Prologue (The Story of Psychology) – Fill in the Terms – Flashcards
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The first female president of the American Psychological Association was _____. The first woman to receive a Ph.D in psychology was _____.
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Mary Calkins, Margaret Washburn
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The historical roots of psychology include the fields of _____ and ______.
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philosophy, biology
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Some early psychologists included Ivan Pavlov, who pioneered the study of _____; the personality theorist ______, and Jean Piaget, who studied ______.
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learning, Sigmund Freud, children
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In its earliest years, psychology was defined as the science of _______ life. From the 1920s into the 1960s, psychological in America was redefined as the science of _____ behavior.
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mental, observable
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As a response to Freudian psychology and to ______, which they considered too mechanistic, pioneers ______ and ______ forged ______ psychology. This new perspective emphasized the ______ potential of ______ people.
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behaviorists, Carl Rogers, Abraham Maslow, humanistic, growth, healthy
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During the 1960s, psychology underwent a _____ revolution as it began to recapture interest in how our _____ processes and retains information. The study of brain activity linked with mental activity is called ______ ______.
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cognitive, mind, cognitive neuroscience
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The text author defines psychology as the scientific study of ______ and ______ processes.
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behavior, mental
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In this definition, "behavior" refers to any action that we can _____, and ______, and "mental processes" refers to the internal, ______ we ______ from behavior.
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observe, record, subjunctive experiences, infer
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As a science, psychology is less a set of findings than a way of __________.
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asking and answering questions
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Worldwide, the number of psychologists is _____. Thanks to international publication and meetings, psychological science is also _____.
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increasing, globalizing
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The nature-nurture issue is the controversy over the relative contributions of _____ and _____.
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biology, experience
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The Greek philosopher who assumed that character and intelligence are inherited is _____. The Greek philosopher who argued that all knowledge comes from sensory experience is _____.
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Plato, Aristotle
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In the 1600s, the views of the Greek philosophers were revived by _____, who believed that most knowledge comes in through the senses, and _____, who believed that some ideas are innate.
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John Locke, Rene Descartes
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In 1859, naturalist _____ explained species variation by proposing the process of _____, which works through the principle of _____.
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Charles Darwin, evolution, natural selection
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Although the debate continues, we will see that _____ works on what _____ endows and that every _____ event is simultaneously a _____ event.
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nurture, nature, psychological, biological
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Each person is a complex _____ that is part of a larger _____ and at the same time composed of smaller systems. For this reason, psychologists work from three main _____ of _____-biological, _____, and _____-_____ which together form an integrated ______ approach to the study of behavior and mental processes.
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system, social system, levels, analysis, psychological, social-cultural, biopsychosocial
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Psychologists who study how the body and brain enable emotions, memories, and sensory experiences are working from the _____ perspective.
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neuroscience
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Psychologists who study how natural selection influences behavior tendencies are working from the _____ perspective, whereas those concerned with the relative influences of genes and environment on individual differences are working form the _____ perspective.
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evolutionary, behavior genetics
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Psychologists who believe that behavior springs from unconscious drives and conflicts are working from the _____ perspective.
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psychodynamic
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Psychologists who study mechanisms by which observable responses are acquired and changed are working form the _____ perspective.
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behavioral
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The _____ perspective explores how we encode, process, store, and retrieve information.
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cognitive
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Psychologists who study how thinking behavior vary in different situations are working form the _____-_____ perspective.
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social-cultural
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The different perspectives on the big issues _____ one another.
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complement
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Psychologists may be involved in conduction _____ _____, which builds psychology's knowledge base, or _____ _____, which seeks solutions to practical problems.
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basic research, applied research
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Psychologists who help people cope with problems in living are called _____ psychologists. Psychologists who study, assess, and treat troubled people are called _____ psychologists.
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counseling, clinical
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Medical doctors who provide psychotherapy and treat physical causes of psychological disorders are called _____.
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psychiatrists
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(Close-up) To master any subject, you must _____ process it.
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actively
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The _____ study method incorporates five steps: a. _____, b. ______, c. _____, d. _____, and e. _____.
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SQ3R, survey, question, read, rehearse, review
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List five additional study tips identified in the text.
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a. distribute study time b. learn to think critically c. listen actively in class d. overlearn e. be a smart test-taker
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