PSY 3404C CH.7 – Flashcards

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question
The schedule that is not an intermittent schedule is
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FR 1
question
The explanation of the PRE that puts greatest emphasis on internal cues is the ________ hypothesis.
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frustration
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Resurgence may help account for
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regression
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George trains a pigeon to peck a disk by reinforcing each disk peck. Once the response is learned, George begins to cut back on the reinforcers. At first he reinforces every other response, then every third response, every fifth response, every tenth response, and so on. George is using a procedure called
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stretching the ratio
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Of the following, the schedule that most closely resembles noncontingent reinforcement is
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FT
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One explanation for the PRE implies that the effect is really an illusion. This is the
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response unit hypothesis
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In schedules research, VD stands for
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variable duration
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A schedule that does not require the performance of a particular behavior is the
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FT schedule
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Stanley wants to determine which of two reinforcement schedules is more attractive to rats. He trains a rat to press a lever for food, and then puts the rat into an experimental chamber containing two levers. Pressing one lever produces reinforcement on an FR 10 schedule; pressing the other lever produces reinforcement on an FI 10" schedule. Lever pressing is on a
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concurrent schedule
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When reinforcement is contingent on continuous performance of an activity, a __________. reinforcement schedule is in force.
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duration
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Things are going pretty well for George (see item 26) until he jumps from reinforcing every tenth response to reinforcing every 50th response. At this point, the pigeon responds erratically and nearly stops responding entirely. George's pigeon is suffering from
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ratio strain
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Studies of choice involve
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concurrent schedules
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The thinner of two schedules, VR 5 and VR 10, is VR 10.
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True
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In a _____ schedule, reinforcement is contingent on the continuous performance of a behavior for some period of time.
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fixed duration
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Harry spent his summer in the city panhandling. Every day he would sit on the sidewalk, put a cardboard sign in front of him that said, "Please help," and place his hat on the sidewalk upside down. Then he would wait. Every now and then someone would put money into his hat. Harry's reinforcement schedule is best described as a
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variable time schedule
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The schedule that is likely to produce a cumulative record with scallops is the
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FI schedule
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Bill spends his summer in the city panhandling. Every day he takes a position on a busy corner and accosts passersby saying, "Can you spare some change?" Most people ignore him, but every now and then someone gives him money. Bill's reinforcement schedule is best described as a
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variable ratio schedule
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Extinction often increases the variability of behavior.
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True
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A schedule that does not require the performance of a particular behavior is the
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FT schedule
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In VI schedules, the reinforcer occurs periodically regardless of what the organism does.
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False
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schedules differ from other schedules in that the rules describing the contingencies change systematically.
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Progressive
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A pigeon is confronted with two disks, one green, the other red. The bird receives food on a VI 20" schedule when it pecks the green disk, and on a VI 10" schedule when it pecks the red one. You predict that the bird will peck
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the red disk about twice as often as the green disk
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Although important, the matching law is restricted to a narrow range of species, responses, reinforcers, and reinforcement schedules.
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False
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FT and VT are both kinds of ______ reinforcement.
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noncontingent
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Extinction often increases the frequency of emotional behavior.
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True
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When reinforcement is contingent on continuous performance of an activity, a __________. reinforcement schedule is in force.
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duration
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John spent his summer picking cantaloupes for a farmer. The farmer paid John a certain amount for every basket of cantaloupes picked. John worked on a
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fixed ratio schedule
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When food is the reinforcer, it is possible to stretch the ratio to the point at which an animal expends more energy than it receives.
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True
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In schedules research, VD stands for
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variable duration
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Gradually reducing the frequency of reinforcement is called
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stretching the ratio
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Shirley trains a rat to press a lever and then reinforces lever presses on an FR 10 schedule when a red light is on, and an FI 10" schedule when a green light is on. In this case, lever pressing is on a
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multiple schedule
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CRF is synonymous with
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FR 1
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Post-reinforcement pauses are now often referred to as
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pre-ratio pauses
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The schedule that is not an intermittent schedule is
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FR 1
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A classic work on reinforcement schedules is by
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Ferster and Skinner
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When using punishment to suppress an undesirable behavior, it is important to provide alternative means of obtaining the reinforcers that have maintained that behavior.
