the line judging experiment described in the text, a single dissenter can make it more likely that others resist the urge to conform if they:

answer

answer against the majority of the group, whether they are correct or not.

question

A group is most likely to influence us when they are ______ in their opinion.

answer

unanimous

question

Studying on conformity and jaywalking indicate that:

answer

pedestrians are less likely to jaywalk when they observe a high-status well-dressed person who refrains from jaywalking.

question

Three responses to social influences are compliance, identification, and internalization. The major component for each of them respectively is:

answer

power, attractiveness, and credibility.

question

According to Aronson, when people find themselves in an ambiguous situation, people will use the behavior of others as a template for their own behavior. When people find themselves in a similar situation in the future, they will:

answer

know how to act and not need the cue of the behavior of others.

question

Because Joe's parents can't stand his wild friend Larry, Joe spends even more time hanging out with Larry. Joe's behavior is best thought of as an example of:

answer

anti-conformists.

question

Which of the following is not a characteristic of internalization:

answer

[A] a) It is based on the admiration or liking of another. b) It is the most deeply rooted and permanent response to social influences. c) It is based on the desire to be right. d) The behavior is internally or intrinsically motivated.

question

William James' theory of emotion suggests a two-part process that indicates:

answer

physiological arousal and a cognitive label.

question

Which of the following was one accurate finding in Solomon Asch's experiment on conformity?

answer

Around one-third of the responses of the naive subjects went along with the group.

question

In Asch's conformity experiments, the discomfort felt by subjects who expressed agreement with the incorrect judgments of the majority could result from the conflict between two important goals. It was suggested that the goals in conflict are:

answer

a goal of being correct and a goal of staying in the good graces of others by living up to their expectations.

question

When are people least likely to throw a flier on the ground?

answer

when a model picked up a discarded fast-food bag and placed it in the trash can.

question

Fear of punishment would be the major motivation in which of the following?

answer

compliance

question

According to Irving Janis, the maladaptive phenomenon of groupthink is more likely to occur when:

answer

concurrence-seeking processes override realistic appraisal of alternative courses of action.

question

According to Janis, groupthink most often leads a group to make:

answer

mostly poor quality decisions.

question

Haney has conducted research on murder trials that use the death qualification procedure, in which potential jury members are opposed to the death penalty are systematically excluded from jury duty. Compared to subjects who did not witness a film segment showing this procedure, the subjects who did observe the procedure were more likely to:

answer

belief that the defendant was guilty and would end up receiving the death penalty.

question

Suppose you saw a small child eating lima beans with obvious reluctance. When asked why she was eating them if she wasn't fond of them, she replied, "Because Big Bird eats his vegetables, and I want to be like him!" What type of conformity is she displaying?

answer

identification.

question

According to research on bystander intervention, an individual is more likely to be helped when potential helpers:

answer

assume personal responsibility for intervening.

question

What is the general relationship between accountability and conformity?

answer

When a person knows he will be accountable to a group for his actions, he will be more likely to conform.

question

In the event that is thought to have motivated social psychologists to begin studying helping behavior and other forms of prosocial behavior was:

answer

The murder of Kitty Genovese.

question

Research indicates that when people observe a conformity experiment like Asch's (in which subjects conformed to the erroneous judgments of others regarding the length of lines) they typically predict that:

answer

That they, personally, would exhibit less conformity that the subjects they are observing.

question

One implication discussed from Milgram's classic experiment is:

answer

Many innocent people had been killed by Nazi soldiers because the soldiers said that they were only following orders.

question

According to Aronson's analysis of the Challenger disaster, which of the following mostly likely did not contribute to the disaster?

answer

NASA engineers assured management that all safety measurements had been taken.

question

Even though you believe college tuition should be increased to meet rising expenses, you go along with a group of friends as they organize a protest for lower tuition. This is an example of:

answer

identification

question

An important aspect of groupthink is the presence of _____ - people who censor troublesome incoming information.

answer

mindguards

question

Disastrous decisions make by memebers of Hilter's inner circle, Nixon's "palace guard" and NASA officials involved in the launch of the ill-fated Challenger shuttle were a consequence of a maladaptive decision-making strategy Irving Janis calls:

answer

groupthink

question

If we think our actions will reduce the pain of someone in need, we are likely to:

answer

respond quickly to reduce our own discomfort brought on by our feelings of empathy.

