question

SQ3R

answer

Survey, Question, Read, Retrieve, and Review

question

Psychologist treating psych disorders

answer

Clinical

question

Control Group

answer

The group NOT exposed to the treatment; contrasts with the experimental group and serves as a comparison for evaluating the effect of the treatment

question

Double-Blind Procedure

answer

An experimental procedure in which both the research participants and the research staff are ignorant (blind) about whether the research assistants have received the treatment or a placebo (commonly used in drug-evaluation studies)

question

Informed Consent

answer

Giving potential participants enough information about a study to enable them to choose whether they wish to participate

question

Experiential Contributions

answer

Nurture

question

Confounding Variable

answer

In an experiment, a factor other than the independent variable that might produce an effect

question

Intuition

answer

An effortless, immediate, automatic feeling or though as contrasted with explicit, conscious reasoning

question

Biopsychosocial Approach

answer

An integrated approach that incorporates biological, physiological, and social-cultural levels of analysis

question

Levels Of Analysis

answer

The differing complementary views from biological to psychological to social-cultural, for analyzing any given phenomenon

question

Watching Another's Behavior

answer

Observation

question

Dependent Variable

answer

The outcome that is measured; the variable that may change when the independent variable is manipulated

question

In depth study of a single person or a single group

answer

Case Study

question

Experimental Methods

answer

Manipulate factors to discover their effects

question

Nature

answer

-Genetics -Inherited -Biology

question

What do biological, social-cultural, and psychological all have in common?

answer

Behavioral Influences

question

Culture

answer

The enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values, and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next

question

_______ ties together social-cultural, psychological, and biological.

answer

Behavioral Influences

question

Introspection

answer

(looking inward) Reflecting on personal mental processes

question

Freudian Psychology

answer

Emphasized the ways our unconscious thought processes and our emotional responses to childhood experiences affect our behavior

question

Nurture

answer

-Environment -Exposure -Experience -Learning

question

Personality Psycologist

answer

Investigates our persistent traits

question

Independent Variable

answer

The factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied

question

Regression toward the mean

answer

The tendency for extreme or unusual scores or events to fall back (regress) toward the average

question

Relationship between 2 variables

answer

Correlation

question

Manipulated is to ______ as outcome is to ______ as controlled is to ________

answer

(first blank) - independent variable (second blank) - dependent variable (third blank) - confounding variable

question

Why do we perceive patterns?

answer

To make sense of our world

question

Variable manipulated by researcher

answer

Independent

question

Random Assignment

answer

Assigning participants to experimental and control groups by chance, thus minimizing preexisting differences between the different groups

question

Changes caused by expectations alone

answer

Placebo Effect

question

Social-Cultural Influences

answer

-Presence of others -Cultural, societal, and family expectations -Peer and other group influences -Compelling models (such as media)

question

Science of behavior and mental processes

answer

Psychology

question

Correlation when both variables increase together

answer

Positive

question

Research method that does NOT identify causes

answer

non-experimental

question

"I knew that"

answer

Hindsight Bias

question

Correlation Coefficient

answer

A statistical index of the relationship between two things (from -1.00 to +1.00)

question

Biological Psychologist

answer

Explores the links between brain and mind

question

Moral Principles in research

answer

ethics

question

Influences of others and society

answer

social-cultural

question

Developmental Psychologist

answer

study our changing abilities from womb to tomb

question

Medical degree is to _____ as Ph.D is to _______

answer

(first blank) - psychiatrist (second blank) - psychologist

question

Community Psychology

answer

Branch of psychology that studies how people interact with their social environments and how social institutions affect individuals and groups

question

Systematic Error

answer

Bias

question

Not divulging individual results

answer

Confidentiality

question

Natural Selection

answer

The principle that, among the range of inherited trait variations, those contributing to reproduction and survival will most likely by passed on to succeeding generations

question

Psych view focusing on observable behavior

answer

Behaviorism

question

Outcome variable in experiment

answer

Dependent

question

Genetics is to ________ as environmental experiences is to _________

answer

(first blank) - Nature (second blank) - Nurture

question

Hypothesis

answer

Testable Predictions, often implied by a theory

question

Explaining any hidden elements of research

answer

Debrief

question

Survey

answer

Descriptive technique for obtaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of a particular group, usually by questioning a representative, random sample of a group

question

Population

answer

All those in a group being studied, from which samples may be drawn

question

Correlation when 1 variable increases and 1 variable decreases

answer

Negative

question

Experimental placement by chance

answer

Random Assignment

question

Potential harm to participants

answer

Risks

question

Agreement to participate in research

answer

Informed Consent

question

Community Psychologist

answer

Work to create social and physical environments that are healthy for all (try to prevent bullying)

question

Uncontrolled Variables

answer

Confounds

question

Overconfidence

answer

We tend to be more confident than correct

question

Replication

answer

Repeating the essence of a research study, usually with different participants in different situations, to see whether the basic finding extends to other participants and circumstances

question

Experimental Group

answer

In an experiment, the group exposed to the treatment, that is, to one version of the independent variable

question

Reducing or eliminating bias

answer

Science

question

Theory

answer

An explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes observations and predicts behaviors or events

question

Comparison group in experiment

answer

Control

question

Acronym for "western" cultural influences

answer

W.E.I.R.D

question

Debriefing

answer

Post-experimental explanation of a study, including its purpose and any deceptions, to its participants

question

MD specializing in psych disorders

answer

Psychiatrist

question

Basic Research

answer

Pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base

question

Bias of remembering supporting information

answer

Confirmation

question

More "sure" than accurate

answer

Overconfident

question

Placebo

answer

Experimental results caused by expectations alone; any effect on behavior caused by the administration of an inert substance or condition, which the recipient assumes is an active agent