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True
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All of the following enhance the effectiveness of punishment except
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increasing the reinforcer deprivation level
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When disciplining their son, Jacob, Mr. and Ms Grinch begin with an extremely mild form of punishment and gradually increase its strength if the offenses continue. This procedure is likely to result in
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the use of excessively strong aversives
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Each time Charles, who has a lisp, says "Mithithippi" or the like, his wife, Evelyn, yells, "Idiot!" However, there is no evidence that Evelyn's efforts to reduce the frequency of such mispronunciations have been effective. We can therefore conclude that
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Charles's behavior has not been punished
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In positive punishment, a stimulus that serves as a punisher is called a(n)
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aversive
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Harriet hears a noise in the kitchen and investigates. She finds the cookie jar in pieces on the floor and 5-year-old Willy standing nearby. Harriet knows what happened, but asks Willy anyway. Willy admits that he broke the jar while trying to get cookies. Harriet gives Willy a spanking. Willy is most likely to learn from this experience that
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it doesn't pay to tell the truth
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Positive punishment is most often confused with
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negative reinforcement
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The word positive in positive punishment refers to the fact that
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something is added
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In using punishment, it is best to begin with a weak punisher and gradually increase its strength as needed.
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False
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An early theory of punishment proposed that response suppression occurred because aversives disrupt ongoing behavior.
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True
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David Camp and colleagues found that, compared to a two-second delay in punishment, a 30-second delay resulted in
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about half as much response suppression
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Research has shown that abnormal behavior is often
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an inappropriate way of obtaining appropriate reinforcers
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If a rat receives a shock each time it presses a lever, but not otherwise, we can say that
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shock is contingent on lever pressing
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The first formal studies of punishment were probably done by
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Thorndike
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The two-process theory of punishment assumes that punishment involves
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Pavlovian and operant learning
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Differential reinforcement is best used in combination with
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extinction
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Each time Charles, who has a lisp, says "Mithithippi" or the like, his wife, Evelyn, yells, "Idiot!" However, there is no evidence that Evelyn's efforts to reduce the frequency of such mispronunciations have been effective. We can therefore conclude that
answer
Charles's behavior has not been punished
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In using punishment, it is best to begin with a weak punisher and gradually increase its strength as needed.
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False
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All of the following enhance the effectiveness of punishment except
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increasing the reinforcer deprivation level
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Murray Sidman's book on aversive control, including punishment, is called
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Coercion and Its Fallout
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Negative punishment is also sometimes called ______ training.
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penalty
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If Charles Catania's thinking about reinforcement is applied to punishment, we can say that all of the following are true of punishment except
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the consequence of the behavior must be negative
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When a student repeatedly behaves in an inappropriate way, probably the teacher's first step should be to
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try to discover what is reinforcing the behavior
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The term punishment, as used by behavior scientists, has nothing to do with retribution.
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True
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Although punishment can have negative side effects, there is evidence that it can also have positive side effects.
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True
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Farmer Gable had a problem with motorcyclists riding across his meadow land, tearing up sod and frightening his cattle. He installed barbed wire fencing in the area and no longer had a problem. Gable's approach is best described as an example of
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response prevention
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In positive punishment, a stimulus that serves as a punisher is called a(n)
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aversive
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One way to make punishment more effective is to provide an alternative means of obtaining reinforcement.
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True
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David Camp and colleagues found that even a delay of only _____ reduced the effectiveness of a punisher.
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2 seconds
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Generally speaking, the more intense a punisher, the
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more it suppresses behavior
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Positive punishment is most often confused with
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negative reinforcement
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The one-process theory of punishment goes back to
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Thorndike
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The word positive in positive punishment refers to the fact that
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something is added
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Frequent use of weak punishers is more effective than occasional use of intense punishers.
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False
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Of the following procedures, the one that focuses on reducing the rate at which a behavior occurs is
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DRL
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At Morningside Academy, student achievement test scores in reading and math typically rise two grade levels in one school year.
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True
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Carr and McDowell found that Jim's scratching was reinforced mainly by
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parental attention
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Most teachers reprimand students more often than they praise them.
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True
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A study by John Austin and colleagues increased safe practices in roofers by providing those who followed safe practices at least 80% of the time with
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time off
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Edward Taub's treatment of people with paralyzed limbs emerged from research with
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monkeys
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Charles Madsen and his colleagues asked a teacher to _______ . This change in teacher behavior produced a marked reduction in misconduct .
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ignore misbehavior and praise students when they behaved well
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In the treatment of long-standing self-injurious behavior, punishment is often
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effective
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Skinner devised a mechanical teaching machine that divided the material to be learned into short segments called
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frames
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Lovaas and Simmons used punishment to reduce self-injurious behavior in a boy. Before treatment, this boy would hit himself at a rate of up to
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30 times a minute
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Hal __________ pioneered the use of operant procedures to improve the quality of life of captive wild animals.
