PSY 210 Final – Flashcards
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According to Erikson, the psychological conflict of the preschool years is
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initiative versus guilt
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When children are threatened, criticized, and punished excessively by adults, they
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feel too much guilt and their exuberant play breaks down
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Preschoolers' self-concepts largely consist of
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observable charecteristics
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Because preschoolers have difficulty distinguishing between their desired and their actual competence, they
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usually rate their own ability as extremely high
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By age 3, children with a history of parental criticism
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give up easily when faced with challenges
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Which of the following statements is supported by research on emotional understanding?
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preschoolers; explanations of emotional states tend to emphasize external factors
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At a parade, 3-year-old Kyle puts his fingers in his ears when he hears the fire trucks coming
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emotional self-regulation
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Four-year-old D'Andre is upset when his friends exclude him from a game. D'Andre sits in the sandbox alone and plays with the dump truck instead. D'Andre is displaying
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effortful control
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By age 3,
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self-conscious emotions are clearly linked to self-evalutation
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When parents focus on showing their child how to improve performance, that child experiences
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greater persistence on difficult tasks
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When guilt occurs in appropriate circumstances and is not accompanied by shame it is related to
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good adjustment
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When parents are __________, their children are likely to react with concern to others' distress
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warm and sensitive
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Angry, punitive parenting
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disrupts the development of empathy at an early age.
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Most theories agree that
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at first, a child's morality is externally controlled by adults.
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Which of the following statements about the psychoanalytic perspective and the development of morality is true?
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In Freud's theory, fear of punishment and loss of parental love motivate moral behavior
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Which of the following statements about inductive discipline is true?
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Induction gives children information about how to behave that they can use in future situations
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Parents of impulsive children can foster conscience development by
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combining firm correction of misbehavior with induction.
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Which of the following statements is supported by research on aggression?
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In early childhood, verbal aggression gradually replaces physical aggression
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Which of the following statements is supported by research on television violence?
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Time spent watching TV in childhood and adolescence predicts aggressive behavior in adulthood.
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The most successful approach to child rearing is a(n) __________ style
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authoritative
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If they are typical of most children, then 7-year-old Julia is __________ 7-year-old David.
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slightly shorter than
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By age 9, the sex difference in the growth trend
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reverses
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Growth norms
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must be applied cautiously
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Grace, a third grader, is beginning to get many of her permanent teeth. Her mom is concerned because Grace's permanent teeth seem much too large. What can you tell Grace's mom?
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Grace's jaw and chin bones will grow to accommodate the newly erupting teeth.
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Most children need help with __________ until about 9 years of age.
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flossing
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More than 50 percent of U.S. children
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have at least some tooth decay.
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Jane, age 7, is a thumb sucker. As a result, Jane is at risk for
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malocclusion
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Gray matter
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declines as synaptic pruning and death of surrounding neurons proceed
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Pruning and reorganization of brain circuits lead
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gains in working-memory capacity
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Secretions of particular __________ are related to social and emotional adjustment.
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neurotransmitters
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Researchers believe that brain functioning may improve in middle childhood partly because of
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the influence of hormones
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According to longitudinal research, a parent-reported diet high in sugar, fat, and processed food in early childhood predicted __________ IQ at age 8.
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slightly lower
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Pax suffers from malnutrition. Which of the following statements is probably correct?
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Pax will suffer from impaired motor coordination and inattention.
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A body mass index (BMI) above the 95th percentile for a child's age and sex is considered
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obese
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The most effective interventions for childhood obesity are
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family-based and focus on changing behaviors.
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Ten percent of U.S. school-age children suffer from nocturnal enuresis, which refers to
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bedwetting during the night
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The most effective treatment for enuresis is/are
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a urine alarm
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About one-third of U.S. children with chronic illnesses have
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asthma
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Which of the following statements about childhood injuries is true
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Motor vehicle accidents are the leading cause of injury fatalities in middle childhood.
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Which of the following statements about children's understanding of health is true
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Health is seldom an important goal for most school-age children, who feel good most of the time.
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Adam and Philip occasionally wrestle, roll, hit, and run after one another, alternating roles while smiling and laughing. Adam and Philip are engaged in __________ play
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rough-and-tumble
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Rough-and-tumble play
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seems to originate in parents' physical play with babies.
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Once school-age children establish a dominance hierarchy
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hostility is rare
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Which of the following statements is supported by research on school recess?
