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two types of techniques to treat mental disorder

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psychotherapy and biological therapies

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psychotherapy

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techniques that involves interactions between practitioner and client. interactions to help the client understand his symptoms and problems by providing solutions to them. aim to change thoughts and behavior.

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biological therapies

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medical approaches to illness and diseases. disorders.

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psychopharmacology

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use medications that affects the brain or body functions. - effective for some disorders at least on the short term.

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electric approach

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using variety of techniques that seem appropriate for a given client.

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psychoanalysis

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developed by Freud. disorder developed by prior experience, particularly early traumatic experiences. developed along with Breuer. client would lie on the couch while the terapist would be sat out of the view. to reduce inhibitions. techniques included free association and dream analysis.

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free association

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client would say what came in their minds and therapist would look for signs of unconscious conflicts. especially where the client would not talk about certain topics.

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dream analysis

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therapist would interpret hidden meaning on the clients dreams.

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general goal of psychoanalysis

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increase clients awareness of his own unconscious psychological process and how the process affect daily functioning. by gaining INSIGHT of this kind, client is freed from these unconscious influences. symptoms are a result of unconscious conflicts.

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psychodynamic therapy

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reformulated Freud ideas, terrapins aims to help a patient examine the patients's needs, defenses, and motives as a way of understanding why the patient is distressed. it had become a controversial.

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client-centered therapy

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-developed by Rogers -encourages people to fulfill their individuals potentials for personal growth though greater self-understanding. - safe and comforting setting for clients to access their true feelings. therapist tries to take clients predictive and help them to focus on his and her subjective experience - Reflective listening - terabits repeats clients concerns to help the person to clarify his or her feelings.

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motivational interviewing

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very shot of period client-centered approach one form of treatment valuable for drugs and alcohol abuse as well increasing both healthy eating habits and exercise

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behavior therapy

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the idea that the behavior is learned and therefore it can be unlearned thought the use of classical and operant conditioning. learn desired behaviors and unlearned unwanted behaviors. unwanted are ignored or punished. - modeling ( therapist acts out an appropriate behavior) , first step on social skills training

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Cognitive therapy

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based on the theory that distorted thoughts can produce maladaptive behaviors and emotions. treatment to eliminate the maladaptive behaviors and emotions COGNITIVE RESTRUCTURING

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cognitive restructuring / rational-emotive therapy

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clinician seeks to help a client recognize maladaptive thought patterns and replace them with ways of viewing the world that are more in tune with reality - approach therapist acts as a teacher, explaining the clients errors in thinking and demonstrating more adaptive ways to think and behave

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interpersonal therapy

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focus on circumstances. how people relate to one another but it uses cognitive techniques that help people gain more-accurate insight into their social relationships.

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mindfulness-based cognitive therapy

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method that people who recover from depression continue to be vulnerable to faulty thinking when they experience negative mood. - help clients become more aware of their negative thoughts and feelings in time that they are vulnerable -help them to learn to disengage from ruminative thinking though meditation

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Group Therapy

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- less expensive - improve social skills and lean from anthers experience -8 ideal number - less structured groups focus on increasing insight and providing social support - family therapy - expressed emotion ( pattern of negative actions by a client's family member.

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Psychotropic Medications

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medications for disorders that result from the imbalances in specific neurotransmitters or because receptors for those neurotransimitters are not functioning property -medication acts on changing brain neurochemistry

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anti-anxiety drugs

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psychotropic medications tranquilizers short-term treatment of anxiety increase activity of GABA - promote relation, induce drowsiness and highly addctive

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antidepressants

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treat depression and other anxiety disorder psychotropic medication MAO ( monoamine oxidase) inhibitors( monomine is a enzyme that breaks down serotonin in the synapse - tricyclic antidepressants - repuake certain neurotranmitter resulting in more neurotranmitter being available in the snapse

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antipsychotics

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-aka neuroleptics - treat schizophenia reduce delusions and hallucinaitions - effects tardive dyskinesia - involuntary twitching of mucles.

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treatment resistant

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people that the treatment is not sucessfully brain surgery, magnetic field.

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eletroconvulsive therapy

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placing eletrodes on patients's head and admisnitering an eletrical current strong enough to produce a seizure -developed in Europe 1950 treat psycological disorders including schizopherina and depression - trascranial magnetic stimulation ( indulces eletrical current into the brain region) -deep brain stimulation ( implating eletrodes deep within the brain - stimulate brain frequency

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clinical psychologists

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PHD academic or hospital settings

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Psychiatrists

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medical degree hospitals and private

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counseling psychologists

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PHD schools,college, private practice

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psychiatric social workers

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masters in social work psychiatric hospital, house calls

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psychiatric nurses

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beachelor in nursing hospital or residential treatment programs

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paraprofessionals

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limited advanced training outreach programs, residential treatment programs

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phobia treatment

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developed by absence of any particular precipitating event. - behavior therapy- systematic desensitization -first makes a fear hierarchy ( liar of situations in which fear aroused - relaxiation training ( alterante muscular tension with techniques virstual eviroments ( expose client to fear witout putting them in danger) COGNITIVE BEHAVIOR TERAPY - alters the way the brain process the fear stimulus pharmacological treatments includes tranquilizers which can help people to deal with the immediate fear

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panic disorder

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- antidepressent prevent panic attack but doesnt not reduce anticipatory anxiety that occurs when poeple fear they might have an attack - cognition restructuring addresses ways of reacting to symptoms of a panic attack - break the connection between the trigger symptoms and the resulting panic ; the client recognize the irrationality of their fear - cognitive-bahvioral can be more effective than medication