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Markowitz
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Brad Alford's study of the man who thought he was followed by a witch is an example of
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an ABA design experiment
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In the treatment of long-standing self-injurious behavior, punishment is often
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effective
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Hopkins and Conard found that when teachers made a few simple changes in how they taught, changes that included a shift from reprimands and threats to praise and positive feedback, students advanced at ______ the normal rate in reading.
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more than twice
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A study by John Austin and colleagues increased safe practices in roofers by providing those who followed safe practices at least 80% of the time with
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time off
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Time out is a form of punishment.
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True
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Skinner devised a mechanical teaching machine that divided the material to be learned into short segments called
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frames
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Most teachers reprimand students more often than they praise them.
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True
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Skinner's teaching machines presented the student with some information, then asked a question. The reinforcer for answering correctly was
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the opportunity to move on to the next frame
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John gets into fights on a regular basis, always with formidable opponents. He has often been injured in these fights and knows that he runs the risk of sustaining serious brain damage or other permanent injuries, yet he continues to fight. John is a very successful professional boxer. This example illustrates that bizarre behavior
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is less puzzling when the reinforcers maintaining it are known
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The first true teaching machines were built by B. F. Skinner.
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True
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Efforts to treat stroke victims with paralyzed limbs have proved unsuccessful.
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False
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Ivar Lovaas first noticed that aversives could reduce self-injurious behavior when he absentmindedly slapped a child who was banging his head against a wall.
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True
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Wesley Becker suggests that parents should think of themselves as
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teachers
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The Lamere study found that performance-based bonuses improved productivity, but there was no difference between the effects of a 9% bonus and a 3% bonus.
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True
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Taub's research suggests that one reason people do not recover following a stroke or injury that causes paralysis is because they do not use the damaged limb.
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True
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Betty Hart and Todd Risley found that the parents who provided the most instruction and practice in language later had the children with the best-developed verbal skills.
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True
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Research suggests that bonuses based on employee performance can improve productivity
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and reduce company costs
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A highly effective web-based instructional program designed to teach reading that makes use of reinforcement and shaping is called
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Headsprout
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Jack is a homeless man who lives on the streets of New York City. One cold January night he takes up a position outside a fancy restaurant and starts shouting, "God has ordered an equestrian invasion of Long Island." The restaurant owner calls the police and they take Jack to a hospital, where he spends a quiet night. You look into Jack's medical history and find that he
answer
has been hospitalized for bizarre behavior in the winter more than in other seasons
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is the idea that any problem behavior that is eliminated through learning-based treatment will be replaced by a new problem behavior.
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Symptom substitution
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The author of your text suggests that the worst orphanages illustrate the importance of operant learning to normal child development.
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True
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At Morningside Academy, student achievement test scores in reading and math typically rise two grade levels in one school year.
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True
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Research demonstrates that when teachers provide positive consequences for good behavior and ignore minor misbehavior, the usual result is an increase in both good and bad behavior.
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False
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Carr and McDowell found that Jim's scratching was reinforced mainly by
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parental attention
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Hal __________ pioneered the use of operant procedures to improve the quality of life of captive wild animals.
answer
Markowitz
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refers to the point at which a behavior stops or its rate falls off sharply.
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Break point
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Your text reports the case of a man who apparently made hundreds of harassing phone calls. The man's behavior was most likley on a(n)
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VR schedule
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FT and VT are both kinds of ______ reinforcement.
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noncontingent
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Williams found that the greater the number of reinforcements before extinction, the
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greater the number of responses during extinction
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One difference between FT and FI schedules is that in FT schedules, reinforcement is not contingent on a behavior.
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True
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In VI schedules, the reinforcer occurs periodically regardless of what the organism does.
answer
False
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In a _____ schedule, reinforcement is contingent on the continuous performance of a behavior for some period of time.
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fixed duration
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When a response is placed on extinction, there is often an increase in emotional behavior.
answer
True
question
John spent his summer picking cantaloupes for a farmer. The farmer paid John a certain amount for every basket of cantaloupes picked. John worked on a
answer
fixed ratio schedule
question
The explanation of the PRE that puts greatest emphasis on internal cues is the ________ hypothesis.
answer
frustration
question
When a student repeatedly behaves in an inappropriate way, probably the teacher's first step should be to
answer
try to discover what is reinforcing the behavior
question
Negative punishment is also sometimes called ______ training.
answer
penalty
question
If Charles Catania's thinking about reinforcement is applied to punishment, we can say that all of the following are true of punishment except
answer
the consequence of the behavior must be negative
question
In using punishment, it is best to begin with a weak punisher and gradually increase its strength as needed.
answer
False
question
The two-process theory of punishment assumes that punishment involves
answer
Pavlovian and operant learning
question
An early theory of punishment proposed that response suppression occurred because aversives disrupt ongoing behavior.