question

Clinical Psychologist

answer

Assess and treat people with mental, emotional, and behavior disorders

question

Genetic Contributions

answer

Nature

question

Scatterplot

answer

Graph of correlation

question

Case Study

answer

A descriptive technique in which one individual or group is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles

question

Correlation

answer

A measure of the extent to which two factors vary together, and thus of how well either factor predicts the other

question

Psychology

answer

The science of behavior and mental processes

question

Genetic and Physical influences

answer

biological

question

Psych view focusing on potential growth

answer

humanistic

question

Hindsight Bias

answer

The tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it

question

Behaviorism

answer

The view that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes -Most psychologists today agree with (1) but not (2)

question

Psychiatry

answer

A branch of medicine dealing with psychological disorders; practiced by physicians who sometimes provide medical treatments as well as psychological therapy

question

Scientific Method

answer

A self-correcting process for evaluating ideas with observation and analysis

question

Correlational Methods

answer

Associate different factors

question

Cannot be determined with non-experimental studies

answer

Causation

question

Humanistic Psychology

answer

Historically significant perspective that emphasized human growth potential

question

Cognitive Neuroscience

answer

The interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with cognition (including perception, thinking, memory, and language)

question

Evolutionary Psychology

answer

The study of the evolution of behavior and the mind, using principles of natural selection

question

Behavior Genetics

answer

The study of the relative power and limits of genetic and environmental influences on behavior

question

Social Psychologists

answer

Explore how we view and affect one another

question

Statistical Signifcance

answer

A statistical statement of how likely it is that an obtained result occurred by chance

question

Applied research

answer

Scientific study that aims to solve practical problems

question

Biological Influences

answer

-Hormonal influences -Brain mechanisms -Natural selection of adaptive traits -Genetic predispositions responding to environment

question

Psychological Influences

answer

-Learned fears and other learned expectations -Emotional responses -Cognitive processing and perceptual interpretations

question

Functionalism

answer

Early school of thought promoted by James and influenced by Darwin; explored how mental and behavioral processes function - how they enable the organism to adapt, survive, and flourish

question

Structuralism

answer

Early school of thought promoted by Wundt and Titchener; used introspection to reveal the structure of the human mind

question

Industrial-Organizational Psychologist

answer

Use psychology's concepts and methods in the workplace to help organizations and companies select and train employees, boost morale and productively design products, and implement systems

question

Descriptive Methods

answer

Describe behaviors, often through case studies, surveys, or naturalistic observations

question

Psych view of strengths and meaningful life

answer

Positive Psychology

question

Counseling Psychology

answer

A branch of psychology that assists people with problems in living (often related to school, work, or marriage) and in achieving greater well-being

question

Research method to determine cause-effect

answer

Experimental

question

Clinical Psychology

answer

A branch of psychology that studies, assesses and treats people with psychological disorders

question

Perceiving patterns, overconfidence, hindsight, and confirmation have what in common?

answer

Biases

question

Graph of Correlation

answer

Scatterplot

question

Cognitive Psychologist

answer

Experiments with how we perceive, think, and solve problems

question

As free from biases as possible

answer

Cognitive

question

Differences that are not likely just by chance

answer

Significant

question

Causation

answer

Cannot be determined with non-experimental studies

question

Counseling Psychologist

answer

Help people to cope with challenges and crises (including academic, vocational, and marital issues) and to improve their personal and social functioning

question

Testing Effect

answer

Enhanced memory after retrieving, rather than simply rereading information Also Sometimes referred to as a retrieval practice effect or test-enhanced learning

question

1. Introspection 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Positive Psychology

answer

2. Behaviorism 3. Freudian 4. Humanistic 5. Cognitive Neuroscience

question

Positive Psychology

answer

The scientific study of human functioning, with the goals of discovering and promoting strengths and virtues that help individuals and communities to thrive

question

Critical Thinking

answer

Thinking that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions Rather it examines assumptions, appraises the source, discerns hidden values, evaluates evidence, and assesses conclusions

question

Random Sample

answer

A sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion

question

Mental process of self-testing

answer

Retrieve

question

Reflecting on personal mental processes

answer

Introspection

question

Naturalistic Observation

answer

Descriptive technique of observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation

question

Experiment

answer

A research method in which an investigator manipulates one or more factors (indpendent variables) to observe the effect on some behavior or mental process (the dependent variable) By random assignment of participants, the experimenter aims to control other relevant factors

question

Operational

answer

A carefully worded statement of the exact procedures (operations) used in research study Example: human intelligence may be operationally defined as what an intelligence defined as what an intelligence test measures

question

Types of Research Methods (5 and one of them has 2 "sub" subjects)

answer

-Naturalistic observation -Survey/Interview -Case study

question

Behaviorists

answer

One of the two driving forces in psychology into the 1960's

question

While Psychology was developing, during the behaviorism phase, how was psychology defined?

answer

The science of mental life

question

B.F. Skinner

answer

Leading behaviorist that rejected introspection and studied how consequences shape behavior

question

Sigmund Freud

answer

The controversial ideas of this famed personality theorist and therapist have influenced humanity's self-understanding

question

Behavior

answer

Anything an organism does

question

Mental Processes

answer

The internal, subjective experiences we infer from behavior - sensations, perceptions, dreams, thoughts, beliefs, and feelings

question

From the 1920's through the 1960's, the two major forces in psychology were ______ and ________ psychology.

answer

Behaviorism and Freudian

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