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Obsessive compulsive disorder

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- traditional anxiety drugs are not completely ineffective on OCD -choice of drug for OCD is clomipramine, potent serotonin that reuptake inhibitor -cognitive- behavior therapy is effective. exposure and response prevention ( exposed to the stimuli that triggers the compulsive disorder but it prevents the person from engaging in the behavior - many practitioners recommend the addition of CBT AND SSRI to improve the treatment outcome - deep brain stimulation can be effective on the treatment (for people that have not found relief from CBT or medications) - surgery removes brain regions thought to contribute to OCD

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Treatments for depression

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- it has become a common disease in the past decade - there is no "best" treatment - it depends on the patient overall medication health and the possible side effects of each medication - MAO inhibiors (iproniazid) reserved to patients that do not respond to antidepressants but it can be toxic - it can be have lethal elevations in blood pressure -tricyclics - antideprresentat but tit has a unpleasant side effects - SSRIs prescribed more frequently because it has a fewer serious side effects than mao inhibits - physicians resort on trial - and - error apront for testing drugs on patients

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The placebo effect

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treatment appear to be associated with changed in neurochemistry 9 changed on the brain activity) and do alleviate symptoms for some people - both drugs and placebos helps people with depression - more severed depression drugs are better, one minor depression, dugs are no more effective than placebos

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Cognitive-Behavioral treatment

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-some [patients do not tolerate side effects of medication -this therapy is as effective as antidepressants in treating depression - combining therapy and antidepressant can be more effective than have either of them alone.

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Alternative treatments

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- SAD ( winter blues) - phototherapy( exposure to high-intensity light source for a part of each day) - for depression - aerobic exercises ( endorphins) -ECT - electroconvulsive therapy - for people that are severely depressed and don't respond to traditional treatments - pregnant woman - TMS ( trascranial magnetic stimulation - reduction in depression) over the left frontal regions

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Deep Brain Stimulation

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DBS - TREAT SEVER DEPRESSION WHEN ALL OTHER TREATMENTS FAILED - at least half of the people on the studies have been beneficed by the treatment . a weight came out of their backs when the switch was turned on

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Gender issue in treating depression

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woman is twice as likely to have depression because of domestic violence, reduce economic recourses, inequalities at work -"guidelines for psychological Practice with girls and woman" - help the therapist to be aware of gender- specific stressors -men are relucent to admit o depression and seek for appropriate therapy - described as " a conspiracy of silence that has long surrounded depression in men" - goal to help men to stop making their depression with alcohol, isolation and irritability

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treating Bipolar disorder

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Lithium is most effective, unpleasant side effects and works better with mania than depression - it modulates neurotransmitter levels, balancing excitatory and inhibitory activities - it is a mood stabilizer

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treatments schizophrenia

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- brain surgery is not effective - people would be institutionalized in large mental hospitals - intro of psychotropic medications it eliminated the use of lobotomy -disorder improve over time -prognosis depends on the factors such as gender, age, culture - it is the best interest of the patient to treat the disorder early and aggressively

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Pharmacological ttretments

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Chloropromazine and haloperidol - revolution on the treatment of schizophrenia and become more frequent on the treatment of disorders Chloropromazine - tranquilizer, reduces anxiety sedates without sleep and decreased severity and frequency of the positive symptoms haloperidol - chemically different and has less sedating effective than chloropromagazine - second generation = clozapine and risperdol an zyprexa are more effective and also have fewer side effects

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Antisocial personality disorder

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hard to treat - patients lie without thinking about it and care little for other peoples feeling without considering the future -more interested in manipulating therapist than changing their behaviors, which means therapist has to be on the guard - medications have not been effective in treating the disorder cognitive and behavior therapy have been more effect than the psychotherapeutic approach - to is more effective in residential treatment center or a correctional facility

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conduct disorder

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childhood condition known to be a precursor to antisocial personality disorder - time and effort should be spent in prevention than in treatment

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how should child disorders and adolescent disorders be treated ?

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12-20% suffer from emntal disorder problems not addressed as children and adolescent might persist into adulthood - children and adolecents are more malleable to treatment - research should be focus on etiology, prevention and treatment

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TADS

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- treatment for adolescents with depression study - proved that SSRI Prozac is effective on treating adolescents - people on Prozac and CBT did best - people on Prozac were twice as like to have suicidal thoughts and intentions compared to the other treatments . - not providing SSRI to adolescents might increase the suicide rate

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ADHD

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- some people diagnosed grow out of it many that suffer are more likely to drop out of the school and reach lower social economic lever, inattention, hyperactivity and they have a increased risk other psychiatric disorders - treatment early in life may be a great importance - Retalin - methylphenidate - side effects of sleep problems, no appetite, body twitches and temporary suppression growth Mechanism - inverted - U - mot therapist believes that it should be supplemented with psychological therapies.

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Behavior treatment for ADHD

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- behavior treatment reinforce positive behavior and ignore or punish problem behaviors -therapist combine behavior treatment with medication - medication is important o the short term but treatments may produce superior outcomes that last

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Autism

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symptoms- impaired comm, restricte interest, deficits in social interaction - children difficult to work with - don't care about rewards, food is something the only effective reinforcement in the initial stages of the treatment structures therapies are more effective - such as play behavior -TREATMENT - Applied behavioral Analysis (ABA) - 40 hs per week , your age better results involving parents - biological treatment - Riperdal - reduce the repetitive behavior but have side effects , deficit of OXYTOCIN is related with some of the behavior manifestations of autism, - higher IQ better ability o learn , severe cases is less likely o improve with treatment - early diagnosis more effective treatment

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