Psy 2310 Exam 2 – Flashcards

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During early childhood, __________ skills increase at an astonishing pace.
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C) language
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Spatial skills
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D) develop gradually over childhood and adolescence.
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Which of the following statements about handedness is true?
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B) For right-handed people, language is housed in the left hemisphere.
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Research on handedness demonstrates that
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D) most left-handers have no developmental problems.
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The cerebellum
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B) aids in balance and control of body movement.
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The hippocampus
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C) plays a vital role in memory and in images of space that help us find our way.
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Which of the following brain structures connects the two cerebral hemispheres?
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A) corpus callosum
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Throughout childhood and adolescence, a nutritionally deficient diet is associated with
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B) attention difficulties.
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In developing countries, __________ leads to growth stunting and nearly 1 million childhood deaths each year.
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C) diarrhea
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Compared with other industrialized nations, the United States
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B) has a high childhood injury death rate.
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The high childhood injury rate in developing countries is largely due to
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D) widespread childhood poverty.
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Preschoolers' balance improves greatly when their
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C) bodies become more streamlined.
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According to Piaget, egocentrism is
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D) the most fundamental deficiency of preoperational thought.
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Conservation refers to the
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D) idea that certain physical characteristics of objects remain the same, even when their outward appearance changes.
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Vygotsky saw __________ as the foundation for all higher cognitive processes.
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B) language
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Between 14 and 16 months, toddlers display a beginning grasp of
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C) ordinality.
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Between ages 2 and 6, most children learn about _____ new words each __________.
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B) 5; day
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The attributes, abilities, attitudes, and values that we believe define ourselves comprise our__________, whereas the judgments we make about our worth and the feelings associated with those judgments are our __________.
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A) self-concept; self-esteem
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Between ages 2 and 6,
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B) emotional self-regulation improves.
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Empathy serves as an important motivator of __________ behavior.
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C) prosocial
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As the ability to take another's perspective improves,
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D) empathic responding increases.
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All theories of moral development recognize that conscience begins to take shape
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C) in early childhood.
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According to Freud, children
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D) obey the superego to avoid guilt.
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When parents use inductive discipline, they
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D) point out the effects of their child's misbehavior on others.
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According to social learning theorists,
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B) morality is acquired through reinforcement and modeling.
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Corporal punishment
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B) models aggression.
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The __________ perspective regards children as active thinkers about social rules.
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A) cognitive-developmental
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An example of instrumental aggression is a child
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B) pushing another child off a seat that he wants to sit on.
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Verbally and relationally aggressive acts are particularly frequent in
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C) reality TV shows.
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Gender __________ refers to any association of objects, activities, roles, or traits with one sex or the other in ways that conform to cultural stereotypes.
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D) typing
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Adults can combat children's gender stereotyped beliefs by
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D) asking children to avoid using gender labels.
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Gender schema theory
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C) is an information-processing approach that combines social learning and cognitive-development features.
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The authoritative child-rearing style is
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B) the most successful approach.
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A(n) __________ parenting style is associated with children who are impulsive, disobedient, overly demanding, and dependent on adults.
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B) permissive
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Physical growth during the school years
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B) continues at the slow, regular pace of early childhood.
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Between ages 6 and 12,
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A) 12 of the primary teeth are lost and replaced by permanent ones.
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Research shows that obesity has caused a dramatic rise in cases of __________ in children.
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B) diabetes
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In one obesity intervention program, where both parents and children revised eating patterns and exercised daily,
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A) the more weight parents lost, the more their children lost.
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By far, the most common chronic disease or condition of children in the United States is
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B) asthma
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Compared with preschoolers, school-age children
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C) are quicker and have more accurate movements.
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Which of the following statements about playing games in middle childhood is true?
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B) Gains in perspective taking permit a transition to rule-oriented games.
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Participation in community athletic teams
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D) seems to foster self-esteem and social skills.
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According to Piaget, children are first able to __________ in middle childhood.
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C) successfully complete conservation tasks
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A child who is capable of reversibility can
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D) think through a series of steps and then mentally reverse direction.
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Heritability evidence suggests __________ genetic influences on various aspects of executive function, including combining information in working memory, controlling attention, and inhibiting inappropriate responses.
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D) substantial
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Which of the following statements about attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is true?
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C) Boys are diagnosed with ADHD about four times as often as girls.
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Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is
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C) highly heritable and is also associated with environmental factors.
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Children who acquire effective self-regulatory skills develop a sense of
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A) academic self-efficacy.
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Virtually all intelligence tests provide an overall score (the IQ), which represents __________ intelligence.
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B) general
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Robert Sternberg's triarchic theory of successful intelligence identifies which of the following three broad, interacting intelligences?
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C) analytical, creative, and practical
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In a social-constructivist classroom,
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C) teachers, students, and peers work together on a wide range of challenging activities.
