PS 232 Final Exam Chapter 8 – Flashcards
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Which of the following best describes how Cattell contributed to the trait approach.
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Cattell took previously collected adjectives that describe personality and participants were rated on each trait. Factor analysis was used to cluster and make connections between the traits.
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Dominant people tend to
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all of the above
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"Zero Acquaintance" is best described as what?
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Observing someone who has never interacted with the observer.
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Eysenck's big three categories are a combination of factors outlined by what other psychologist?
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Cattell
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According to Cattell, L-data are
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life data.
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Which is NOT a characteristic of traits as defined by Allport?
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All (the above) are characteristics.
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Which concept would Allport be most likely to address with his approach to the study of personality?
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cross-situational consistency of behavior
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The idea of "social" or "emotional" intelligence combines
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nonverbal social skills and nontraditional intelligence.
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Q-data and L-data refer to
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Questionnaire-data and Life-data.
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Cattell named his 16 personality factors with letters of the alphabet because
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he didn't want people to be biased by the names.
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Personal dispositions that greatly influence behavior are termed
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cardinal dispositions.
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"Heidi is aggressive and extroverted." This statement describes Heidi in terms of
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traits.
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Which factor in the Five Factor Model is the source of most controversy?
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openness
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Which of the following criticisms of the trait approach to personality is(are) addressed by Allport's work?
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People's behavior varies from situation to situation, so speaking of consistent traits that cause behavior is groundless.
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Allport was concerned with issues of
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prejudice.
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Peer-ratings of personality tend to be
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more accurate than stranger-ratings.
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Functional Equivalence is best described as what?
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Many situations are viewed by people as similar in meaning, so they respond similarly; the trait is the internal structure that causes this regularity.
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According to Allport, traits
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are consistent and stable properties; behavior varies and changes over time and across situations.
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If five people agree that Carol is extroverted, this means
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either A or B could be true.
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Individuals who are Open to Experience tend to be
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creative.
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The founder of a motive-based study of personality was
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Murray.
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Having good __________ has been called "personal intelligence."
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emotional and nonverbal abilities
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Which of the following traits is most difficult to measure?
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openness
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While the sanguine humor was considered __________ the phlegmatic was considered __________.
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cheerful; apathetic
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Becky is an excellent figure-skater -- in fact she may be eligible for the next Olympic Games. Becky is certainly high in __________ intelligence.
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bodily-kinesthetic
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Of the following, which make up Eysenck's "big three"?
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neuroticism, extroversion, and psychoticism
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A trait approach to personality is primarily focused on
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the characteristics of the person.
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Which of the following is NOT one of the Big Five?
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pessimism
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One characteristic that differentiates Eysenck's conceptualization of the major traits from the Big Five approach is that Eysenck attempts to take into account
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underlying biological influences.
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Carl Jung's definition of extraversion included
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a focus on things outside the self.
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Eysenck would combine Cattell's factors of outgoingness and assertiveness and call this
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extroversion.
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Who is the founder of the motive-based study of personality?
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Henry Murray
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What is Q-data?
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Data gathered from self report and questionnaires
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Charismatic people often tend to be
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emotionally expressive.
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Which is NOT a positive (useful) aspect of the Five Factor Model of personality?
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It is a basic phenomenon to be explained.
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According to R. McCrae and O. John, the Big 5 factors of personality are
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extraversion, neuroticism, openness, conscientiousness, and agreeableness.
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According to Murray, a person's "Basic Needs" include
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all of the above
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What is NOT one of the ways the big five traits can be used to categorize people?
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Help with categorizing all people into 5 predetermined 'personality profiles'
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Which of the following is NOT one of the big five traits?
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Curiosity
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Jung helped launch trait approaches beginning with the study of what?
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Introversion and extroversion
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The behaviorist work of Skinner particularly bothered
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Allport.
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According to __________, it would be important to understand the origins of motivations or strivings.
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Freud
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Individuals who are Neurotic tend to be
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high-strung and tense.
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Who referred to personality as the "dynamic organization within the individual of those psychophysical systems that determine his characteristic behavior and thought"?
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Allport
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The two traits that Jung discussed were
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extraversion and introversion.
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Cattell used __________ to organize adjectives into trait-categories.
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factor analysis
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Recent research suggests that American college students are becoming more
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extroverted.
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Need for power (n Power) is best described as what?
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All of the Above.
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The Big Five refers to
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five broadly defined personality traits.
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The essence of Allport's trait approach is best described as what?
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A trait is an internal structure that causes different stimuli to appear to be equivalent in their meaning thus leading people to react to situations that appear to be similar in similar ways.
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In a situation where an expressive person is trying to hide his or her emotions and an unexpressive person is acting naturally,
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generally, the expressive person still shows more emotion.
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Which of the following describes one possible strength of the trait and skills approach to personality?
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It simplifies personality to a small number of basic principles.
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Gordon Allport's definition of personality states that personality is "A dynamic organization." By this he means
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The organization of personality traits interact with environmental stresses in a dynamic, fluid manner to determine an individual's behavior.
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Allport's "common traits" are traits
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that many people share.
