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Actual Self

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Person's perception of the self as it is, contrasted with the possible self

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Possible Self

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Person's conceptions of the self as it potentially may be; may include both an ideal self and a feared self

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Ideal Self

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Person one would like to be

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Feared Self

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Person one imagines it is possible to become but dreads becoming

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False Self

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Self a person may present to others while realizing that it does not represent what he or she is actually thinking and feeling

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Gender-Intensification Hypothesis

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Hypothesis that psychological and behavioral differences between males and females become more pronounced at adolescence because of intensified socialization pressures to conform to culturally prescribed gender roles

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Preconventional Reasoning

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First level in Kohlberg's theory of moral development, in which moral reasoning is based on perceptions of the likelihood of external rewards and punishments

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Conventional Reasoning

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Second level in Kohlberg's theory of moral development, in which moral reasoning is based on the expectations of others

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Post-conventional Reasoning

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Third level in Kohlberg's theory of moral development, in which moral reasoning is based on the individual's own independent judgments rather than on what others view as wrong or right

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Worldview

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Set of cultural beliefs that explain what it means to be human, how human relations should be conducted, and how human problems should be addressed

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Secular

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Based on nonreligious beliefs and values

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Autonomy

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Quality of being independent and self-sufficient, capable of thinking for one's self

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Cyberbullying

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Bullying via electronic means, mainly through the Internet

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Intimacy

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Degree to which two people share personal knowledge, thoughts and feelings

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Clique

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Small group of friends who know each other well, do things together, and form a regular social group

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Crowd

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Large, reputation-based group of adolescents

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Permissive Culture

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Culture that encourages and expects sexual activity from their adolescents

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Semirestrictive Culture

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Culture that has prohibitions on premarital adolescent sex, but the prohibitions are not strongly enforced and are easily evaded

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Restrictive Culture

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Culture that places strong prohibitions on adolescent sexual activity before marriage

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Sexual Orientation

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A person's tendencies of sexual attraction

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Coming Out

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For homosexuals, the process of acknowledging their homosexuality and then disclosing the truth to their friends, family, and others

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Homophobia

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Fear and hatred of homosexuals

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Secondary School

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School attended during adolescence, after primary school

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Rote Learning

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Learning by memorization and repetition

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Apprenticeship

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An arrangement, common in Europe, in which an adolescent "novice" serves under contract to a "master" who has substantial experience in a profession, and through working under the master, learns the skills required to enter the profession

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Life-Course-Persistent Delinquent (LCPD)

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Delinquent who shows a pattern of problems from birth onward and whose problems continue into adulthood

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Adolescent-Limited Delinquent (ALD)

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Delinquent who shows no evidence of problems prior to adolescence and whose delinquent behavior in adolescence is temporary

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Depressed Mood

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Enduring period of sadness, without any other related symptoms of depression

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Major Depressive Disorder

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Clinical diagnosis that includes a range of specific symptoms such as depressed mood, appetite disturbances, sleeping disturbances, and fatigue

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Resilience

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Overcoming adverse environmental circumstances and achieving healthy development despite those circumstances

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Protective Factors

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Characteristics of young people that are related to lower likelihood of problems despite experiencing high-risk circumstances

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VO2 Max

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Ability of the body to take in oxygen and transport it to various organs; also called maximum oxygen update

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Cardiac Output

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Quantity of blood flow from the heart

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Morningness

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Preference for going to bed early and waking up early

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Eveningness

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Preference for going to bed late and waking up late

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Social Control

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Restraints on behavior imposed by social obligations and relationships

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Graduated Driver Licensing (GDL)

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Government program in which young people obtain driving privileges gradually, contingent on a safe driving record, rather than all at once

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Binge Drinking

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Consuming five or more drinks in a row for men, four in a row for women

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Unstructured Socializing

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Socializing with friends without any specific goal or activity; includes behavior such as riding around in a car for fun, going to parties, visiting friends informally, and going out with friends

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Postformal Thinking

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According to some theorists, the stage of cognitive development that follows formal operations and includes advances in pragmatism and reflective judgment

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Pragmatism

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Theory of cognitive development proposing that postformal thinking involves adapting logical thinking to the practical constraints of real-life situations

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Dialectical Thought

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According to Basseches, a kind of thinking in emerging adulthood that involves a growing awareness that problems often have no clear solution and two opposing strategies or points of view may each have some merit

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Reflective Judgment

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Capacity to evaluate the accuracy and logical coherence of evidence and arguments, and theorized to develop during emerging adulthood

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Tertiary Education

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Education or training beyond secondary school

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Identity Versus Identity Confusion

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In Erikson's theory, the crisis of adolescence, with two alternative paths, establishing a clear and definite identity, or experiencing identity confusion, which is a failure to form a stable and secure identity

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Identity Status Model

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Model for researching Erikson's theory of identity development, classifying identity development into four categories: diffusion, foreclosure, moratorium, or identity achievement

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Diffusion

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Identity status that combines no exploration with no commitment. The person in this status is not seriously attempting to sort through potential choices and make enduring commitments

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Moratorium

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Involve exploration but no commitment. Actively trying out different personal, occupational, and ideological possibilities.

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Foreclosure

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Have not experimented with a range of possibilities but have nevertheless committed themselves to certain choices- commitment but no exploration

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Identity Achievement

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Status of young people who have made definite personal, occupational, and ideological choices. Combination of exploration and commitment

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Bicultural Identity

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Identity with two distinct facets, for example one for the local culture and one for the global culture, or one within one's ethnic group and one for others

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Separated

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Low Identification with majority culture and High Identification with Ethnic Group.

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Assimilated

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High Identification with majority culture and Low Identification with Ethnic Group.

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Marginal

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Low Identification with both majority and ethnic culture. Rejects Ethnic Group but also feels rejected by the majority culture

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Stereotype

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Belief that others possess certain characteristics simply as a result of being a member of a particular group

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Cohabitation

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Unmarried romantic partners living together

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Sexually Transmitted Infection (STI)

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Infection transmitted through sexual contact

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Unemployment

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Work status of adults who are not in school, are not working, and are looking for a job

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Social-Networking Website

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Website that allows people to establish and maintain electronic contact with a wide social group

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Text Messaging

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Form of communication on mobile phones that involves typing a message on the screen and sending it

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Digital Device

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Electronic device that allows contact via phone and text message as well as access to the Internet, videos, television, and direct video conversations

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