answer
True
question
One way to make punishment more effective is to provide an alternative means of obtaining reinforcement.
answer
True
question
David Camp and colleagues found that, compared to a two-second delay in punishment, a 30-second delay resulted in
answer
about half as much response suppression
question
Delaying delivery of a punisher is most likely to
answer
reduce its effectiveness
question
When using punishment to suppress an undesirable behavior, it is important to provide alternative means of obtaining the reinforcers that have maintained that behavior.
answer
True
question
David Camp and colleagues found that even a delay of only _____ reduced the effectiveness of a punisher.
answer
2 seconds
question
Of the following procedures, the one that focuses on reducing the rate at which a behavior occurs is
answer
DRL
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The use of punishers is so common that _______ concluded that "The world runs on fear."
answer
Jack Michaels
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When disciplining their son, Jacob, Mr. and Ms Grinch begin with an extremely mild form of punishment and gradually increase its strength if the offenses continue. This procedure is likely to result in
answer
the use of excessively strong aversives
question
Farmer Gable had a problem with motorcyclists riding across his meadow land, tearing up sod and frightening his cattle. He installed barbed wire fencing in the area and no longer had a problem. Gable's approach is best described as an example of
answer
response prevention
question
Hal __________ pioneered the use of operant procedures to improve the quality of life of captive wild animals.
answer
Markowitz
question
The Lamere study found that performance-based bonuses improved productivity, but there was no difference between the effects of a 9% bonus and a 3% bonus.
answer
True
question
Ivar Lovaas first noticed that aversives could reduce self-injurious behavior when he absentmindedly slapped a child who was banging his head against a wall.
answer
True
question
Wesley Becker suggests that parents should think of themselves as
answer
teachers
question
John gets into fights on a regular basis, always with formidable opponents. He has often been injured in these fights and knows that he runs the risk of sustaining serious brain damage or other permanent injuries, yet he continues to fight. John is a very successful professional boxer. This example illustrates that bizarre behavior
answer
is less puzzling when the reinforcers maintaining it are known
question
Betty Hart and Todd Risley found that the parents who provided the most instruction and practice in language later had the children with the best-developed verbal skills.
answer
True
question
Charles Madsen and his colleagues asked a teacher to _______ . This change in teacher behavior produced a marked reduction in misconduct
answer
ignore misbehavior and praise students when they behaved well
question
Hopkins and Conard found that when teachers made a few simple changes in how they taught, changes that included a shift from reprimands and threats to praise and positive feedback, students advanced at ______ the normal rate in reading.
answer
more than twice
question
Eddie McNamara's study showed that praising students when they are "on task" does not increase the frequency of on-task behavior in adolescents.
answer
False
question
Time out is a form of punishment.
answer
True
question
The author of your text suggests that the worst orphanages illustrate the importance of operant learning to normal child development.
answer
True
question
Most teachers reprimand students more often than they praise them.
answer
True
question
Self-injurious behavior sometimes occurs in healthy people, including college students.
answer
True
question
In the treatment of long-standing self-injurious behavior, punishment is often
answer
effective
question
Lovaas and Simmons used punishment to reduce self-injurious behavior in a boy. Before treatment, this boy would hit himself at a rate of up to
answer
30 times a minute
question
Layng and Andronis reported the case of a psychiatric patient who feared that her head was falling off. This delusion appeared to be due to the fact that it got her social contact from the staff.
answer
True
question
Skinner's teaching machines presented the student with some information, then asked a question. The reinforcer for answering correctly was
answer
the opportunity to move on to the next frame
question
A study by John Austin and colleagues increased safe practices in roofers by providing those who followed safe practices at least 80% of the time with
answer
time off
question
Efforts to treat stroke victims with paralyzed limbs have proved unsuccessful.
answer
False
question
Research demonstrates that when teachers provide positive consequences for good behavior and ignore minor misbehavior, the usual result is an increase in both good and bad behavior.
answer
False
question
Carr and McDowell found that Jim's scratching was reinforced mainly by
answer
parental attention
question
Your text describes the use of _______ to get a bull elephant to cooperate with having his toenails trimmed.
answer
shaping
question
A highly effective web-based instructional program designed to teach reading that makes use of reinforcement and shaping is called
answer
Headsprout
question
is the idea that any problem behavior that is eliminated through learning-based treatment will be replaced by a new problem behavior.