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According to Erikson's psychosocial theory, the negative outcome of middle childhood is
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C) inferiority.
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Erikson's sense of __________ combines several developments of middle childhood: a positive but realistic self-concept, pride in accomplishment, moral responsibility, and cooperative participation with agemates.
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D) industry
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Self-esteem
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B) differentiates and adjusts to a more realistic level as children enter school.
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The best way for parents to foster a positive, secure self-image is to
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D) encourage their children to strive for worthwhile goals.
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Mastery-oriented children are most likely to attribute failure to
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D) insufficient effort.
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Children who develop __________ attribute their failures, not their successes, to ability.
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A) learned helplessness
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In problem-centered coping, children
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C) appraise the situation as changeable, identify the difficulty, and decide what to do about it.
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Having received a bad grade on a test, Aiden employs internal strategies such as distraction. Aiden is using
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B) emotion-centered coping.
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In middle childhood, the ___ becomes an increasingly important context for development.
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C) society of peers
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Training in __________ often improves the peer relations and psychological adjustment of rejected children.
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A) positive social skills
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In middle childhood, boys
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C) usually stick to "masculine" activities.
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Child rearing becomes easier in middle childhood for parents who established a(n) __________ style during the early years.
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C) authoritative
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Coregulation
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C) involves general parental oversight while letting the child make moment-by-moment decisions.
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Preschool and young school-age children often __________ a marital breakup.
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D) blame themselves for
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Regardless of the extent of their friction, divorcing parents who manage to engage in __________ greatly improve the chances of favorable child outcomes.
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B) coparenting
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Children in blended families usually have ___ than children in stable, first-marriage families.
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B) more adjustment problems
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Resilience
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D) enables children to use internal and external resources to cope with adversity.
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__________ viewed the social environment as entirely responsible for the range of teenage experiences, from erratic and agitated to calm and stress-free.
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D) Margaret Mead
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Today we know that adolescent development is
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D) influenced by biological, psychological, and social forces.
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Which of the following is a secondary sexual characteristic?
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B) pubic hair
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Sleep-deprived adolescents
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B) are more likely to suffer from anxiety and depression.
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Compared to the moods of older adolescents and adults, the moods of younger adolescents
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C) are strongly related to situational changes.
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Psychological distancing occurs in
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D) industrialized nations as a modern substitute for the actual physical departure from the family.
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Early-maturing girls are viewed as
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C) unpopular, withdrawn, and lacking in self-confidence.
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Which of the following statements about individuals with anorexia nervosa is true?
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B) They typically deny or minimize the seriousness of their disorder.
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Bulimia nervosa
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C) is influenced by heredity.
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Which of the following statements about contraceptive use in adolescence is true?
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B) About 20 percent of sexually active U.S. teenagers do not use contraception consistently.
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Most gay, lesbian, or bisexual youths experience
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B) an inner struggle that is intensified by a lack of role models and social support.
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Which of the following statements about sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) is true?
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A) Most high school students have only a limited understanding of STDs.
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Children born to teenage mothers
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A) often become adolescent parents.
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Which of the following substances do U.S. adolescents most often experiment with during high school?
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B) alcohol
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According to Piaget, around age 11 young people enter the __________ stage.
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D) formal operational
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Piaget believed that at adolescence, young people first become capable of
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B) hypothetico-deductive reasoning.
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Information-processing researchers regard __________ as central to adolescent cognitive development.
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C) metacognition
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1) Erikson was the first to recognize ________ as a crucial step toward becoming a productive, content adult.
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B) identity
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According to Erikson, if the psychological conflict of adolescence is resolved negatively, a young person experiences
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B) role confusion.
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In adolescence, self-esteem __________ for most young people.
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D) rises
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In adolescence, __________ parenting predicts high self-esteem.
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D) authoritative
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Identity-_______ individuals lack clear direction. They are not committed to values or goals, nor are they actively trying to reach them.
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C) diffused
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Long-term identity __________ and __________ are maladaptive.
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D) foreclosure; diffusion
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Adolescents who assume that absolute truth is always attainable tend to be
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D) identity-foreclosed.
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At Kohlberg's _______ level, behaviors that result in punishment are viewed as bad, whereas those that lead to rewards are seen as good.
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D) preconventional
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Low self-esteem, depression, and antisocial behavior among teenagers are associated with __________ parenting.
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D) coercive or psychologically controlling
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Cliques
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A) usually have members that resemble one another in family background.
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Crowd membership is based on
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B) reputation.
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Early dating is related to
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A) delinquency and drug use.
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Which of the following statements about adolescent depression is true?
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B) Depression is the most common psychological problem of adolescence
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The suicide rate
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B) jumps sharply at adolescence.
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Which of the following statements about factors related to juvenile delinquency is true?
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C) Families of delinquent youths tend to be low in warmth, high in conflict, and characterized by harsh, inconsistent discipline and low monitoring.
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