Principles of Learning~ Review Sheet – Flashcards
Unlock all answers in this set
Unlock answersquestion
What is conditioning?
answer
learning
question
What were Ivan Pavlov's original research intentions? What did he observe that caused him to change his intentions?
answer
Original--> nervous system vs. digestion (mouth watering) Changed--> receive stimulus 1st
question
In classical conditioning, what causes some type of reaction or response?
answer
Stimulus
question
What automatically and involuntarily produces an unconditioned response?
answer
unconditioned stimulus?
question
After learning has taken place, what automatically and involuntarily produces a conditioned response?
answer
conditioned stimulus
question
What did John B. Watson teach Little Albert? What conclusions did Watson draw from these experiments with Little Albert?
answer
Teach--> fear of white as a whole conclusion--> fear can be associated with classical conditioning
question
What is the difference between classical and operant conditioning?
answer
Classical is learning with a key beginning and operant is all about the aftermath.
question
According to B.F. Skinner, why do we perform certain behaviors?
answer
organisms learn to do something because of its effects or consequences (rewarded)
question
How do reinforcements affect behavior?
answer
increases chances of behavior happening again
question
What is the difference between a primary and secondary reinforcer?
answer
Primary: natural, reinforcing in and of itself (water, warmth, food) DO NOT TEACH Secondary: learned, associated with exchange for primary reinforcement (money)
question
What is the different between positive and negative reinforcement?
answer
Positive: adding something you want Negative: removal of something unpleasant (BOTH STRENGTHENS LIKELIHOOD IT WILL HAPPEN AGAIN)
question
How does punishment affect behavior?
answer
process of weakening a response with something unpleasant (Positive and Negative)
question
How is generalization different than discrimination in learning?
answer
OPPOSITES generalization- act of responding in the same ways to stimuli that seem to be similar, even if there identical discrimination- act of responding differently to stimuli that are not similar to each other
question
In what ways is reinforcement used in shaping?
answer
break apart reinforcements to create one thing (ride a bike)
question
What is chaining?
answer
method of teaching complex behaviors in separate steps and then links each individual behavior
question
What happens when spontaneous recovery occurs?
answer
organisms sometimes display responses that were extinguished earlier (fav song)
question
How is continuous reinforcement different than partial reinforcement?
answer
continuous is when you get rewarded every time, but partial is when it is not reinforced every time
question
When is reinforcement given for each of the schedules of reinforcement we discussed?
answer
partial- (longer), intervals continuous- (shorter), programmed "prize"
question
How does Albert Bandura's theory of social learning differ from classical and operant conditioning?
answer
learning by watching is Bandura's observational learning, classical and operant are more like a cause and effect (in depth)
question
How does the cognitive approach different from classical and operant conditioning?
answer
Cognitive is the learning which emphasizes abstract mental processes and previous knowledge -thinking -memory formation -problem solving