answer
Symptom substitution
question
Jack is a homeless man who lives on the streets of New York City. One cold January night he takes up a position outside a fancy restaurant and starts shouting, "God has ordered an equestrian invasion of Long Island." The restaurant owner calls the police and they take Jack to a hospital, where he spends a quiet night. You look into Jack's medical history and find that he
answer
has been hospitalized for bizarre behavior in the winter more than in other seasons
question
Social observational learning may be defined as
answer
a change in behavior due to observing a model
question
In a study by Hopper and colleagues, some observers watched a model slide a door and retrieve a desired item. Other observers saw the door slide in the absence of a model, revealing the desired item. The latter procedure is called the __________ condition.
answer
ghost
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Videotapes of flossing monkeys suggest that mother monkeys attempt to teach their infants how to floss through modeling.
answer
True
question
Jill is an impressionable 17-year-old college freshman with average academic skills. She lives in the college dorms with two roommates. One of them, Martha, is bright, attractive, popular, rich, and a local celebrity because of her singing; she seldom studies. Jill's other roommate, Ann, is also bright, but has only a few friends, wears inexpensive clothes, and plays the tuba poorly; she studies all the time. On the basis of what you know about observational learning, you predict that Jill will
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flunk out
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Of the following terms, the one most associated with Bandura's theory is
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retentional processes
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Little of classroom learning is observational.
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False
question
Herbert and Harsh compared the behavior of cats that had observed a model perform an act 30 times with cats that had observed only 15 performances. They found that
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cats that observed 30 performances did substantially better than those that observed 15
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The book, The Last Gentleman Adventurer, includes an anecdote that illustrates cross-species observational learning.
answer
True
question
A panel of experts reviewed studies on the influence of violence depicted on television and in films on the aggressive behavior of children. They found that the evidence for a causal connection between viewing such violence and aggressive behavior was
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overwhelming
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Lyons, Young, and Keil actively encouraged children not to imitate the acts of a model that were irrelevant to solving a problem. The result was that the children
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imitated the irrelevant acts
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You hear on the radio that Smash, the most popular rock music performer in Germany, has killed himself. He left a note ("Goodbye, cruel world"). You predict that
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there will be a rash of suicides or suicidal gestures among German rock music fans
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The influence of literary models on behavior was seen in the 18th century with the publication of
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The Sorrows of Young Werther
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In the Thompson and Russell two-mat study, children who observed a model
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did better than those who did not observe a model
question
Lyons, Young, and Keil actively encouraged children not to imitate the acts of a model that were irrelevant to solving a problem. The result was that the children
answer
imitated the irrelevant acts
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According to the author of your text, observational learning involves observing
answer
events and their consequences.
question
Research suggests that some students who do not naturally learn from a model can be taught the skills necessary to do so.
answer
True
question
Experiments on asocial observational learning raise the question of the extent to which the social variety is truly social.
answer
True
question
Herbert and Harsh demonstrated observational learning in cats.
answer
True
question
In Bandura's theory of observational learning, steps taken during observation to improve later recall of a model's behavior are called
answer
retentional processes
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Observing a model is particularly helpful if the task involved is easy.
answer
False
question
Social observational learning may be defined as
answer
a change in behavior due to observing a model
question
Kanfer and Marston found that college students imitated the reinforced word choices of models. In their study, the observers
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listened to models on a tape
question
The operant learning model of observational learning takes the
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natural science approach
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The tendency to imitate modeled behavior even when doing so is not reinforced is called
answer
generalized imitation
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Research suggests that humans tend to imitate behavior that is irrelevant to obtaining reinforcers.
answer
True
question
Those who are most likely to learn from observing a model are probably
answer
adults
question
Some researchers believe that the tendency of humans to imitate irrelevant modeled acts is beneficial.
answer
True
question
The book, The Last Gentleman Adventurer, includes an anecdote that illustrates cross-species observational learning.
answer
True
question
If an observer watches a well-trained model perform a response, the procedure is not really observational learning.
answer
False
question
If an observer looks on as a model's behavior is reinforced, we speak of
answer
vicarious reinforcement
question
Learning is a change in behavior due to experience. In observational learning, the experience consists of
answer
observing events and their consequences
question
The first studies of observational learning
answer
failed to find evidence of observational learning in animals
question
All studies of observational learning involve learning to solve a problem or perform a skill.
answer
False
question
Primatologist Elizabeth Lornsdorf found that wild young female chimps are more likely than males to learn about
answer
termite fishing
question
Of the following terms, the one most associated with Bandura's theory is
answer
retentional processes
question
Howard studied hard for his math test and found that what he learned helped him on his physics test. Howard benefited from
answer
generalization
question
Herrnstein and others trained pigeons to respond to images of people. The researchers did this by pinpointing a single defining feature (such as hair) on which the birds could discriminate humans from other objects.