question

In the experiment by Schachter and Singer, some subjects were given a drug causing physiological arousal and were warned about the side effects of the drug (i.e. hand tremors and heart palpitations). How did subjects who were given the same drug, but not warned of the drug's side effects, interpret their feelings of arousal?

answer

They thought they were happy or angry, depending on the behavior of the confederate in the experiment.

question

Which of these is not a characteristic of groupthink?

answer

[C] a) the perception of invulernability b) blinding optimism c) the illusion of too many good alternatives d) a lack of expressed dissenting opinions

question

In an experiment by Schachter, subjects engaged in group discussions of a juvenile delinquent named Jonny Rocco and were asked to suggest treatment for him ranging from "very lenient" to "very hard". When later asked how much they like other members of their group- some of whom were confederates of the experimenter- subjects gave the highest ratings to:

answer

the "Modal" confederate-- consistently conformed to opinions of real subjects.

question

In a study (Keisler et al.) in which an envelope was left hanging out of a mailbox with money exposed to passersby, the money was most often stolen when the:

answer

mailbox had graffiti on it.

question

In his study of obedience to authority, Milgram found that:

answer

when the experimenter was out of the room, fewer subjects were fully obedient.

question

If a major league baseball umpire calls a bad call in front of 50,000 fans and a national TV audience, he is unlikely to reverse his call when pressure by other umpires because:

answer

he made a public commitment to his initial call.

question

According to Festinger, when physical reality _____, people's reliance on the social reality ______.

answer

decreases; increases

question

Which type of conformity which is the most likely to persist the longest is a result of:

answer

internalization

question

In which situation is there likely to be more conformity?

answer

when women are in an experiment with a male researcher.

question

John Jost argues that his research covering 44 years worth of studies indicates that the reason conservatives and liberals are not persuaded by each other's arguments rests in the individual differences between them. More specifically, conservatives _____ while liberals _____.

answer

are more persuaded by messages of fear; are more persuaded by fact-based arguments.

question

Suppose you see and ad for a deodorant that focuses on how effective it is in comparison tests, how it compares in cost to other products, and that it is all natural. The persuasion appeal is

answer

the central route.

question

The main way in which an attitude differs from an opinion is that an attitude:

answer

includes an emotional component.

question

Assume a speaker has low credibility with the audience. For maximum attitude change, how discrepant from the audience's initial position should the communication be?

answer

moderately discrepant.

question

The news media's sensationalizing of events such as suicides and the Tylenol poisonings sometimes incites copycat suicides and copycat poisonings. This phenomenon is known as:

answer

emotional contagion.

question

Suppose you are going to organize a program for high school students advocating stricter enforcement of the drug laws. All other things being equal, your most persuasive speaker would be:

answer

a person serving a jail-sentence for drug possession.

question

During the 1988 Presidential campaign, Willie Horton was candidate George Bush's (the elder) most valuable player because:

answer

Bush used Horton's crime to criticize Dukakis's stance on crime.

question

To change a person's attitudes the most, a communicator should present a position that is high distant or discrepant from the person's initial position.

answer

This statement is true only for high- credibility communicators.

question

Generally, high-fear appeals are more effective than low-fear appeals in producing behavior change when:

answer

specific instructions are provided on how to avoid painful consequences.

question

Research in attitude change suggests that in order to be a credible source, a communicator should be both:

answer

expert and trustworthy.

question

In a study by Hovland and Weiss, subjects heard arguments regarding the feasibility of atomic submarines. Subjects were more persuaded by physicist J. Robert Oppenheimer, rather than the Soviet newspaper Pravda, because:

answer

Oppenheimer was perceived as an expert and trustworthy source of information, unlike Pravda

question

According to Aronson, if you were to give one of two persuasive speeches, you would choose to speak second if the time between the first and second speech were _____ and the interval of time between the second speech and the audience's action was _____.

answer

long; short

question

According to research on the television film, The Day After, which statement graphically depicted the aftermath of a nuclear attack on the US?

answer

Both viewers and nonviewers said they intended to work toward preventing nuclear war by supporting a nuclear-weapons freeze and other antinuclear activities.