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Distributing cognitively demanding tasks over a longer time by introducing regular breaks enhances attention and performance.
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In Piaget's concrete operational stage,
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thought is more logical, flexible, and organized than it was during early childhood
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Eight-year-old Daniel focuses on several aspects of a problem and relates them, rather than centering on just one. Daniel is capable of
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decentration
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A child in the concrete operational stage will have the most trouble with which of the following?
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abstract ideas
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Cross-cultural research suggests that
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taking part in everyday activities helps children master conservation and other Piagetian problems.
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As the prefrontal cortex develops in middle childhood, executive function undergoes marked improvement and children make gains in
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strategic thinking
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Many studies confirm that children with persistent learning difficulties in reading and math are often
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deficient in working memory
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During middle childhood, attention becomes
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more selective
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Which of the following statements about attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is true?
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Boys are diagnosed three to nine times as often as girls.
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Children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
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find it hard to ignore irrelevant information
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Which of the following students is using organization as a memory strategy?
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Which of the following students is using organization as a memory strategy?
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When studying for a test, Peter remembers the unrelated words cellular and canine by generating the following mental image, "The canine is talking on a cellular phone." Which memory strategy is Peter using?
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elaboration
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Elaboration is a later-emerging memory strategy because it requires
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considerable effort and space in working memory.
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When teachers __________, first graders show greater literacy progress.
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combine real reading and writing with teaching of phonics
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The phonics approach to reading
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stresses the relationship between letters and sounds, thus enabling children to decode words.
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With regards to teaching mathematics, research finds that __________ is most beneficial.
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a blend of drill in computing and "number sense
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Which of the following statements about intelligence tests is true?
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With individually administered tests, the examiner not only considers the child's answers but also observes the child's behavior.
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Sternberg's triarchic theory of successful intelligence is comprised of which of the following three broad, interacting intelligences?
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analytical, creative, and practical
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Noah thinks more skillfully than others when faced with novelty. Given a new task, Noah applies his information-processing skills in exceptionally effective ways, rapidly making these skills automatic so that working memory is freed for more complex aspects of the situation. According to Sternberg's theory, Noah's strengths lie in __________ intelligence.
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creative
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Kyle recognizes and classifies all varieties of animals and plants. According to Gardner, Kyle excels in __________ intelligence.
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naturalist
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Adoption studies consistently reveal that
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when young children are adopted into caring, stimulating homes, their IQs rise substantially.
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According to the Flynn effect, IQs have __________ from one generation to the next.
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increased steadily
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White children's narratives are usually __________ than those of African-American children.
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shorter and less complex
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Bilingual children
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outperform others on tests of selective attention.
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Traditional classrooms have become increasingly pronounced as a result of the
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U.S. No Child Left Behind Act.
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Reciprocal teaching focuses on which four cognitive strategies?
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questioning, summarizing, clarifying, and predicting
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Phoebe's teacher thinks she has a behavior problem. As a result, Phoebe starts to believe that she is a troublemaker and begins to act out in the classroom. This is an example of
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an educational self-fulfilling prophecy.
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Which of the following statements about inclusion is true?
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Achievement gains depend on the severity of the disability and the support services available
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Gifted children fare well in programs that
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provide special activities that promote problem solving, critical thinking, and creativity. `
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In international studies of reading, mathematics, and science achievement, U.S. students typically perform
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at or below the international averages.
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Which of the following factors is a reason for the superior academic performance of Finnish as compared to American children?
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All Finnish students receive the same nationally mandated, high-quality instruction.
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According to Erikson, the psychological conflict of middle childhood is
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industry versus inferiority.
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When describing themselves, older school-age children are __________ likely than younger children to
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far less; describe themselves in all-or-none ways
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Self-esteem can be greatly undermined when
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there is a large discrepancy between a child's ideal and real self.
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School-age children with a history of __________ have more complex, favorable, and coherent self-concepts.
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elaborative parent-child conversations about past experiences
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During childhood and adolescence, __________ correlates more strongly with overall self-worth than does any other self-esteem factor
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perceived physical appearance
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Parents who are overly indulgent tend to have children who
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have unrealistically high self-esteem.
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Teachers who emphasize learning over getting good grades tend to have more
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mastery-oriented students.
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A summary of findings from many studies confirm that children who experience guilt following transgressions
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tend to be well-adjusted
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Older children realize that people's __________ and __________ affect the moral implications of violating a social convention.