answer
False
question
In ______, the task is to select from two or more alternatives the stimulus that matches a standard.
answer
matching to sample
question
When a behavior reliably occurs in the presence of an S^DSD, but not in the presence of an S^-, we can say the behavior is
answer
under stimulus control
question
The figures below illustrate various generalization gradients. The greatest degree of generalization is depicted by Figure
answer
2
question
A dog learns to salivate at the sound of a soft buzzer, but not at the sound of a loud buzzer. After training, the dog is presented with buzzers of various volumes. You predict that the dog will salivate most in response to a buzzer that is
answer
slightly softer than the CS+
question
The flatter the generalization curve, the greater the degree of generalization.
answer
True
question
Response maintenance can be considered generalization across
answer
time
question
The person whose name is most associated with errorless discrimination training is
answer
Herbert Terrace
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The findings of Eisenberger and others concerning increasing effort is called
answer
learned industriousness
question
The findings of Eisenberger and others concerning increasing effort is called
answer
learned industriousness
question
The tendency of changes in one behavior to spread to other behaviors is called __________ generalization.
answer
response
question
Jill trains her dog, Boozer, to come to her when she snaps her fingers. She snaps her fingers, then gives the dog a bit of food when it approaches. Finger snapping is
answer
SD
question
In stimulus generalization, a behavior "travels" from one situation to another.
answer
True
question
With discrimination training, pigeons have learned to discriminate between paintings by Monet and Picasso, even when the pictures were ones they had never seen before.
answer
True
question
In the Dweck and Repucci study, teachers asked students to work on unsolvable problems, and then on problems that could be solved. They failed to solve the second set of problems, but were able to solve similar problems when the problems were presented
answer
by a different teacher
question
When a behavior reliably occurs in the presence of an SD, but not in the presence of an S-, we can say the behavior is
answer
under stimulus control
question
Bill conducts an experiment in which he pairs the word psychologist with words such as nasty, evil, and corrupt. Later Bill asks his subjects to give their opinion of various professions by rating them on a scale from very positive to very negative. Of the following professions, _______ will probably receive the lowest rating.
answer
social worker
question
Herrnstein and others trained pigeons to respond to images of people. The researchers did this by pinpointing a single defining feature (such as hair) on which the birds could discriminate humans from other objects.
answer
False
question
You test Mary's drawing ability by having her draw fruit, animals, landscapes, and houses. Mary then takes a drawing class in which she learns to draw human figures. You decide to test Mary again to see if her drawing ability has improved. You predict that if she shows any improvement at all it will be at drawing
answer
animals
question
In _______ discrimination training, the SD and SΔ are presented at the same time.
answer
simultaneous
question
The figures below illustrate various generalization gradients. The greatest degree of generalization is depicted by Figure
answer
2
question
Spence's theory anticipated the discovery of the peak shift phenomenon.
answer
True
question
Generalization is sometimes called
answer
transfer
question
Pigeons that have learned to peck a disc when two lights of the same color come on, and not when the lights differ, can be said to have learned a concept.
answer
True
question
Concepts involve both generalization and discrimination.
answer
True
question
Generalization is a by-product of learning that nearly always occurs spontaneously.
answer
False
question
An SD is analogous to a
answer
CS+
question
Robert Eisenberger found that rewarding a high level of effort on one task increases the level of effort on other tasks. This illustrates
answer
generalization
question
Dweck and Repucci had teachers give students unsolvable problems, and then problems that could be solved. The result was that the students
answer
failed to solve the problems in the second set
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Honig and Slivka trained pigeons to peck discs of various colors. After this they began shocking the birds when they pecked a disc of a particular color. This
answer
reduced pecking discs of all colors, but especially those that resembled the punished color
question
The person whose name is most associated with errorless discrimination training is
answer
Herbert Terrace
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An ________ is a stimulus that indicates that a particular behavior will be reinforced.
answer
SD
question
A dog learns to salivate at the sound of a soft buzzer, but not at the sound of a loud buzzer. After training, the dog is presented with buzzers of various volumes. You predict that the dog will salivate most in response to a buzzer that is
answer
slightly softer than the CS+
question
Robert Allan trained pigeons to peck pictures containing human figures. He found that birds
answer
pecked the human figures
question
Harry Bahrick's studies of forgetting have involved retention inervals of up to
answer
five decades
question
The work of Levine and Murphy suggests that people are more likely to forget what they read if they
answer
disagree with it
question
Declarative knowledge is also called explicit knowledge.
answer
True
question
Forgetting can be studied by requiring the subject to match a stimulus presented earlier, a procedure called
answer
DMTS
question
The term _______ memory refers to learned behavior that can be expressed, usually in words.