question

Walster and Festinger conducted an experiment in which subjects "overheard" a conversation between two graduate students, one of who expressed an opinion on a certain issue. Subjects' opinions were influenced by the graduate student's opinion when:

answer

the subject believed the graduate students were unaware of his/her presence.

question

According to several studies of television crime dramas:

answer

television tends to ignore situational pressures which lead to criminal activities.

question

One way of decreasing the persuasibility of members of an audience is:

answer

to forewarn them that someone is going to try to persuade them.

question

The impact of television commercials on young children is reflected in the fact that

answer

according to their mothers, a majority of preschoolers were able to sing commercial jingles learned from TV

question

When is a two-sided message likely to be more effective than a one-sided message?

answer

When the audience is well informed and in general opposition to the position of the source.

question

In his study of the effects of media coverage of teenage suicides, David Philips found that

answer

there was an increase in teen suicides following the coverage.

question

Petty and Cacioppo say the two routes to persuasion are:

answer

The central and the peripheral.

question

Elizabeth, a high school student who smokes cigarettes, saw a film in her health class that depicted horrible scenes of people dying from lung cancer. After class a friend asks if the video convinced her to stop smoking. She said no. However, a few days later, she realized she did want to quit and decided to sign up for a program to help her. Based on research on persuasion, which might you conclude?

answer

Elizabeth has a low self-esteem.

question

According to the text, what percentage of 10th grade students believed that commercials were truthful most of the time?

answer

4%

question

Under certain conditions, a two-sided argument may be more persuasive than a one-sided argument because:

answer

a well-informed audience is aware of both sides of the issue and, thus, would tend to perceive a one-sided argument as unfair or biased.

question

Fear appeals seem to work best when:

answer

followed by specific instructions for appropriate actions.

question

Matthew McGlone presented college students with unfamiliar aphorisms that rhyme (woes unite foes) and the same ideas presented in a non-rhyming fashion (woes unite enemies). He found that the students were:

answer

more persuaded by the aphorisms that rhymed.

question

The more frightened a person is by the communication, the more likely he/she is to take immediate preventative action. This statement:

answer

describes the way a person with high self-esteem might react to the message.

question

In the aftermath of Sept. 11 attacks the US government issued several warnings of imminent terrorist attacks. Which statement is true regarding the warnings?

answer

The warnings did not meet any criteria needed to be effective.

question

In Johnson's "If it bleeds, it leads" study, over a 6 month period, approx. what percentage of news broadcasts depicted suffering or conflict?

answer

80%

question

If you are trying to persuade a well educated audience to vote for you and you and you opponent are presenting the same day, two weeks for the election.

answer

Go first and present a 2 sided presentation

question

Events covered on news broadcasts are selected based on:

answer

entertainment value

question

Least persuasive:

answer

non expert in extreme position.

question

Daniel Gilbert suggests we ignore threats such as global warming because:

answer

they are a future danger that doesn't directly target us.

question

Lawyers and politicians use:

answer

both central and peripheral persuasion.

question

Energy auditors were more successful in persuading homeowners to make improvements that would increase the energy-efficiency of their homes when:

answer

they used highly vivid language and examples when making their recommendations

question

Meeus and Raaijmakers found that subjects were more likely to make negative remarks about a job applicant's performance if:

answer

the subjects believed they would not receive the remarks until some time later.

question

If a person makes a prior commitment to a view that differs from the group opinion, he/she will tend to be:

answer

less susceptible to group pressure to conform.

question

Which of the following statements is true about Asch's conformity experiment?

answer

Only one group member was a naive subject.

question

Philip's research on impact of media coverage on car-crash suicides revealed that following the publicized suicide:

answer

victims of "suicide" accidents tend to be of similar age to the victims of the publicized suicide.

question

At what voltage level did the majority of subjects stop "shocks" to the learner in Milgram's classic experiment?

answer

450 volts

question

The greatest amount of influence will come from

answer

a group of 3-8

question

According to Aronson, most people believe that they are motivated by the desire to ____ whereas others are motivated by the desire to ______

answer

be correct: be in the good graces of others.

question

In a study of the bystander intervention... Those participants who thought there were three other people as part of the group were:

answer

less likely to help compared to those who thought they were the only person who heard

question

Aronson describes an experiment in which groups of subjects discuss the punishment.... subjects best liked a confederate when he played the role of a:

answer

conformist (person who agreed with the group)

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