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intentions; the context of their actions
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Research findings raise the question of whether the decline in white children's explicit racial bias during middle childhood is a true decrease, or whether it reflects their
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growing awareness of standards that deem prejudice to be inappropriate.
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Research on peer-group exclusion shows that
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girls, especially, regard exclusion as unjust, perhaps because they experience it more often than boys.
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To assess __________, researchers ask children to identify classmates whom they "like most" and "like least."
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peer acceptance
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Charles received few positive and many negative votes on peer-acceptance self-reports from the children in his class. How would Charles be classified?
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rejected
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Jade received many positive and many negative votes on peer-acceptance self-reports from the children in her class. How would Jade be classified?
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controversial
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Andy has developed a learned-helpless approach to peer acceptance—concluding, after repeated rebuffs, that he will never be liked. Andy is a __________ child.
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rejected-withdrawn
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Parents
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less often encourage girls to make their own decisions.
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Which of the following statements about the parent-child relationship in middle childhood is true?
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Both parents tend to devote more time to children of their own sex.
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Brothers Alan and James are very different in personality and temperament. What should their parents do to help facilitate their sibling relationship?
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They should use mediation techniques to increase the boys' awareness of each other's perspectives and reduce animosity.
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Trent's parents are divorced, and he resides with his mother. Trent's father sees him only occasionally. His father's parenting style is likely to be
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permissive and indulgent.
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When their parents divorce, preschoolers and young school-age children
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often fear that both parents may abandon them
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The overriding factor in positive adjustment after divorce is
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effective parenting.
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In middle childhood, children's anxieties are directed toward new concerns, such as a fear of
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the possibility of dying.
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Which of the following children is at greatest risk for developing a phobia?
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Jill, who has an inhibited temperament
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Seven-year-old Jane feels severe apprehension about attending school. She often gets dizzy or nauseous and complains of stomachaches. Jane's real fear is most likely
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maternal separation.
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Hymie has developed a school phobia. Hymie's parents should
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insist that he return to school as well as provide training in how to cope.
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A parent who is physically abusive
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May overestimate their child's abilities and intents
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A factor that will impact on outcome is
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all of the above (the duration of the maltreatment, the child's temperament, the child's relationship with other adults)
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A characteristic of a child who has been sexually abused:
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they are seen as dependent and anxious
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Perpetrators of sexual abuse:
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Plan out the abusive episodes
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If a parent doesn't make their children go to school when they don't want to, this is an example of:
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Educational neglect
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Which is FALSE concerning neglect
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Is not as common as abuse
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What happens after women watch an ad and take a test? Why
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When a group of woman were presented with an ad of a woman who is less than competent, test scores are lower than the test scores of women who did not see the commercial. The stereotype of the women being less than competent becomes internalized.
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Are results on IQ tests/golf test affected by how they are presented
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Again, the stereotypes associated with the presentation of the tests do have an impact upon performance!
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Why? How is it related to a self-fulfilling prophecy?
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People are bombarded with stereotypes, and whether consciously or unconsciously, they incorporate them. If these stereotypes are highlighted before a task, people tend to 'live up' or 'down' to what is 'expected'. A self fulfilling prophecy works the same way - if we believe something about ourselves prior to a task it has an impact upon the performance of the task.
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In the classroom experiment, how do children react (academically) when they are labeled inferior? Superior?
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Students reacted much slower with the flashcards when they were labeled inferior, much faster when they were in the 'superior' group.
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What is stereotype threat?
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Stereotype threat is a situational predicament in which people are or feel themselves to be at risk of confirming negative stereotypes about their social group.
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What activates stereotype threat?
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Having certain aspects of a stereotype highlighted before a task may activate this threat. Something as simple as checking off a box indicating race can activate this type of threat.
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authoritarian
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Strict, rules are enforced - but not necessarily explained! The parents make the decisions, and children are expected to obey without question.
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authoritative
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Sets limits, is usually consistent when disciplining their child, but explains misdeeds, and the punishment is a consequence of the misdeed. The parent is warm and emotionally available
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permissive
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Doesn't set limits, or 'caves' after disciplining child (grounds the child, but then lets them 'off' early), doesn't want to hurt the child's feelings
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uninvolved
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a lack of supervision, discipline, and little concern for 'shaping' their children through parenting
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What is the philosophy behind 'free range' parenting?
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Letting children have as much independence as possible
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What is helicopter parenting?
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Becoming overinvolved in the child's life