answer
declarative
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The "savings method" is one way of measuring forgetting.
answer
True
question
The Chase and Simon study comparing chess masters and ordinary players showed that when chess pieces were arranged in random order,
answer
chess masters and ordinary players forgot about the same amount
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The Jenkins and Dallenback study of forgetting after sleep suggests that forgetting is a function of learning.
answer
True
question
The names of the Great Lakes can be recalled with help of the acronym,
answer
HOMES
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In one of Rovee-Collier`s experiments with babies and mobiles, after a retention interval there was no sign of forgetting when the context was the same as that during training.
answer
True
question
The first person to demonstrate the relationship between forgetting and degree of learning was probably
answer
Ebbinghaus
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A study of immobilized cockroaches showed the importance of ________________ in forgetting.
answer
retroactive interference
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Declarative knowledge is also called explicit knowledge.
answer
true
question
The term _______ memory refers to learned behavior that can be expressed, usually in words.
answer
declarative
question
Memories that cannot be expressed are called
answer
nondeclarative
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To measure forgetting, Ebbinghaus used the ____________ method.
answer
relearning
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The "savings method" is one way of measuring forgetting.
answer
True
question
The "man who couldn't forget" was studied by
answer
Luria
question
When measuring forgetting using the extinction method, the behavior studied is
answer
put on extinction after the retention interval
question
Loftus found that eyewitness reports are influenced by the words used to ask about the event. In one experiment, she found that use of the word "smashed" produced higher estimates of car speed than use of the word
answer
hit
question
When what we learned on Monday interferes with our ability to recall what we learned the following Tuesday, we speak of
answer
proactive interference
question
Sir Frederick Barlett's classic study of forgetting used the story,
answer
The War of the Ghosts
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Harry Bahrick's studies of forgetting have involved retention inervals of up to
answer
five decades
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t turns out that Jack (see item 7) can't remember anything that happened from the time he and Jill started up the hill. Jill takes Jack up the hill again and finds that he remembers seeing the well before. Jill is measuring forgetting by using
answer
prompted recall
question
One measure of forgetting is called delayed matching to sample. This procedures could be considered a form of
answer
prompted recall
question
The Jenkins and Dallenback study of forgetting after sleep suggests that forgetting is a function of learning.
answer
True
question
Forgetting is a deterioration in learned performance following a period without practice.
answer
True
question
Forgetting can be measured as a flattening of the generalization gradient, a procedure called gradient
answer
degradation
question
Marjory memorized her part in the school play thoroughly in her apartment, but found that she couldn't remember her lines at rehearsal. Her trouble is consistent with the effects of context cues.
answer
True
question
The name Benton Underwood is associated with paired associate learning.
answer
True
question
In _________ learning, two stimuli, A and B, are presented, and the task is then to recall B when presented with A.
answer
paired associate
question
The measure of forgetting called gradient degradation has to do with extinction.
answer
False
question
The Jenkins and Dallenback study of forgetting after sleep suggests that forgetting is a function of
answer
learning
question
The work of Levine and Murphy suggests that people are more likely to forget what they read if they
answer
disagree with it
question
Clark's nutcrackers apparently recall the location of something like _________ food caches.
answer
2,000
question
Extinction often increases the frequency of emotional behavior.
answer
True
question
Your text reports the case of a man who apparently made hundreds of harassing phone calls. The man's behavior was most likley on a(n
answer
VR schedule
question
In a _____ schedule, reinforcement is contingent on the continuous performance of a behavior for some period of time.
answer
fixed duration
question
In a multiple schedule, the organism is forced to choose between two or more reinforcement schedules.
answer
False
question
The first formal studies of punishment were probably done by _________ .
answer
Thorndike
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If Charles Catania's thinking about reinforcement is applied to punishment, we can say that all of the following are true of punishment except _______.
answer
the consequence of the behavior must be negative
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The use of punishers is so common that _______ concluded that "The world runs on fear."
answer
Jack Michaels
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In positive punishment, a stimulus that serves as a punisher is called a(n)
answer
aversive
question
Layng and Andronis reported the case of a psychiatric patient who feared that her head was falling off. This delusion appeared to be due to the fact that it got her social contact from the staff.
answer
True
question
At Morningside Academy, student achievement test scores in reading and math typically rise two grade levels in one school year.
answer
True
question
Skinner devised a mechanical teaching machine that divided the material to be learned into short segments called
answer
frames
question
Wesley Becker suggests that parents should think of themselves as
answer
teachers
question
Betty Hart and Todd Risley found that the parents who provided the most instruction and practice in language later had the children with the best-developed verbal skills.
answer
True
question
Jack is a homeless man who lives on the streets of New York City. One cold January night he takes up a position outside a fancy restaurant and starts shouting, "God has ordered an equestrian invasion of Long Island." The restaurant owner calls the police and they take Jack to a hospital, where he spends a quiet night. You look into Jack's medical history and find that he
answer
has been hospitalized for bizarre behavior in the winter more than in other seasons
question
In a study by Hopper and colleagues, some observers watched a model slide a door and retrieve a desired item. Other observers saw the door slide in the absence of a model, revealing the desired item. The latter procedure is called the __________ condition.
answer
ghost
question
Experiments on asocial observational learning raise the question of the extent to which the social variety is truly social.
answer
True
question
In the Thompson and Russell two-mat study, children who observed a model
answer
did better than those who did not observe a model
question
Kanfer and Marston found that college students imitated the reinforced word choices of models, even though the observers did not see the models.
answer
True
question
Fisher and Harris found that observers learned more when a model
answer
frowned and shook her head
question
Although the consequences of a model's behavior have a strong influence on an observer's tendency to imitate the model's behavior, ultimately the consequences of the observer's behavior tend to win out.
answer
True
question
In the study by Thompson and Russell, there was a toy on a mat, but it was out of reach. Children learned to retrieve the toy by observing a model who pulled the mat closer.
answer
False
question
In Bandura's theory of observational learning, steps taken during observation to improve later recall of a model's behavior are called
answer
retentional processes
question
You hear on the radio that Smash, the most popular rock music performer in Germany, has killed himself. He left a note ("Goodbye, cruel world"). You predict that
answer
there will be a rash of suicides or suicidal gestures among German rock music fans
question
The earliest experiments on observational learning were performed by
answer
E. L. Thorndike
question
Herbert and Harsh compared the behavior of cats that had observed a model perform an act 30 times with cats that had observed only 15 performances. They found that
answer
cats that observed 30 performances did substantially better than those that observed 15
question
Of the following terms, the one most associated with Bandura's theory is
answer
retentional processes
question
The kind of generalization your text focuses on is
answer
stimulus generalization
question
The figures below illustrate various generalization gradients. The greatest degree of generalization is depicted by Figure
answer
2
question
Generalization is sometimes called
answer
transfer
question
In stimulus generalization, a behavior "travels" from one situation to another.
answer
True
question
Honig and Slivka trained pigeons to peck discs of various colors. After this they began shocking the birds when they pecked a disc of a particular color. This
answer
reduced pecking discs of all colors, but especially those that resembled the punished color
question
In a classic study, Guttman and Kalish trained pigeons to peck a disc of a particular color, and then gave them the opportunity to peck
answer
discs of various colors
question
An ________ is a stimulus that indicates that a particular behavior will be reinforced.
answer
SD
question
Robert Eisenberger found that rewarding a high level of effort on one task increases the level of effort on other tasks. This illustrates
answer
generalization
question
In errorless discrimination training
answer
he S^{Delta} is introduced in very weak form and its strength is gradually increased
question
Concepts involve both generalization and discrimination.
answer
True
question
If a person smokes a pack of cigarettes a day, in a year, cigarette smoking is reinforced
answer
73,000 times
question
In _______ discrimination training, the S^DSD and S^{Delta}SΔ are presented at the same time.
answer
simultaneous
question
When what we learned on Monday interferes with our ability to recall what we learned the following Tuesday, we speak of ____________.
answer
proactive interference
question
The Jenkins and Dallenback study of forgetting after sleep suggests that forgetting is a function of learning.
answer
True
question
Declarative knowledge is also called explicit knowledge.
answer
True
question
The "man who couldn't forget" was studied by
answer
Luria
question
Forgetting is a deterioration in learned performance following a period without practice.
answer
True
question
Riding a bicycle is an example of _____ memory.
answer
procedural
question
Loftus found that eyewitness reports are influenced by the words used to ask about the event. In one experiment, she found that use of the word "smashed" produced higher estimates of car speed than use of the word
answer
hit
question
The measure of forgetting called gradient degradation has to do with extinction.
answer
False
question
Forgetting can be measured as a flattening of the generalization gradient, a procedure called gradient
answer
degradation
question
Sir Frederick Barlett's classic study of forgetting used the story,
answer
The War of the Ghosts
question
When measuring forgetting using the extinction method, the behavior studied i
answer
put on extinction after the retention interval
question
In one of Rovee-Collier`s experiments with babies and mobiles, after a retention interval there was no sign of forgetting when the context was the same as that during training.
answer
True
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